Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Kaiserslautern.

No / The aims of the present work were to pelletize talc by extrusion-spheronization technique using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a pelletization aid and to study its performance as a neutral substrate for coating. A 32 factorial design was used to study the effect of independent variables (X1, amount of talc, and X2, MCC) on pellet properties.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / R. Scott Beyer / The modern poultry industry uses auger feed lines to transport feed for broilers to pans to make feed available for them while greatly reducing labor costs. The feed given to broilers is manufactured at significant cost into a pelleted form. Pellets reduce broiler production costs by increasing feed intake and growth rate while reducing feed. Pellet quality is expressed using a method called the Pellet Durability Index (PDI). A series of studies was conducted to determine the effects of these destructive forces on both pellet quality and nutritive value. In Experiment 1, it was found that pellets of 78 and 86 PDI had 30% more fines in the final pan compared to the initial pan, but there was no significant difference between the two diets. In Experiment 2, a significant difference existed between a 23 PDI diet and an 82 PDI diet in the percentage of fines found at 12 selected pans. This indicates destruction occurring along the length of the feed line. In Experiment 3, soybean oil was applied to the exterior of the pellets and they were transported through the feed line. A significant difference in the amount of fat at each collection site was found, as the fat was removed from the exterior of the pellets in earlier pans, indicating destructive forces having an effect on the pellets. In Experiment 4, whole sorghum was used to create four diets with similar PDI. The feed was then placed in the feed line, collected at twelve locations, and analyzed for crude fat, CP, DM, ash and Ca. The results indicated the presence of whole sorghum in the pellets had no effect on percent fines or nutrient values. In Experiment 5, three diets with different PDI were transported through the feed line. Five collection sites were selected. Results indicate that high quality pellets withstand handling while pellets below 68 PDI show increased fine percentage. These experiments indicate pellets are damaged during transport in the feed line, but nutrients remain the same unless they are on the exterior of the pellet.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Leland McKinney / Three experiments were conducted to evaluate value added uses for dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and crude glycerol in swine and poultry diets. In Exp.1, crude glycerol from multiple biodiesel production facilities was evaluated for storage and variability characteristics. Part one reviewed the storage capabilities of crude glycerol at room temperature and excessive heat conditions on ferrous and stainless steel metal. There was no notable corrosion during the two-month experiment for either metal type under each condition. There was a slight discoloration observed on the ferrous metal stored under excessive heat conditions, but no pitting or sign of corrosion was noted. No changes were observed in the stainless steel under either environment condition. Part two evaluated the variability of crude glycerol from multiple biodiesel production facilities. Representative samples of the parent feedstock and resultant glycerol was collected an analyzed. There was considerable variation between samples, particularly when comparing glycerol from the different feedstocks (vegetable vs. animal). Exp. 2 and 3 took place in the Feed Processing Research Center in the Department of Grain Science at Kansas State University. Pellet quality and electrical energy consumption was evaluated by reviewing production rate, conditioning and hot pellet temperatures, motor load, and pellet durability index (PDI) as testing parameters. In Exp. 2, diets containing varying levels of crude glycerol were evaluated on pellet quality and pellet mill performance in a pilot mill and in a commercial facility. For part one, a corn-soy based swine grower diet was formulated to contain 0, 3, 6, and 9% crude glycerol. Each diet was steam conditioned to 150, 170 and 190 °F in an atmospheric conditioner and pelleted. An interaction existed between glycerol and conditioning temperature. For all diets containing glycerol, roll skid occurred and the pellet mill plugged as conditioning temperature approached 190°F. Pellet quality increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing levels of glycerol. Part two took place at Don’s Farm Supply in Newell, IA. A corn-soy based turkey grower diet was formulated to contain 3% glycerol and pelleted. Results from part two were consistent with part one, in that there was an interaction between conditioning temperature and the addition of glycerol. Exp. 3 evaluated DDGS on pellet quality and electrical consumption. A poultry diet was formulated to contain 0, 15, or 30% DDGS and steam conditioned to 140, 160, and 180°F. As conditioning temperature increased, pellet quality in diets containing DDGS significantly improved (P>.001). Electrical consumption in diets containing DDGS compared to the control showed no significance in reduction in energy usage (P>.001). In conclusion, the production of pelleted diets containing crude glycerol is a feasible option; however, conditioning temperatures should be kept minimal and storage and variation of the material should be considered. In addition, improved pellet quality in pelleted diets containing DDGS is in part by conditioning at higher temperatures, respectively. The data suggests that the addition of crude glycerol and DDGS in animal diets can serve as a beneficial feed additive.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VEREDIANE SILVA.pdf: 2468184 bytes, checksum: 97ba8847d6960140aa621fbcfd580bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper discusses the environmental problems caused by the use of wood as fuel for heating poultry houses in the Southwest region of the state of Paraná, and the consequent degradation of the remaining forest areas of the Atlantic Forest Biome, region in which it operates. As proposed for the solution of this problem were studied and raised two alternative ways of generating heat energy: the pellets and briquettes produced from the reuse of waste, which can be urban, industrial or agricultural. The methodological procedures for the development of the objectives of this research were composed of systematic reviews related to power generation and the processes of degradation of forest cover; the application of questionnaires to producers and consumers of wood for energy generation, and field research in aviaries located within the municipality of Francisco Beltran New Hope and the Southwest. The results obtained demonstrate the process of using wood as the primary resource for heat generation in the region currently aviaries, while demonstrating the possibility of moving to another state, the diffusion and dissemination of the use of alternative fuels such as ecological wood, pellet and briquette called for. / O presente trabalho aborda a problemática ambiental causada pela utilização da lenha como combustível para aquecimento de aviários na região Sudoeste do estado do Paraná, e a consequente degradação das áreas de remanescentes florestais do Bioma Mata Atlântica, no qual a região está inserida. Como propostas para a solução desta problemática foram pesquisadas e levantadas duas formas alternativas de geração de energia calorífica: o pellets e o briquete, produzidas a partir do reaproveitamento de resíduos, os quais podem ser urbanos, industriais ou agrícolas. Os procedimentos metodológicos para o desenvolvimento dos objetivos desta pesquisa foram compostos por revisões bibliográficas referentes a geração de energia e os processos de degradação da cobertura florestal; a aplicação de questionários a produtores e consumidores de lenha para geração energética, e pesquisa de campo em aviários localizados no interior do município de Francisco Beltrão e Nova Esperança do Sudoeste. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o processo de utilização da lenha como sendo o principal recurso para geração de calor nos aviários da região atualmente, ao mesmo tempo que demonstra a possibilidade de mudança para outra situação, com a difusão e divulgação do uso de combustíveis alternativos como a lenha ecológica, denominada por pellet e briquete.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VEREDIANE SILVA.pdf: 2468184 bytes, checksum: 97ba8847d6960140aa621fbcfd580bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper discusses the environmental problems caused by the use of wood as fuel for heating poultry houses in the Southwest region of the state of Paraná, and the consequent degradation of the remaining forest areas of the Atlantic Forest Biome, region in which it operates. As proposed for the solution of this problem were studied and raised two alternative ways of generating heat energy: the pellets and briquettes produced from the reuse of waste, which can be urban, industrial or agricultural. The methodological procedures for the development of the objectives of this research were composed of systematic reviews related to power generation and the processes of degradation of forest cover; the application of questionnaires to producers and consumers of wood for energy generation, and field research in aviaries located within the municipality of Francisco Beltran New Hope and the Southwest. The results obtained demonstrate the process of using wood as the primary resource for heat generation in the region currently aviaries, while demonstrating the possibility of moving to another state, the diffusion and dissemination of the use of alternative fuels such as ecological wood, pellet and briquette called for. / O presente trabalho aborda a problemática ambiental causada pela utilização da lenha como combustível para aquecimento de aviários na região Sudoeste do estado do Paraná, e a consequente degradação das áreas de remanescentes florestais do Bioma Mata Atlântica, no qual a região está inserida. Como propostas para a solução desta problemática foram pesquisadas e levantadas duas formas alternativas de geração de energia calorífica: o pellets e o briquete, produzidas a partir do reaproveitamento de resíduos, os quais podem ser urbanos, industriais ou agrícolas. Os procedimentos metodológicos para o desenvolvimento dos objetivos desta pesquisa foram compostos por revisões bibliográficas referentes a geração de energia e os processos de degradação da cobertura florestal; a aplicação de questionários a produtores e consumidores de lenha para geração energética, e pesquisa de campo em aviários localizados no interior do município de Francisco Beltrão e Nova Esperança do Sudoeste. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o processo de utilização da lenha como sendo o principal recurso para geração de calor nos aviários da região atualmente, ao mesmo tempo que demonstra a possibilidade de mudança para outra situação, com a difusão e divulgação do uso de combustíveis alternativos como a lenha ecológica, denominada por pellet e briquete.

Denna studie handlar om pelletering som möjlig lönsam marginalaffär vid mindre sågverk/hyvlerier. Studien, vilken skett genom djupintervjuer på plats, omfattar fem olika mindre sågverk/hyvlerier i Småland. Verksamheterna är sinsemellan på många sätt olika men har samtliga satsat på pelletering av ekonomiska skäl och av miljöskäl. Studien visar att pelletering är lönsam men också att det krävs vissa förutsättningar för att långsiktigt nå denna lönsamhet. Den viktigaste är långsiktig tillgång till råvara i form av torrt spån men det krävs även ett genuint intresse och en stor kunskap inom såväl teknik som trä för den som skall pelletera Detta beror på att produktionsprocessen är mycket komplicerad och även beroende av en del yttre omständigheter som t.ex. fukt, kyla och torka. Eftersom komplexiteten, och därmed den initiala personella insatsen är stor, bör man också uppnå vissa minimikvantiteter i produktionen. Studien visar också att det även krävs ett antal övriga element för att pelleteringen skall uppvisa den lönsamhet som en hastig förkalkyl ger vid handen. Klarar man att leva upp till de flesta av dessa finns det goda förutsättningar att pelletering över en konjunkturcykel kan medverka till att förbättra lönsamheten för den typ av mindre anläggningar som studerats. / This study is about pelleting as a possible profitable marginal business for minor saw-mills and planing mills. It has been carried out through in depth interviews of five different minor saw-mills and planing mills in Småland. These businesses are different themselves but all of them have invested in pelleting for financial and environmental reasons. The study shows that pelleting is profitable but also that a number of conditions must be fulfilled to reach profitability in the long run. The most important success factor is long-term access to raw material (dry chip) but the production process also demands a high interest and knowledge in wood and processing technology. This is due to the fact that the process is very complex and also depending on external circumstances like humidity, coldness and dryness. Due to this complexity and that the demand of manpower is rather high one should aim for producing at least a certain minimum quantity. The study also shows that there are a couple of other factors that are needed to be fulfilled to reach the profitability that the pre-calculation indicates. If most of these conditions are fulfilled there are very good possibilities that pelleting over a business cycle can contribute to an improved profitability for the type of businesses that have been studied.

<p>Denna studie handlar om pelletering som möjlig lönsam marginalaffär vid mindre sågverk/hyvlerier. Studien, vilken skett genom djupintervjuer på plats, omfattar fem olika mindre sågverk/hyvlerier i Småland. Verksamheterna är sinsemellan på många sätt olika men har samtliga satsat på pelletering av ekonomiska skäl och av miljöskäl.</p><p>Studien visar att pelletering är lönsam men också att det krävs vissa förutsättningar för att långsiktigt nå denna lönsamhet. Den viktigaste är långsiktig tillgång till råvara i form av torrt spån men det krävs även ett genuint intresse och en stor kunskap inom såväl teknik som trä för den som skall pelletera Detta beror på att produktionsprocessen är mycket komplicerad och även beroende av en del yttre omständigheter som t.ex. fukt, kyla och torka. Eftersom komplexiteten, och därmed den initiala personella insatsen är stor, bör man också uppnå vissa minimikvantiteter i produktionen. Studien visar också att det även krävs ett antal övriga element för att pelleteringen skall uppvisa den lönsamhet som en hastig förkalkyl ger vid handen.</p><p>Klarar man att leva upp till de flesta av dessa finns det goda förutsättningar att pelletering över en konjunkturcykel kan medverka till att förbättra lönsamheten för den typ av mindre anläggningar som studerats.</p> / <p>This study is about pelleting as a possible profitable marginal business for minor saw-mills and planing mills. It has been carried out through in depth interviews of five different minor saw-mills and planing mills in Småland. These businesses are different themselves but all of them have invested in pelleting for financial and environmental reasons.</p><p>The study shows that pelleting is profitable but also that a number of conditions must be fulfilled to reach profitability in the long run. The most important success factor is long-term access to raw material (dry chip) but the production process also demands a high interest and knowledge in wood and processing technology. This is due to the fact that the process is very complex and also depending on external circumstances like humidity, coldness and dryness. Due to this complexity and that the demand of manpower is rather high one should aim for producing at least a certain minimum quantity.</p><p>The study also shows that there are a couple of other factors that are needed to be fulfilled to reach the profitability that the pre-calculation indicates.</p><p>If most of these conditions are fulfilled there are very good possibilities that pelleting over a business cycle can contribute to an improved profitability for the type of businesses that have been studied.</p>

I en värld med ökande koldioxidhalter i atmosfären och höjd medeltemperatur, råder det inga tvivel om att vi står inför en rad utmaningar för att minska användandet av bland annat fossila bränslen som generar skadliga utsläpp. Det finns många alternativ till oljebaserade bränslen, och ett som har ökat markant de senaste åren är bränslepellets. Bränslepellets är ett träbaserat biobränsle som i sitt kompakta tillstånd erbjuder ett bra värmevärde och är klimatneutralt. För att tillverka pellets måste råmaterialet först termiskt torkas, från en fukthalt på ca 55 % till ca 10 %, vilket i dagsläget kan motsvara upp till en fjärdedel av hela energiåtgången i pelleteringsprocessen. Med den ökade efterfrågan av bränslepellets finns också ökade förutsättningar för energieffektiviseringar i pelletsproduceringen, speciellt i torkningssteget.  Drinor AB har tagit fram en avvattningsmaskin av biomaterial som heter CDP, och med den är det möjligt att avvattna biomaterial till ca 30 %, vilket skulle reducera både tiden och energin det tar att termiskt torka materialet. Avvattningen sker under tryck på minst 40 ton, där vattnet mekaniskt pressas ut ur råmaterialet. Hur avvattningen påverkar råmaterialet, speciellt i en pelletframställning, är oklart och syftet med detta arbete var att ta reda på hur pelleteringsegenskaperna påverkas efter pressning med CDP, och om det finns möjligheter att spara energi i malningsdelen i pelleteringsprocessen. Målet med arbetet var att ta reda på hur CDP påverkar pelletskvaliteter i form av hårdhet och densitet, samt om friktionsutvecklingen i pelleteringsmatrisen förändras, genom att framställa pellets ur 3 scenarion. I ett scenario ska en traditionell pelletsframställning liknas, med endast termisk torkning och i de resterande två scenarion implementeras CDP som försteg till den termiska torkningen. I ett av dessa två scenarion mals inte träflisen innan pelletering, för att se om energi kan sparas utan att offra pelletskvalitet. Ett annat mål var att, per scenario, ta reda på vid vilken fukthalts- och temperaturkombination de bästa pelletsen tillverkades med avseende på hög densitet och hårdhet samt låg friktionsutveckling. Resultaten visade att scenariot med CDP som komplement till termisk torkning och utan malningprocess, producerade pellets med högst hårdhet, högst densitet och lägst friktionsutveckling under båda fukthalterna på pelleteringsmaterialet och nästintill samtliga matristemperaturer. Det scenario som hade endast termisk torkning producerade pellets med lägst densitet och hårdhet samt högst friktion under nästan alla temperaturer och fukthalter. När den bästa fukthalts- och temperaturkombinationen togs fram per scenario, så var scenariot med CDP och utan malning bäst. Pellets producerade där hade ökad densitet, nästan tredubblad hårdhet samt mer än halverad friktionsutveckling i pelleteringsmatrisen, jämfört med scenariot som imiterade traditionell pelletsframställning med endast termisk torkning. Skulle det scenariot med CDP och utan malningsprocess implementeras i en verklig industriell skala skulle det innebära stora förutsättningar för ökad produktion av pellets med bättre kvalitet, samt ett minskat energianvändande i form av reducerad termisk torkning och minskat användande av malningsprocessen. / In a world with growing carbon dioxide contents in the atmosphere and elevated average temperature, there is no doubt that we are faced with a number of challenges to reduce the use of, among other things, fossil fuels that generate harmful emissions. There are many alternatives to oil-based fuels, and one that has increased markedly in recent years is fuel pellets. Fuel pellets are a wood-based biofuel that, in its compact state, offers a good thermal value and is climate neutral. In order to produce pellets, the raw material must first be thermally dried, from a moisture content of about 55 % to about 10 %, which can currently account for up to at least a quarter of the total energy consumption in the pelleting process. With the increased demand for fuel pellets, there are also increased possibilities for energy efficiency in the pellet production, especially in the drying stage. Drinor AB has developed a biomaterial dewatering machine called CDP, with which it is possible to drain the biomaterial to a moisture content of about 30%, which would reduce both the time and the energy it takes to thermally dry the material. The dewatering pressure is at least 40 tonnes, where the water is mechanically squeezed out of the raw material. How the dewatering affects the raw material, especially in a pellet production, is unclear and the purpose of this work was to find out how the pelleting properties are affected after pressing with CDP and if there is potential for saving energy in the grinding process in the pelleting process. The aim of the work was to find out how CDP affects pellet qualities in terms of hardness and density, and if the friction development in the pelleting dye changes, by making pellets out of 3 scenarios. In one scenario, traditional pellets production should be resembled, with only thermal drying, and in the remaining two scenarios, CDP is implemented as a complement to thermal drying. In one of these two scenarios, the wood chips were not milled before pelleting, to see if energy can be saved without sacrificing pellet quality. Another goal was to determine, by each scenario, what moisture and temperature combination the best pellets were produced with respect to high density and hardness and low friction development. The results showed that the CDP scenario, as a complement to thermal drying and without grinding process, produced the hardest pellets, highest density and lowest friction development during both moisture levels of the pelleting material and almost all die temperatures. The scenario that only had thermal drying produced pellets with the lowest density and hardness, as well as maximum friction under almost all temperatures and moisture levels. When the best moisture and temperature combination was achieved by each scenario, the scenario with CDP and without grinding was the best. Pellets produced there had increased density, almost triple the hardness, and more than half the friction development in the pelleting die, compared to the scenario that imitated traditional pellets production with only thermal drying. Should the scenario with CDP and without grinding process be implemented on a real industrial scale, it would provide great conditions for increased production of better quality pellets, as well as reduced energy use in the form of reduced thermal drying and reduced use of the grinding process.

Emissions from residential combustion appliances vary significantly depending on the firing behaviours and combustion conditions, in addition to combustion technologies and fuel quality. Although wood pellet combustion in residential heating boilers is efficient, the combustion conditions during start-up and stop phases are not optimal and produce significantly high emissions such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon from incomplete combustion. The emissions from the start-up and stop phases of the pellet boilers are not fully taken into account in test methods for ecolabels which primarily focus on emissions during operation on full load and part load. The objective of the thesis is to investigate the emission characteristics during realistic operation of residential wood pellet boilers in order to identify when the major part of the annual emissions occur. Emissions from four residential wood pellet boilers were measured and characterized for three operating phases (start-up, steady and stop). Emissions from realistic operation of combined solar and wood pellet heating systems was continuously measured to investigate the influence of start-up and stop phases on total annual emissions. Measured emission data from the pellet devices were used to build an emission model to predict the annual emission factors from the dynamic operation of the heating system using the simulation software TRNSYS. Start-up emissions are found to vary with ignition type, supply of air and fuel, and time to complete the phase. Stop emissions are influenced by fan operation characteristics and the cleaning routine. Start-up and stop phases under realistic operation conditions contribute 80 – 95% of annual carbon monoxide (CO) emission, 60 – 90% total hydrocarbon (TOC), 10 – 20% of nitrogen oxides (NO), and 30 – 40% particles emissions. Annual emission factors from realistic operation of tested residential heating system with a top fed wood pelt boiler can be between 190 and 400 mg/MJ for the CO emissions, between 60 and 95 mg/MJ for the NO, between 6 and 25 mg/MJ for the TOC, between 30 and 116 mg/MJ for the particulate matter and between 2x10-13 /MJ and 4x10-13 /MJ for the number of particles. If the boiler has the cleaning sequence with compressed air such as in boiler B2, annual CO emission factor can be up to 550 mg/MJ. Average CO, TOC and particles emissions under realistic annual condition were greater than the limits values of two eco labels. These results highlight the importance of start-up and stop phases in annual emission factors (especially CO and TOC). Since a large or dominating part of the annual emissions in real operation arise from the start-up and stop sequences, test methods required by the ecolabels should take these emissions into account. In this way it will encourage the boiler manufacturers to minimize annual emissions. The annual emissions of residential pellet heating system can be reduced by optimizing the number of start-ups of the pellet boiler. It is possible to reduce up to 85% of the number of start-ups by optimizing the system design and its controller such as switching of the boiler pump after it stops, using two temperature sensors for boiler ON/OFF control, optimizing of the positions of the connections to the storage tank, increasing the mixing valve temperature in the boiler circuit and decreasing the pump flow rate. For 85 % reduction of start-ups, 75 % of CO and TOC emission factors were reduced while 13% increase in NO and 15 % increase in particle emissions was observed.