Thesis (M.M.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 100 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-100).

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Although lay patronage was abolished in 1690, the study emphasises the importance of linking that Act with the one restoring it in 1712, since there was a difference between the landed interest and the Church in their perception of both pieces of legislation. This divergence, together with the 1690 Act's placement of the heritor class into the process of ministerial election, and the vexations caused by the Abjuration Oath, combined to create the complications which undermined the Church's ability to throw off patronage. The study questions the idea that few patronage disputes arose in the first period after the Act, and goes on to examine how the intensification of Squadrone/Argathelian rivalry in the post-Union scramble for influence drew church vacancy matters inexorably into the web of politics. The most successful manipulators of patronage were Lord Ilay and Lord Milton, and a general comparison is made between their administration and that of the Marquis of Tweeddale. Skilful management of the Church's senior courts, along with a judicious preferment of ministerial loyalists, made concerted opposition to even the worst excesses of patronage, overwhelmingly difficult. The study however draws attention to one period, between 1734 and 1736, when forces antipathetic to the abuses of patronage appeared to achieve an effective unity. Finally, the study looks beyond the influence of simple party politics, to examine what local factors may have impinged upon settlements by presentation, and to this end examines the peculiar circumstances which obtained in the Presbyteries of Edinburgh, Duns and Brechin.

This practice-based research examines the developments in site-specific art since 1960's. Its purpose is to critically explore the influence of patronage and the role of the artist on practices within this field and it has been achieved by adopting a binary strategy, which combines "research into art" with "research through art." (Frayling 1993:5). This has involved the construction of an individually tailored methodological framework consisting of a textual examination of historical case-studies conducted in conjunction with the organisation and running of practical projects (the BT/Cellnet Farnham Library Garden & Picnic projects). Devised both as site-specific ventures and as case-studies, these projects broadly encompass three distinctive historical modes of site-specific art - Formal/Object-based, Community-based and Performative - which have successively emerged to predominance over the past fifty years or therabouts. The aim was to produce empirical comparisons in order to reflexively investigate the ways in which patronage, coupled with the role played by the artist impacted on the form and content of site-specific art.

GUEDES, Mardônio e Silva. Nos atalhos do pedir: favores, paternalismo e planejamento educacional no Ceará (1963-1982). 2010. 222f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2010. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-03-07T16:46:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-TESE-MSGUEDES.pdf: 1197808 bytes, checksum: 0df2d594628ccfd4f835bbe8380ac2ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-03-07T17:31:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-TESE-MSGUEDES.pdf: 1197808 bytes, checksum: 0df2d594628ccfd4f835bbe8380ac2ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-07T17:31:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-TESE-MSGUEDES.pdf: 1197808 bytes, checksum: 0df2d594628ccfd4f835bbe8380ac2ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / This work aims to discuss the production of discourses on educational planning, paternalism and exchange of favors, in Ceará from 1963 to 1982. To do so, we analyzed educational programs, personal and institutional correspondence characterized by requests in the sphere of education and addressed to the political man Virgilio Távora during the time he performed the functions of Governor, Deputy and Senator in the State of Ceará. The correspondences mentioned comprise part of the documentary fund Virgilio Távora that put together the collection of the Public Archives of the State of Ceará. In the investigation of the documentary sources we approached the social tensions between planning actions of education and mails about the educational field specifically the ones pervaded by politics of favor, discourses associated to paternalism, clientele, work and professional qualification. The government educational programs concerning to the period herein focused , were collected from Menezes Pimentel Public Library heap. These documents established guidelines for the development of the educational sector and are hallmarks elements in preparing the proposed approach by this research; aiming to question the clashes built in the structure of state educational management and educational requests addressed to Virgilio Távora. The documentation referred to allowed to inquire about the discursive strategies produced on the educational field intersected by the logic of efficiency, technique and state planning, managed in Ceará during the time of this research. In the theoretical methodological universe of the investigation developed, we gave much attention to the constructions and appropriations produced by the discourses found in the documental sources, on educational planning, exchange of favors and patronage. These were the constituent elements of educational every day life in Ceará which were the subject of analysis in this paper. / Este trabalho objetiva discutir a produção de discursos sobre planejamento educacional, paternalismo e troca de favores, no Ceará de 1963 a 1982. Para tanto, analisamos programas educacionais, correspondências pessoais e institucionais caracterizadas por solicitações da esfera da educação destinadas ao político Virgílio Távora durante a época em que exerceu as funções de Governador, Deputado e Senador, no Estado do Ceara. As correspondências mencionadas compreendem parte do fundo documental Virgílio Távora que compõe o acervo do Arquivo Público do Estado do Ceará. No trabalho de investigação das fontes documentais, abordamos as tensões sociais existentes entre ações de planejamento da educação e correspondências sobre o campo educacional, especificamente, as perpassadas pela política do favor, por discursos associados ao paternalismo, clientelismo, trabalho e qualificação profissional. Os programas educacionais de governo referentes ao período ora focalizado, foram coletados do acervo da Biblioteca Pública Menezes Pimentel. Estes documentos estabeleceram diretrizes para o desenvolvimento do setor educacional local e são elementos balizadores da construção da abordagem proposta por esta pesquisa; na perspectiva de problematizar os embates construídos nos domínios da gestão da educação estadual e solicitações educacionais destinadas a Virgílio Távora. A documentação aludida permitiu inquirir sobre as estratégias discursivas produzidas sobre o campo educacional, entrecortadas pela lógica da eficiência, técnica e planejamento estatal, gestados no Ceará durante o corte temporal desta pesquisa. No universo teórico-metodológico da investigação desenvolvida, procuramos atentar para as construções e apropriações produzidas pelos discursos contidos nas fontes documentais, sobre planejamento educacional, troca de favores, e paternalismo. Elementos constitutivos do cotidiano da educação no Ceará que foram alvo de análise do trabalho produzido.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho objetiva discutir a produÃÃo de discursos sobre planejamento educacional, paternalismo e troca de favores, no Cearà de 1963 a 1982. Para tanto, analisamos programas educacionais, correspondÃncias pessoais e institucionais caracterizadas por solicitaÃÃes da esfera da educaÃÃo destinadas ao polÃtico VirgÃlio TÃvora durante a Ãpoca em que exerceu as funÃÃes de Governador, Deputado e Senador, no Estado do Ceara. As correspondÃncias mencionadas compreendem parte do fundo documental VirgÃlio TÃvora que compÃe o acervo do Arquivo PÃblico do Estado do CearÃ. No trabalho de investigaÃÃo das fontes documentais, abordamos as tensÃes sociais existentes entre aÃÃes de planejamento da educaÃÃo e correspondÃncias sobre o campo educacional, especificamente, as perpassadas pela polÃtica do favor, por discursos associados ao paternalismo, clientelismo, trabalho e qualificaÃÃo profissional. Os programas educacionais de governo referentes ao perÃodo ora focalizado, foram coletados do acervo da Biblioteca PÃblica Menezes Pimentel. Estes documentos estabeleceram diretrizes para o desenvolvimento do setor educacional local e sÃo elementos balizadores da construÃÃo da abordagem proposta por esta pesquisa; na perspectiva de problematizar os embates construÃdos nos domÃnios da gestÃo da educaÃÃo estadual e solicitaÃÃes educacionais destinadas a VirgÃlio TÃvora. A documentaÃÃo aludida permitiu inquirir sobre as estratÃgias discursivas produzidas sobre o campo educacional, entrecortadas pela lÃgica da eficiÃncia, tÃcnica e planejamento estatal, gestados no Cearà durante o corte temporal desta pesquisa. No universo teÃrico-metodolÃgico da investigaÃÃo desenvolvida, procuramos atentar para as construÃÃes e apropriaÃÃes produzidas pelos discursos contidos nas fontes documentais, sobre planejamento educacional, troca de favores, e paternalismo. Elementos constitutivos do cotidiano da educaÃÃo no Cearà que foram alvo de anÃlise do trabalho produzido. / This work aims to discuss the production of discourses on educational planning, paternalism and exchange of favors, in Cearà from 1963 to 1982. To do so, we analyzed educational programs, personal and institutional correspondence characterized by requests in the sphere of education and addressed to the political man Virgilio TÃvora during the time he performed the functions of Governor, Deputy and Senator in the State of CearÃ. The correspondences mentioned comprise part of the documentary fund Virgilio TÃvora that put together the collection of the Public Archives of the State of CearÃ. In the investigation of the documentary sources we approached the social tensions between planning actions of education and mails about the educational field specifically the ones pervaded by politics of favor, discourses associated to paternalism, clientele, work and professional qualification. The government educational programs concerning to the period herein focused , were collected from Menezes Pimentel Public Library heap. These documents established guidelines for the development of the educational sector and are hallmarks elements in preparing the proposed approach by this research; aiming to question the clashes built in the structure of state educational management and educational requests addressed to Virgilio TÃvora. The documentation referred to allowed to inquire about the discursive strategies produced on the educational field intersected by the logic of efficiency, technique and state planning, managed in Cearà during the time of this research. In the theoretical methodological universe of the investigation developed, we gave much attention to the constructions and appropriations produced by the discourses found in the documental sources, on educational planning, exchange of favors and patronage. These were the constituent elements of educational every day life in Cearà which were the subject of analysis in this paper.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The ideal and practice of administrative neutrality has been problematic in the public services of liberal democracies since the middle of the 19th century. Either the ideal was interpreted very narrowly to exclude public administration from political processes, or it has been too broadly incorporated to render its meaning practically useless. However, both literature and practice continue to emphasize the importance of the ideal. This study has attempted to clarify the meaning of the concept by examining its evolution and applicability in various liberal democratic states. Additionally, the study has developed a model of administrative neutrality for the post- apartheid South African public service. The study was guided by three broad assumptions: and these were: i) that the concept of administrative neutrality was not an antonym of politicization, and that whenever such meaning was imputed its applicability was bound to be compromised if not misguided; ii) that the applicability of administrative neutrality depended, among other things, on the constitutional experience and context of a given country; and that iii) administrative neutrality tended to emphasize those elements that are topical at a given time in a given country. Comparative experiences of older liberal democracies examined in the study lent support to these broad assumptions: thus, the British version of administrative neutrality has been conditioned by its political and administrative traditions in which the evolution of democratic political institutions dictated the subjection of administrative institutions to elected political leadership. By contrast, the French experience has reflected that country's administrative history in which public administration evolved much earlier than liberal democracy, and practices like permitting civil servants to seek political office without having to resign their posts was perceived as posing no danger to the ideal of neutrality. Similarly, the American model in which the top layer of public administrators are political appointees has been a product of its history which has had a heavy dosage of partisan patronage. However, despite the differences in terms of models and applicability of the concept the public services in all older liberal democracies examined showed a clear commitment to administrative neutrality in the form of a professionally appointed and managed public service. All the three older democracies examined here has clearly done away with the concept of patronage in the professional section of their public services. Based on the analysis of the three older democracies, a model has been developed for post-apartheid South Africa. First, it was observed that current practices of administrative neutrality in South Africa have been heavily influenced by both apartheid and British or Whitehall traditions. However, the 1996 constitution prescribes a public service that is nonpartisan and impartial, with the public service commission as the watchdog for its implementation. The study has noted that a few problems exist in the current practice of administrative neutrality. First, the practice of involving the minister in the department or premier in the province in matters of appointing permanent staff was regarded as anomalous. Second, that there was lack of specification of involvement by level of civil servants in partisan activities. Third, that the present arrangements do not make adequate checks and balances between ministerial responsibility for personnel and the role of the public service commission, and between the minister and the director- general. Fourth and finally, the absence of the head of the civil service who could cultivate, promote and defend the ethic of civil service neutrality. The proposed model addresses these issues and includes the following elements: commitment to national goals as a recognition of the fact that administrative neutrality does not mean avoidance of national political ideals and goals; merit as the basis for appointment and promotion to ensure against the spoils system; partisan neutrality in which civil servants at all levels do not participate in any partisan activities, but that this provision could be reviewed from time to time as the country's administrative culture evolves; institutional checks and balances in which the public service commission, the head of the civil service , and the re-designing of the office and even title of the director-general. At the moment there are no really checks and balances vis-a-vis ministerial role in the civil service. Finally, the model recommends general fairness and impartiality of the civil service as part of the neutrality concept. The model might meet some resistance due to entrenched traditions of the past or misconstruing of the ideal of neutrality itself by current practitioners. The study concludes by posing a few questions: what is the relationship between neutrality and civil service effectiveness? How does the policy of representative bureaucracy (i.e.: affirmative action) impact upon the merit principle? These and other questions have not been addressed in the study due to limitation of time and resources. Nonetheless, the ideal of administrative neutrality holds out the hope for a civil service that is emerging from the scars of apartheid politicization.

This article describes a method to analyse retail trade flows among competing retail centres. A case study of three nearby communities in the Southeastern United States is used to demonstrate the application of the technique. Results of the case study and their implications are discussed.

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