"The intent of this Thesis is to study the potential of distributed resources to increase the efficacy of the electric system without decreasing the efficiency of the system. Distributed resources (DR) are technologies that provide an increase in power or a decrease in load on the distribution system. An example of DR is a storage device that uses electricity during low use periods to store energy and then converts the stored energy to power during high use periods. The energy storage being studied is for the purpose of peak shaving or the ability to shift small amounts of load to a more optimum time. In particular the concept of load curve leveling is explored. DR options are studied to determine how size, location, and storage losses impact the overall system efficacy and efficiency. This includes impacts on system losses, capacity utilization, and energy costs."

Renewable energy integration will become a significant issue as renewable penetration levels increase, and will require new generation support infrastructure; Energy storage provides one solution to this issue. Specifically, battery technologies offer a wide range of energy and power output abilities, making them ideal for a variety of integration applications. Distributed energy storage on distribution grids may be required in many areas of Canada where renewables will be installed. Peak shaving using distributed small (residential) energy storage can provide a reduction in peak loads and help renewable energy integration. To this end, a peak shaving model was developed for typical houses in several regions in Canada which provided sizing and performance results. An experimental battery bank and cycling apparatus was designed and constructed using these sizing results. This battery bank and cycling apparatus was then used to calibrate and validate a lithium iron phosphate battery energy storage system model.

The increasing electricity production from intermittent energy sources creates both challenges and possibilities in the future energy system. When the controllability in the production of electricity deteriorates, the flexibility of the electricity consumption must increase for the energy system to work. The study examines the possibilities for the profitability strategies load smoothing, peak shaving, participation on the flexibility market and its combinations to reduce the electricity bill for Vasakronan’s office building at Sperlingens Backe 47 in Stockholm using a nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery storage. The results indicated participation on the flexibilitymarket to be the most profitable strategy although none of the strategies nor their combinations managed to reduce the electricity bill of the office building. For an installation of a NiMH battery in the office building to become profitable, the price of NiMH batteries must decrease by approximately 80 %.

Uppsala’s population and infrastructure is expanding at a fast rate. This results in problems with supplying sufficient electrical power during peak hours such as early mornings and late evenings. One of the many ways to solve this issue is through peak shaving by using parked electrical vehicles as batteries to discharge into the power grid (vehicle-to-grid). In this report, the possibilies for peak shaving during peak hours in a mobility house called Dansmästaren are presented, as well as the possibilities for the vehicle-to-grid technology in the future. Dansmästaren has 60 available parking slots for electric vehicles, and a large central battery available.Through simulations using MATLAB, the results show that it’s possible to achieve a considarable degree of peak shaving, while battery degradation is kept reasonably low. Conclusions regarding vehicle-to-grid in the future are that there is a large potential for Vehicle-to-grid to become an important part of tomorrow’s energy system. However, continued research and development is necessary, as well as bigger focus on the social and economic aspects of this technology. A succesful implementation will require cooperation between the grid owners, the industry and the customers.

Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka hur ett nyproducerat batterihybridfartyg av PSV-typ (plattform supply vessel) bör operera för att uppnå en så energieffektiv drift som möjligt utan att äventyra säkerhet eller redundanskrav. Att framföra ett fartyg så energieffektivt som möjligt är något som är av hög prioritet till sjöss, dels ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv men även ur miljösynpunkt, då sjöfartsbranschen ständigt arbetar för en minskad miljöpåverkan. Även nyproducerade fartyg, byggda med modern teknik som ger goda förutsättningar för en energieffektiv drift ställer stora krav på att det tydligt framgår hur fartyget ska framföras för att nyttja fartygets fulla potential och uppnå optimal drift. För att ta fram procedurer över hur fartygen bör operera har loggade och teoretiska data från fartyget Coey Viking sammanställts, och presenteras i samråd med Viking Supply Ships. Resultatet innefattar generatorkombinationers specifika bränsleförbrukning, lågtrycks-dual-fuel-motorers generella miljöpåverkan med avseende på metanslip och fartygets loggade effektförbrukning till kaj. Resultatet visade att hög generatorlast resulterade i optimal specifik bränsleförbrukningen, att låga generatorlaster genererade stort metanslip samt att en förändrad elkraftstyrning tillsammans med fartygets energilagring möjliggör en förbättrad drift till kaj med en minskad miljöpåverkan. Arbetet öppnar upp för vidare forskning inom optimal peak-shaving-effekt, hur energilagringens storlek påverkar driftsmöjligheter och hur peak-shaving till kaj på ett stabilt sätt reglertekniskt bör styras. / The purpose of this undertaking was to investigate a new built battery-hybrid-vessel of PSV-type (platform supply vessel) and its operational ability to achieve the most energy efficient operation without jeopardizing safety or redundancy. The energy efficient operation of a vessel is of great priority in the maritime industry, not only because of economical profit but also based on environmental perspective, since the maritime industry is constantly aiming towards a decreased environmental impact. Newly built vessels containing modern technology opens up great opportunity in achieving energy efficient operation, though it sets high standard regarding correct operation of the vessel to use its full potential and achieve optimal running. To be able to present procedures regarding the vessel’s operation, logged and theoretical data from the vessel Coey Viking has been compiled and is presented in consultation with Viking Supply Ships. The results refered to different generator combination’s specific fuel consumption, the general environmental impact of low pressure dual fuel engines with respect to methane slip and the vessel’s logged power consumption in port.  The result indicated that a high generator load resulted in optimal specific fuel consumption, while low generator loads resulted in poor specific fuel consumption together with an increase in methane slip. The result also showed that the vessel’s energy storage together with a change in the PMS-system (Power Management System) would enable an improved power supply in port with shore connection. The paper raises questions to be answered in further research regarding optimal peak-shaving effect, what impact the size of the energy storage would have on operational capability and how peak shaving in port with shore connection appropriately should be regulated.

The Diploma thesis in theoretical part deals with description of possibilities of accumulations of electricity energy focusing on electrochemical accumulators. Next chapter of theory also describes possible applications of battery storages focusing on costumer. In practical part diploma thesis deals with suggestion of simulation model for battery application peak-shaving. Output of the suggestion represents two case studies based on real data of commercial building consumption. Furthermore, practical part also deals with suggestion of control logic for application peak-shaving which was used for verification of simulation model.

The world's energy supply today mainly consists of fossil fuels and nuclear power. Moving away from the use of these energy resources to renewable energy sources is considered a prerequisite for a sustainable future. In order to implement this change, it is necessary for renewable energy sources to be environmentally, technically and economically sustainable. A major challenge encountered in terms of technological sustainability is the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. As the share of renewable electricity increases in the system, the electricity grid is facing new challenges such as increased instability of the frequency and capacity shortages. In order to meet these new challenges an increased flexibility from electricity users is proposed as a solution. Flexibility can be achieved either by controlling the use of electricity or utilizing energy storages. If different electric loads are to be controlled in a property, data regarding the power use of the loads must first be collected with a high time resolution in order to be able to properly analyze the data. Measures to shift or reduce the power peaks in a property can then be suggested and implemented. A battery storage can help reduce power peaks or shift loads in time and if done on a large scale that would reduce the strain on the entire Swedish grid. One of the ancillary services that the battery could offer is frequency regulation. Using energy storages for such an application could also provide a secondary revenue stream, aside from the revenue stream from peak shaving, and increase the profitability of the storage. Sweden has seen a dramatic increase in electric vehicles over the last decade and charging of the vehicles has become an issue for many property owners as it often creates power peaks. The data collection regarding power use in properties performed in during this thesis showed that valuable data can be collected with the method and material used. With a battery price of 3000 SEK/kWh the payback time for a battery system can be reduced from 17,9 to 7,8 years if it is used for frequency regulation during the night. If power-intensive loads such as electric vehicle charging are added to the model the payback period decreases to 6,1 years. With these results in mind, it can be concluded that the profitability of a battery storage can increase to the extent that the investment is of economic viability. In addition, the investment helps to improve the stability of the Swedish grid. The results are found to be relatively consistent with those of other similar studies. / <p>Digital presentation</p>

Morgongåva is an urban centre in Sweden, with several challenges in the electrical power grid. In order to use the power grid more efficiently, this report investigates potentials of installing a battery energy storage system (BESS). Focus lies on finding economic and technical benefits of reducing power peaks, which occur during high demand hours when transmitting energy is more expensive. This method is referred to as peak shaving. Further, economic calculations if installing a BESS are based on electricity pricing data. Calculations regarding technical benefits are based on net power demand data. Further, the study shows that the usage of the grid, which was measured with the load factor, would increase and thus allow installation of more power sources and connecting more load to the grid. The load factor was estimated to increase by an average of 2.12 percent each month in 2019. In one year, the economic profit was estimated to be 91,000 kr. The conclusion is that there are economic profits for Sala-Heby Energi of installing a BESS, but more importantly a BESS has technical consequences in the power grid. Where technical benefits are important in order to reach the goals of Agenda 2030 but also to obtain a more reliable grid for the customers. A sensitivity analysis shows that the model is robust. Thus, the conclusion is that Sala-Heby Energi and the local electricity grid in Morgongåva would benefit from installing a BESS.

abstract: In this work, the stacked values of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) of various power and energy capacities are evaluated as they provide multiple services such as peak shaving, frequency regulation, and reserve support in an ‘Arizona-based test system’ - a simplified, representative model of Salt River Project’s (SRP) system developed using the resource stack information shared by SRP. This has been achieved by developing a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) based optimization model that captures the operation of BESS in the Arizona-based test system. The model formulation does not include any BESS cost as the objective is to estimate the net savings in total system operation cost after a BESS is deployed in the system. The optimization model has been formulated in such a way that the savings due to the provision of a single service, either peak shaving or frequency regulation or spinning reserve support, by the BESS, can be determined independently. The model also allows calculation of combined savings due to all the services rendered by the BESS. The results of this research suggest that the savings obtained with a BESS providing multiple services are significantly higher than the same capacity BESS delivering a single service in isolation. It is also observed that the marginal contribution of BESS reduces with increasing BESS energy capacity, a result consistent with the law of diminishing returns. Further, small changes in the simulation environment, such as factoring in generator forced outage rates or projection of future solar penetration, can lead to changes as high as 10% in the calculated stacked value. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2020

abstract: In recent years, many school districts, community colleges, and universities in California have implemented energy management-as-a-service (EMaaS). The purpose of this study was to analyzes how EMaaS has been realized in California schools, including how performance expectations and service guarantees have been met, how value is created and captured, and which trends are emerging in the pay-for-performance models. This study used a qualitative research design to identify patterns in the collected data and allow theories to be drawn from the emergent categories and themes. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted with a diverse pool of facility managers, energy practitioners, superintendents, and associate superintendents working with EMaaS. Four themes emerged (1) peak shaving overperformance, (2) low risk/reward, (3) performance exactly as expected, and (4) hope in future flexibility. This study reveals medium to high levels of performance satisfaction from the customers of cloud-enabled and battery-based EMaaS in California schools. Value has been captured primarily through peak shaving and intelligent bill management. Large campuses with higher peaks are especially good at delivering energy savings, and in some instances without pairing batteries and solar. Where demand response participation is permitted by the utility companies, the quality of demand response performance is mixed, with performance being exactly as expected to slightly less than expected. The EMaaS business model is positioned to help California schools implement and achieve many of their future sustainability goals in a cost-effective way. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction Management 2020