This thesis draws up a basic overview of the current groups pedal cars. It focuses on creating a computer model of the pedal group with the help of the mathematical model and simulation stress of individual components and proposed relief.

No / Braking system characteristics, brake system performance and brake system component design parameters that influence brake pedal ‘feel’ in a passenger car have been studied using the simulation modelling package AMESim, in particular to model the linear and nonlinear characteristics of internal components. A passenger car hydraulic brake system simulation model incorporating the brake pedal, booster, master cylinder, brake lines and calipers has been developed to predict brake system response to assist in the design of braking systems with the desired brake pedal force / travel characteristic characteristics to create good brake pedal ‘feel’. This has highlighted the importance of system components, in particular the master cylinder and caliper seal deformation, and the operating characteristics of the booster in determining the brake pedal force / travel characteristic. The potential contribution of these 3 components to brake pedal ‘feel’ improvement has been investigated, and the results of the AMESim model have been verified using experimental measurement data. The model can be used in the future to provide an accurate prediction of brake system response at the design stage thereby saving time and cost.

No description available.

No description available.

The shift towards electric transportation on a global scale is being primarily driven by regulatory requirements and market demand. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution, energy demand, and CO2 emissions has further accelerated this transition. This transformation necessitates the development of efficient electric propulsion systems, particularly for commercial vehicles. These systems not only have a positive environmental impact but also offer significant financial advantages to fleet owners due to lower overall costs. One of the major challenges in this transition is the design and calibration of regenerative braking strategies, especially for commercial vehicles that exhibit significant variations in weight. This weight difference between curb and gross vehicle weight is a common scenario in the commercial vehicle sector. This thesis introduces the Adaptive One-Pedal Drive (A-OPD) strategy, which is specifically tailored for electric commercial vehicles with varying weight profiles and lacking advanced drive-by-wire braking systems. The thesis focuses on the development and accurate assessment of a model-centric approach for electrified propulsion systems. This approach establishes a strong correlation between the model and physical data, demonstrating its reliability in estimating critical variables such as battery state-of-charge, battery terminal voltage, system high-voltage DC, and wheel torque, even under diverse driving conditions. This model-centric approach serves as a valuable tool for optimizing design and conducting tradeoff analyses, enabling efficient evaluation of energy efficiency and drivability. Selecting the most suitable electrified propulsion system architecture is a crucial decision. The thesis categorizes electrified propulsion system architectures based on their impact on vehicle performance, energy consumption, and total cost of ownership. This selection process involves a multidisciplinary approach that takes into account both technical and business requirements. The central research focus of this thesis centers on regenerative braking systems. It compares series and parallel configurations, traditional one-pedal-drive (OPD), and introduces an innovative Adaptive One-Pedal Drive (A-OPD). The A-OPD relies on vehicle running mass identification using the Recursive Least Square Filter (RLS) and weight classification. This A-OPD strategy significantly enhances energy efficiency in urban traffic scenarios, even when vehicles are partially loaded. It outperforms parallel regenerative braking systems by up to 50% while maintaining performance levels similar to the series regenerative braking strategy. This innovation represents a significant leap in energy efficiency for electric commercial vehicles without the need for complex electronic braking systems. In summary, this thesis advances our understanding of optimizing the performance of electric commercial vehicles. The A-OPD strategy proves to be a practical and valuable tool for enhancing energy efficiency, particularly in dense urban traffic, and it outperforms parallel regenerative braking systems. Utilizing model-in-the-loop and driver-in-the-loop simulations, this thesis offers a comprehensive framework for designing efficient electrified propulsion system architectures. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Detta är ett examensarbete på 7,5hp för CAD-Tekniker programmet på Högskolan I Halmstad. Gruppen har fått som uppdrag att ta fram en prototyplösning för en handikapsanpassad cykelpedal till en privatperson i Halmstad. Användaren kan inte böja sitt knä helt och kan inte använda en normal cykelpedal för höger ben. / This is a thesis report of 7,5hp for the CAD-Technician program at Halmstad Univeristy. The group was tasked with developing a prototype for a bicycle crank for an individual in Halmstad. The user has a bad knee, unable to bend it fully and is unable to use a normal crank for the right leg.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 67-68. / by M. Bradham Brewster. / B.S.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaf 29. / by Matthew S. Alves. / B.S.

Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith y Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. H. Gentry son dos especies vegetales endémicas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional durante siglos por la población peruana para el tratamiento de problemas inflamatorios, dolores de cuerpo y reumatismo. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto hidroalcohólico de la corteza de Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith y el efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. H. Gentry. Materiales y Métodos: Los extractos hidroalcohólicos de ambas especies se obtuvieron con la corteza de A. grandifolia y las hojas de M. alliacea, las cuales fueron maceradas con etanol 96% y agua destilada (7:3). La Prueba Límite, test de toxicidad aguda (DL50), utilizó ratones hembras Mus musculus albinus balb/c adultas y se les administró por vía oral las diferentes dosis de los extractos (100, 1000, 2000 y 5000 mg/Kg). El test de Edema Pedal inducido por carragenina se realizó con ratas hembras cepa albina Sprague Dawley (150-200g). Éstas fueron agrupadas en 8 grupos (n=6) y tratadas por vía oral con los extractos de A. grandifolia (100, 300 y 600 mg/Kg), M. alliacea (25, 50 y 100 mg/Kg) y el fármaco standard (diclofenaco sódico 10 mg/mL) media hora antes de la aplicación del agente flogístico λ-carragenina. Resultados: DL50 para ambos extractos es mayor a 5000 mg/Kg. A. grandifolia, a las dosis de 600 y 300 mg/Kg, y M. alliacea, a las dosis de 100, 50 y 25 mg/Kg, fueron efectivas en reducir el edema pedal inducido por carragenina con porcentajes de eficacia antiinflamatoria de 45,74%, 30,88%, 20,91%, 29,94% y 19,80% respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los extractos hidroalcohólicos de la corteza de A. grandifolia a las dosis de 300 y 600 mg/Kg, y de las hojas de M. alliacea a las dosis de 25, 50 y 100 mg/Kg tienen efecto antiinflamatorio. / Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith and Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) AH Gentry are two endemic species used in traditional medicine for centuries by the Peruvian population to treat inflammatory problems, body aches and rheumatism. Aim of the study: To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith hydroalcoholic extract of the bark and anti-inflammatory effect of Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves. Materials and Methods: The hydroalcoholic extracts of both species were obtained from the bark of A. grandifolia and leaves of M. alliacea, which were macerated with 96% ethanol and distilled water (7: 3). Limit test, acute toxicity test (LD50) were carried out with Mus musculus albinus balb/c mice adults, they were orally administered with diferent doses of extracts (100, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/Kg). The Paw oedema induced by carrageenan test was carried out with Sprague Dawley albino female rats (150-200g). They were grouped into 8 groups (n = 6) and were treated orally with the extracts of A. grandifolia (100, 300 and 600 mg/Kg), M. alliacea (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and standard drug (diclofenac sodium 10mg/ml) half an hour before the application of the phlogistic agent λ-carrageenan. Results: LD50 for both extracts is greater than 5000 mg/Kg. A. grandifolia at doses of 600 and 300 mg/Kg and M. alliacea at doses of 100, 50 and 25 mg/kg, were effective in reducing carrageenan-induced paw oedema with efficacy anti-inflammatory percentages of 45,74%, 30,88%, 20,91%, 29,94% and 19,80% respectively. Conclusions: The A. grandifolia hydroalcoholic extract of the bark at doses of 300 and 600 mg/Kg, and M. alliacea hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg have antiinflammatory effect. Key words: paw oedema, hydroalcoholic extract, carrageenan, Abuta grandifolia, Mansoa alliacea, anti-inflammatory.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Hussni / Resumo: As enfermidades podais do membro torácico são a maior causa das alterações musculoesqueléticas que acometem os equinos. A doença do navicular, osteíte podal e a laminite estão entre as enfermidades de maior incidência em equinos, sendo todas elas citadas como afecções de origem vascular. A fotopletismografia é um método diagnóstico não invasivo que quantifica o tempo de reenchimento venoso baseado na circulação periférica terminal. Objetivou-se estudar a exequibilidade e viabilidade da fotopletismografia podal em equinos, padronizando os valores normais para a espécie. Foram utilizados 10 equinos hígidos, avaliando-se os membros torácicos em diferentes superfícies, sendo dividos em dois grupos: Grupo Borracha (GB) e Grupo Concreto (GC). A fotopletismografia foi realizada com os animais em posição quadrupedal, realizando-se movimentos pendulares para mimetizar movimentos de apoio e elevação do membro, realizando-se cinco movimentos consecutivos e então, imediatamente induzidos ao repouso, obtendo-se então, o tempo de reenchimento venoso (TRV). Não houve diferença significativa entre o membro torácico direito e membro torácico esquerdo nos diferentes grupos (p=0,75). A média do TRV nos equinos do grupo borracha (GB) foi de 12,650 ± 1,694 e no grupo concreto (GC) foi de 12,700 ± 1,387 segundos, não demonstrando diferença significativa entre os diferentes pisos (p=0,98). Os equinos apresentaram valores de referência significativos em relação aos pacientes humanos. Conclui-se que ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The thoracic limb disorders are the major cause of the musculoskeletal changes affecting the horses. Navicular disease, foot osteitis and laminitis are among the diseases of higher incidence in equines, all of which are cited as affections of vascular origin. Photoplethysmography is a noninvasive diagnostic method that quantifies venous refill time based on the terminal peripheral circulation. The objective is study the feasibility of foot photoplethysmography in horses, standardizing the normal values for this species. Thoracic limbs were used on different surfaces and divided into two groups: Rubber Group (RG) and Concrete Group (CG). The photoplethysmography was performed with the animals in a quadrupedal position, with pendular movements being performed to mimic support and elevation movements. Five consecutive movements were performed, and then immediately induced at rest, and venous refilling time (VRT). There was no significant difference between the right and left thoracic limbs in the different groups (p=0.75). The mean TRV in the horses of the rubber group (GB) was 12.650 ± 1.694 and the concrete group (CG) it was 12.700 ± 1.387 seconds, showing no significant difference between the different floors (p=0.98). The reference values in horses are different in relation to human patients. It can be concluded that the photoplethysmography of the thoracic limbs in horses can be used as an auxiliary method to evaluate the microcirculation of the foot, the reference value fo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor