This thesis analyzes the βRice Proposalγâ Condoleezza Riceαs October 2000 suggestion that U.S. ground forces be withdrawn from the peacekeeping operations in the Balkans, with their responsibilities transferred to European allies. It examines the factors that caused the proposal to be articulated, and follows its development over the course of the early phases of the Bush administration. While the Rice Proposal remained a long term policy goal for the Bush administration, by July 2001 President Bush and his advisers had concluded that U.S. troops would remain in the Balkans as long as other NATO forces did. This conclusion derived in large part from the need to maintain NATOαs political cohesion, U.S. leadership in the alliance, and stability in Europe. One of the consequences of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States may, however, be a revival of the Rice Proposal. / US Navy (USN) author

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 2001. / "December 2001". Thesis advisor(s): Yost, David S. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

The UN is an international organisation which has its roots dating as far back as 1917, when its predecessor was called the League of Nations. Concerned states met in Geneva around 1940 to craft a way-forward for the weakened League, thereby agreeing to form a new international organisation, the UN at the end of the Second World War (WWII). The UN adopted its founding document, referred to as the UN Charter of 1945. The main purpose of the UN is the maintenance of international peace and security. Peacekeeping is an adaptation of the provisions of Chapter 1, article 2 of the UN Charter, which vests the organisation with the mandate to work towards a world free from wars and other violent conflicts. In recent years, UN peacekeeping missions have been associated with gross human rights violations, resulting from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse by UN peacekeepers themselves. This dissertation examines selected cases in Africa, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Sudan, Eritrea-Ethiopia, Somalia, Sierra-Leone and Ivory Coast, as much as they may be relevant to the thrust of the study. Although there is broad consensus in the international community that erring members of the peacekeeping forces be held accountable, what remains particularly problematic is that innocent civilian lives are being destroyed through self-interest, lust, dysfunctional local legal systems, lack of uniform rules of conduct and misconduct, lack of effective investigative systems in host countries, and lack of effective planning systems by victims, among other factors. The study makes a modest attempt at addressing these critical challenges on the accountability of UN peacekeeping forces in the 21st century context. / Thesis (Phd) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2015

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003. / "MBA professional report"--Cover. Thesis advisor(s): Nancy C. Roberts, John E. Mutty. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2005. / "3 June 2005." Electronic version of original print document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-72).

The focus of this research will be on the question as to whether the South African Police Service adequately prepares its police officials for the functions they will be performing in Sudan: Darfur. This broad question leads to further questions that include the following: What are the peacekeeping recruitment and selection criteria for the South African Police Service members who need to be deployed in Sudan: Darfur? Is the South African Police Service peacekeeping training curriculum adequate enough to prepare its members for their deployment in Sudan: Darfur?  Does the South African Police Service have any measures to evaluate the role played by its members in Sudan: Dafur? What measures have been introduced to utilise the new skills brought by members that have been deployed? Are there any properly posted members with mission experience, who are capable of presenting and further developing peacekeeping training in the South African Police Service? Does the South African Police Service senior management have knowledge of generic peacekeeping concepts?.

Yes / Peacekeeping has come a long way since the basic principles which define it were laid down by Lester Pearson and Dag Hammarskjold, to guide the deployment of the first full UN mission, UNEF I, in 1956. Since 1956, it has been generally accepted that peacekeeping is a function of the UN, but there are occasions when it has been used by international and regional organisations other than the UN, and there are operations which can be seen as early uses of peacekeeping which predated the formation of the UN in 1945. After the First World War, for example, multinational military bodies were used to establish and administer the new frontiers of Europe agreed by peace treaties after the war. Also after the First World War the League of Nations conducted activities which were comparable in some respects to peacekeeping. However, since 1945 peacekeeping has been the technique most frequently used by and associated with the United Nations to terminate conflicts and establish peace, so much so that the organisation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its peacekeeping activities in 1988 and indeed Pearson and Hammarskjold, the two people who ‘invented’ peacekeeping as a so-called chapter six and a half activity of the UN were also awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957.

Doctor of Philosophy / The hypothesis of this work is that international human rights law and not international humanitarian law is the legal framework that applies to United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations in collapsed States where the peacekeepers do not become a party to an armed conflict. In order to test this hypothesis the work begins by examining what is meant by peacekeeping and charts the evolution of peacekeeping from its origins as a passive ad hoc activity to the modern highly complex operations capable of providing the foundations for the recreation of civil society. Chapter two of the work builds on the first chapter by analysing the UN’s theoretical approach to peacekeeping through its major reports. This chapter provides insight into the development of peacekeeping as a theoretical construct and then into a central tool in the UN’s attempt to implement the Charter. Chapters three and four analyse peacekeeping as practiced by the UN in operations conducted under Chapters VI and VII of the UN Charter. This analysis leads to the conclusion that as a matter of practice the UN and the State parties that have provided the troops to perform peacekeeping under UN control have acted in accordance with international human rights law and that as a result there is evidence of State practice to support an argument that as a matter of customary international law international human rights law applies as the framework for peacekeeping in collapsed States. With a clear grounding in the practice and theory of peacekeeping the work then examines the competing claims of international humanitarian law and international human rights law as the legal framework for peacekeeping operations. Suggestions are made with regard to the triggers for international humanitarian law to apply and the conclusion is drawn that the vast majority of UN operations between 1949 and 2003 were conducted beneath the threshold for the application of international humanitarian law. The final chapter of the work analyses the practical application of a human rights framework to peacekeeping and concludes that it provides a flexible and adaptive tool for the restoration of peace and the reconstruction of civil society. As a result of the analysis of UN peacekeeping theory, practice and the competing claims of international humanitarian law and international human rights law, the work concludes that international human rights law provides the framework for UN peacekeeping in collapsed States and that international humanitarian law will only apply where peacekeepers cross the threshold into armed conflict.