Emissions from residential combustion appliances vary significantly depending on the firing behaviours and combustion conditions, in addition to combustion technologies and fuel quality. Although wood pellet combustion in residential heating boilers is efficient, the combustion conditions during start-up and stop phases are not optimal and produce significantly high emissions such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon from incomplete combustion. The emissions from the start-up and stop phases of the pellet boilers are not fully taken into account in test methods for ecolabels which primarily focus on emissions during operation on full load and part load. The objective of the thesis is to investigate the emission characteristics during realistic operation of residential wood pellet boilers in order to identify when the major part of the annual emissions occur. Emissions from four residential wood pellet boilers were measured and characterized for three operating phases (start-up, steady and stop). Emissions from realistic operation of combined solar and wood pellet heating systems was continuously measured to investigate the influence of start-up and stop phases on total annual emissions. Measured emission data from the pellet devices were used to build an emission model to predict the annual emission factors from the dynamic operation of the heating system using the simulation software TRNSYS. Start-up emissions are found to vary with ignition type, supply of air and fuel, and time to complete the phase. Stop emissions are influenced by fan operation characteristics and the cleaning routine. Start-up and stop phases under realistic operation conditions contribute 80 – 95% of annual carbon monoxide (CO) emission, 60 – 90% total hydrocarbon (TOC), 10 – 20% of nitrogen oxides (NO), and 30 – 40% particles emissions. Annual emission factors from realistic operation of tested residential heating system with a top fed wood pelt boiler can be between 190 and 400 mg/MJ for the CO emissions, between 60 and 95 mg/MJ for the NO, between 6 and 25 mg/MJ for the TOC, between 30 and 116 mg/MJ for the particulate matter and between 2x10-13 /MJ and 4x10-13 /MJ for the number of particles. If the boiler has the cleaning sequence with compressed air such as in boiler B2, annual CO emission factor can be up to 550 mg/MJ. Average CO, TOC and particles emissions under realistic annual condition were greater than the limits values of two eco labels. These results highlight the importance of start-up and stop phases in annual emission factors (especially CO and TOC). Since a large or dominating part of the annual emissions in real operation arise from the start-up and stop sequences, test methods required by the ecolabels should take these emissions into account. In this way it will encourage the boiler manufacturers to minimize annual emissions. The annual emissions of residential pellet heating system can be reduced by optimizing the number of start-ups of the pellet boiler. It is possible to reduce up to 85% of the number of start-ups by optimizing the system design and its controller such as switching of the boiler pump after it stops, using two temperature sensors for boiler ON/OFF control, optimizing of the positions of the connections to the storage tank, increasing the mixing valve temperature in the boiler circuit and decreasing the pump flow rate. For 85 % reduction of start-ups, 75 % of CO and TOC emission factors were reduced while 13% increase in NO and 15 % increase in particle emissions was observed.

Emissions from residential combustion appliances vary significantly depending on the firing behaviours and combustion conditions, in addition to combustion technologies and fuel quality. Although wood pellet combustion in residential heating boilers is efficient, the combustion conditions during start-up and stop phases are not optimal and produce significantly high emissions such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon from incomplete combustion. The emissions from the start-up and stop phases of the pellet boilers are not fully taken into account in test methods for ecolabels which primarily focus on emissions during operation on full load and part load.  The objective of the thesis is to investigate the emission characteristics during realistic operation of residential wood pellet boilers in order to identify when the major part of the annual emissions occur. Emissions from four residential wood pellet boilers were measured and characterized for three operating phases (start-up, steady and stop). Emissions from realistic operation of combined solar and wood pellet heating systems was continuously measured to investigate the influence of start-up and stop phases on total annual emissions. Measured emission data from the pellet devices were used to build an emission model to predict the annual emission factors from the dynamic operation of the heating system using the simulation software TRNSYS.  Start-up emissions are found to vary with ignition type, supply of air and fuel, and time to complete the phase. Stop emissions are influenced by fan operation characteristics and the cleaning routine. Start-up and stop phases under realistic operation conditions contribute 80 – 95% of annual carbon monoxide (CO) emission, 60 – 90% total hydrocarbon (TOC), 10 – 20% of nitrogen oxides (NO), and 30 – 40% particles emissions. Annual emission factors from realistic operation of tested residential heating system with a top fed wood pelt boiler can be between 190 and 400 mg/MJ for the CO emissions, between 60 and 95 mg/MJ for the NO, between 6 and 25 mg/MJ for the TOC, between 30 and 116 mg/MJ for the particulate matter and between 2x1013 and 4x1013 /MJ for the number of particles. If the boiler has the cleaning sequence with compressed air such as in boiler B2, annual CO emission factor can be up to 550 mg/MJ. Average CO, TOC and particles emissions under realistic annual condition were greater than the limits values of two eco labels. These results highlight the importance of start-up and stop phases in annual emission factors (especially CO and TOC). Since a large or dominating part of the annual emissions in real operation arise from the start-up and stop sequences, test methods required by the ecolabels should take these emissions into account. In this way it will encourage the boiler manufacturers to minimize annual emissions.  The annual emissions of residential pellet heating system can be reduced by optimizing the number of start-ups of the pellet boiler. It is possible to reduce up to 85% of the number of start-ups by optimizing the system design and its controller such as switching of the boiler pump after it stops, using two temperature sensors for boiler ON/OFF control, optimizing of the positions of the connections to the storage tank, increasing the mixing valve temperature in the boiler circuit and decreasing the pump flow rate. For 85 % reduction of start-ups, 75 % of CO and TOC emission factors were reduced while 13% increase in NO and 15 % increase in particle emissions was observed.

Antrojoje darbo dalyje aprašyta gaminio paskirtis ir panaudojimo galimybės bei alternatyvos, išnagrinėti pakūrą sudarantys elementai: mazgai, mechanizmai. Atlikta katilo pakūros mazgų konstrukcijos variantų apžvalga – įvairiausių detalių, standartinių gaminių, konstrukcinių sprendimų palyginimas. Atlikti gaminio techniniai skaičiavimai (šiluminės izoliacijos ir nuostolių skaičiavimas, hidrostotelės elementų skaičiavimas, ardelių judinimo hidraulinių cilindrų skaičiavimas, pelenų šalinimo mazgo techniniai skaičiavimai). Trečiojoje darbo dalyje išanalizuota vienos detalės, iš kiekvieno pakūros mazgo, technologiniai maršrutai, nustatyti apdirbimo operacijoms reikalingi įrengimai, apskaičiuotas jų kiekis. Atliktas užlaidų, pjovimo režimų nustatymas bei techninis normavimas. Ketvirtojoje darbo dalyje pateikiama žmonių ir aplinkos saugos reikalavimai eksploatuojant įrenginį, jo ergonomiškumas ir įtaka aplinkai. Penktojoje darbo dalyje atlikti ekonominiai skaičiavimai, kurių pagalba nustatyta ir pagrįsta 1,5 megavato katilo pakūros savikaina. / The aim of the study is to design Boiler-stove furnace of 1,5 megawatt. The first part of bachelor thesis analyses the main technical parameter of boiler-stove furnace of 1,5 megawatt, its operating efficiency, the production volume is provided. The second part describes the function of the product, its usability and possible options, the assemblies and mechanisms - elements constituting the furnace are examined. The review of boiler furnace assembly options design is carried out – various details, standard products, constructive solutions are compared. Technical calculations of the product are performed (calculation of thermal insulation and loss, calculation of hydro-station elements, fire bars moving hydraulic cylinders calculation, technical calculation of ash removal unit). In the third part technological routes of one detail from every furnace component are analyzed, the equipment necessary for processing operations is assigned, calculated its amount. The allowance, determination of cutting regimes and technical rationing is accomplished. The fourth part presents human and environmental safety requirements while operating a device, its ergonomics and environmental impact. Economic calculations are fulfilled in the fifth part. With the help of them the cost of 1,5 megawatt boiler stone Furnace is determined and justified.

Trangia är ett varumärke som har utvecklat stormkök sen år 1925. I dagens portfolio har de inga alternativ för lättviktsvandrare, däremot utvecklar de ett nytt kärl idag som skall passa denna målgrupp. Syftet med rapporten är att ta reda på hur ett nytt vindskydd kan se ut till detta kärl och utveckla ett slutkoncept. Detta har gjorts genom att göra en undersökning på Trangia 27–1 UL, Optimus Elektra FE och ett fristående vindskydd i aluminiumfolie. Det har tagits fram prototyper vars effektivitet har testats i en vindtunnel både utan vind och med vind (5–6 m/s). För att kunna utföra dessa tester konstruerades det en vindtunnel för projektet. För att bevara Trangias designspråk har det även utförts semistrukturerade intervjuer mot Trangias personal. Slutkonceptet togs fram genom att följa en traditionell produktutvecklingsprocess. Resultatet visar på att Trangia 27–1 UL var det effektivaste köket av de testade. I vindtunneltestet hade stormkökets koktid ökat med 9,83% med kontra utan vind. Den semistrukturerade intervjun visade på att Trangias produkters designspråk ansågs vara mjuka, robusta och simpla. För att kunna utföra dessa tester konstruerades det en vindtunnel för projektet Slutsatsen i rapporten visar på att ett cylindriskt vindskydd med en tillräckligt stor ventilation är effektivast under vindbelastning. Den bör kunna packas ned och vara simpel att montera upp. För att bevara Trangias designuttryck bör vindskyddet ha mjuka kanter och kännas tålig. Det behövs däremot utföras ytterligare studier för att kunna göra noggrannare analyser på vindskyddet / Trangia is a brand that has been developing camping stoves since year 1925. In today's portfolio, they have no options for lightweight hikers, however, they are developing a new concept that they believe will suit this target group. The purpose of this report is to find out how a new windshield can look like for Trangias new product and develop a final concept. This has been done by examining the existing products: Trangia 27–1 UL, Optimus Elektra FE and a stand-alone aluminium foil windshield. Prototypes have been developed whose effectiveness have been tested in a wind tunnel, both without and with wind (5–6 m/s).A wind tunnel was constructed for the project in order to carry out these tests. To preserve Trangia's current design, semi-structured interviews have also been performed towards Trangia's staff. The final concept was developed by following a traditional product development.The result shows that the Trangia 27–1 UL was the most efficient kitchen of those tested. In the wind tunnel test, the cooking time of this camping stove had increased by 9.83% with wind, compared to without. The semi-structured interview showed that the design of Trangia's products was soft, robust, and simple.In conclusion, the report shows that a cylindrical wind shield with a sufficiently large ventilation is most efficient during wind load. The product should be able to be packed down and be simple to assemble. On the other hand, further studies are needed to be able to make thorough analyses of the wind shelter. / <p>2023-06-07</p>

[pt] Um macroambiente econômico e social com restrições ao carbono é uma realidade que veio para ficar. As empresas necessitam reduzir suas emissões de gases de efeito estufa – GEE, não somente em função de legislações restritivas ao carbono mas, sobretudo, a fim de conquistar vantagem competitiva sustentável. Essa pesquisa é parte de um estudo maior que visa contribuir para o gerenciamento estratégico de empresas preocupadas com o impacto crescente das mudanças climáticas. Sua importância reside na necessidade urgente de se gerenciar as implicações estratégicas dessas mudanças com vistas a obtenção de vantagens competitivas sustentáveis e ao atendimento das demandas de todos os stakeholders. No caso desta pesquisa, o estudo objetivou verificar se as empresas brasileiras dos setores de papel e celulose e automotivo estão acompanhando o estado-da-arte das estratégias climáticas das empresas líderes mundiais nas questões referentes às mudanças climáticas. Como ferramenta de análise, criou-se, a partir de uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica e investigação documental, um modelo conceitual baseado em benchmarks internacionais para a avaliação e desenvolvimento de estratégias climáticas empresariais. Os dados de campo referentes às empresas selecionadas foram obtidos por meio de um levantamento tipo survey baseado em questionário disponibilizado na internet. Por meio de tratamento estatístico, realizou-se uma série de testes de hipóteses, que subsidiaram a resposta ao problema central da pesquisa. / [en] A social and economic environment with restrictions on carbon emissons is a reality that has come to stay. In this context, it has become evident that firms should reduce Green House Gas – GHG emissions, not only due to environmental issues or restrictive regulation, but also to gain sustainable competitive advantage. This research is part of a wider research that seeks to contribute to the strategic management of firms concerned with the growing impact of climate changes. Its importance lies in the urgent need to manage the strategic implications of these changes with a view to assuring firms competitiveness while attending to allstake holders. In the case of this research, the study aims to verify if thef the brazilian`s pulp and paper and automotive firms strategies are following the state-of-art of the international lesding firms on issues concerning to climate changes. To pursue this analysis it was developed, after a wide-ranging exploratory review of the relevant literature, a conceptual mode based on international benchmarks for the formulation and assessment of adequate business climate strategies. The data was collected by a questionnarie on the internet. Statistics treatment and hypothesis tests allowed answering the problem of the research.

The subject of this thesis is focused on analysis of three test workplaces for final inspetion of a stove and determination of a workplace most appropriate for optimization. The thesis includes operating instructions of test equipment and test regulations of appliances that are tested on the production line. The analysis of the operation times was based on data measured in the MORA company and led to an idea of reducing the number of electric stoves positions and guaranteeing the same reliability of testing. The re-measurement of data and the comparison of results has been carried out.

Abstract The diploma thesis is divided into five main parts. First part deals with wood as a firing in term of its composition, emissions of carbon dioxide and its properties. The second part describes the calculation of a stove fire, especially stoichiometry of firing, temperature of uncooled flame and area of combustion chamber. The third part focuses on the proposal for a stove fire in connection with comparative criteria of the fireplace, shape of the combustion chamber and the tertiary air jet. The fifth part describes a manufacturing of the stove fire in the work-room at VUT Brno. The major part of the diploma work pays attention to the measuring of stove fire parameters for the effectivity calculation, measuring section of combustion gas and measurement evaluation with stove fire constructional modifications

This paper introduces an energy-saving biomass stove. The principle of energy-saving biomass stove is gasification. It is a chemical process, transforms solid fuel into a gas mixture, called (CO + H2 + CH4) gas. Emission lines in the stove chimneys typically remain high temperatures around 900 to 1200C. The composition of the flue gas consists of combustion products of rice husk which are mainly CO2, CO, N2. A little volatile in the rice husk, which could not burn completely, residual oxygen and dust will fly in airflow. The amount of dust in the outlet gas is a combination of unburnt amount of impurity and firewood, usually occupied impurity rate of 1 % by weight of dry husk. Outlet dust of rice husk furnace has a normal size from 500μm to 0.1 micron and a particle concentration ranges from 200-500 mg/m3. Gas emissions is created when using energy-saving stove and they will be used as the main raw material in combustion process Therefore the CO2 emission into the environment when using the stove will be reduced up to 95% of a commonly used stove. / Bài báo giới thiệu một bếp tiết kiệm dùng năng lượng sinh khối. Bếp tiết kiệm năng lượng thực hiện nguyên lý khí hóa sinh khối. Đó là một quá trình hóa học, chuyển hóa các loại nhiên liệu dạng rắn thành một dạng hỗn hợp khí đốt, gọi là khí Gas (CO + H2 + CH4). Dòng khí thải ra ở ống khói của bếp thông thường có nhiệt độ vẫn còn cao khoảng 900 ~ 1200C. Thành phần của khói thải bao gồm các sản phẩm cháy của trấu, chủ yếu là các khí CO2, CO, N2, một ít các chất bốc trong trấu không kịp cháy hết, oxy dư và tro bụi bay theo dòng khí. Lượng bụi tro có trong khói thải chính là một phần của lượng không cháy hết và lượng tạp chất không cháy có trong củi, lượng tạp chất này thường chiếm tỷ lệ 1% trọng lượng trấu khô.Bụi trong khói thải lò đốt trấu thông thường có kích thước hạt từ 500μm tới 0,1μm, nồng độ dao động trong khoảng từ 200-500 mg/m3. Lượng khí thải được sinh ra khi sử dụng bếp tiết kiệm năng lượng, sẽ được dùng làm nguyên liệu đốt cháy chính của quá trình đó. Do đó lượng khí CO2 thải ra môi trường khi sử dụng bếp tiết kiệm sẽ được giảm xuống 95 % so với sử dụng bếp thường.

In Sweden, there are about 0.5 million single-family houses that are heated by electricity alone, and rising electricity costs force the conversion to other heating sources such as heat pumps and wood pellet heating systems. Pellet heating systems for single-family houses are currently a strongly growing market. Future lack of wood fuels is possible even in Sweden, and combining wood pellet heating with solar heating will help to save the bio-fuel resources. The objectives of this thesis are to investigate how the electrically heated single-family houses can be converted to pellet and solar heating systems, and how the annual efficiency and solar gains can be increased in such systems. The possible reduction of CO-emissions by combining pellet heating with solar heating has also been investigated. Systems with pellet stoves (both with and without a water jacket), pellet boilers and solar heating have been simulated. Different system concepts have been compared in order to investigate the most promising solutions. Modifications in system design and control strategies have been carried out in order to increase the system efficiency and the solar gains. Possibilities for increasing the solar gains have been limited to investigation of DHW-units for hot water production and the use of hot water for heating of dishwashers and washing machines via a heat exchanger instead of electricity (heat-fed appliances). Computer models of pellet stoves, boilers, DHW-units and heat-fed appliances have been developed and the parameters for the models have been identified from measurements on real components. The conformity between the models and the measurements has been checked. The systems with wood pellet stoves have been simulated in three different multi-zone buildings, simulated in detail with heat distribution through door openings between the zones. For the other simulations, either a single-zone house model or a load file has been used. Simulations were carried out for Stockholm, Sweden, but for the simulations with heat-fed machines also for Miami, USA. The foremost result of this thesis is the increased understanding of the dynamic operation of combined pellet and solar heating systems for single-family houses. The results show that electricity savings and annual system efficiency is strongly affected by the system design and the control strategy. Large reductions in pellet consumption are possible by combining pellet boilers with solar heating (a reduction larger than the solar gains if the system is properly designed). In addition, large reductions in carbon monoxide emissions are possible. To achieve these reductions it is required that the hot water production and the connection of the radiator circuit is moved to a well insulated, solar heated buffer store so that the boiler can be turned off during the periods when the solar collectors cover the heating demand. The amount of electricity replaced using systems with pellet stoves is very dependant on the house plan, the system design, if internal doors are open or closed and the comfort requirements. Proper system design and control strategies are crucial to obtain high electricity savings and high comfort with pellet stove systems. The investigated technologies for increasing the solar gains (DHW-units and heat-fed appliances) significantly increase the solar gains, but for the heat-fed appliances the market introduction is difficult due to the limited financial savings and the need for a new heat distribution system. The applications closest to market introduction could be for communal laundries and for use in sunny climates where the dominating part of the heat can be covered by solar heating. The DHW-unit is economical but competes with the internal finned-tube heat exchanger which is the totally dominating technology for hot water preparation in solar combisystems for single-family houses. / <p>QC 20100916</p>

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta a Matriz Energética do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e realiza um estudo sobre as contribuições dos setores da economia do Rio de Janeiro no processo de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), para o horizonte 2008/2020. Com base na Matriz Energética do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, desenvolvida pelo Governo do Estado em parceria com o Instituto de Energia da PUC-Rio – IEPUC, tendo como ano base 2008, são feitas simulações das taxas de emissões de GEE para diversos cenários de 2009 a 2020, levando-se em conta atividades industriais, de transporte e queima. O estudo permite apresentar métodos de planejamento energético, modelagem de matrizes e emissões de gases de efeito estufa, assim como sistemas de informação atuais utilizados para realização destas e outras atividades de planejamento energético, em especial o Sistema LEAP – Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System. Este projeto pode ser utilizado como base para futuros estudos da Matriz Energética do Rio de Janeiro e como base para implementação de ações de mitigação das emissões de GEE no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. / [en] This work presents the Energy Matrix of Rio de Janeiro State and a study on the contribution of the economics sectors of Rio de Janeiro to the greenhouse gas (GG) emission process for the 2008/2020 horizon. Based on the Energy Matrix of Rio de Janeiro State, developed by Government of Rio de Janeiro State in partnership with the Energy Institute of PUC-Rio – IEPUC, with 2008 taken as the base year, greenhouse gas emission rate simulations are made for various scenarios from 2009 to 2020, considering industrial, transport and burning activities. The study allows to present energy planning methods, greenhouse gas emission and matrix modeling, as well as the current information systems used to carry out these and other energy planning activities, especially the LEAP System – Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System.This project may be used as a basis for future studies on Rio de Janeiro’s energy matrix as well as the groundwork for implementation of greenhouse gas emission mitigation actions in the state of Rio de Janeiro.