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Les polymères jouent un rôle important sur la réduction de la traînée et la modification de la structure des écoulements. Nous avons utilisé le modèle Oldroyd-B pour étudier l’effet de la viscoélasticité de solutions de polymères dilués sur des écoulements en deux dimensions autour d’obstacles dans un canal. Les obstacles sont pris en compte par la méthode de pénalisation volumique et des condition aux limites artificielles sans réflexion sont imposées à la sortie du canal. La discrétisation est effectuée par des schémas performants en différences finies et la résolution par une méthode multigrille. Les simulations numériques sont effectuées pour une large gamme de nombres de Reynolds et de nombres de Weissenberg. Les caractéristiques détaillées des écoulements viscoélastiques sont analysées et comparées entre elles et celles de l’écoulement du fluide sans polymère. En particulier les jeux de paramètres conduisant à une augmentation ou à une baisse de la traînée. Enfin les effets du polymère sur des écoulements turbulents sont aussi analysés. / Polymer plays an important role on the drag reduction and modification of the structure of flow. In this thesis, Oldroyd B model is employed to study the effectof viscoelasticity for polymer solutions diluted by two-dimensional direct numerical simulation. The obstacles are taken into account by penalization method. The artificial boundary condition is imposed without any reflection on the channel outlet. Flow pasta cylinder is investigated in detailed by present numerical methods. The numerical codes are valid for predicting the drag force and capturing the important character of viscoelastic flow by comparing with experimental and other numerical results. The drag map of the cylinder is obtained at a wide range of Reynolds number and Weissenberg number space. The detailed characteristics of viscoelastic flow are reported in the thesis. The effects of polymer on two-dimensional turbulent flow are also discussed by grid turbulent flow.

Depuis la publication de l'ouvrage de Choquet (1955), la théorie d'espérance non linéaire a attiré avec grand intérêt des chercheurs pour ses applications potentielles dans les problèmes d'incertitude, les mesures de risque et le super-hedging en finance. Shige Peng a construit une sorte d'espérance entièrement non linéaire dynamiquement cohérente par l'approche des EDP. Un cas important d'espérance non linéaire cohérente en temps est la G-espérance, dans laquelle le processus canonique correspondant (B_{t})_{t≥0} est appelé G-mouvement brownien et joue un rôle analogue au processus de Wiener classique. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier, dans le cadre de la G-espérance, certaines équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades (G-EDSR) à croissance quadratique avec applications aux problèmes de maximisation d'utilité robuste avec incertitude sur les modèles, certaines équations différentielles stochastiques (G-EDS) réfléchies et équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades réfléchies avec générateurs lipschitziens. On considère d'abord des G-EDSRs à croissance quadratique. Dans le Chapitre 2 nous fournissons un resultat d'existence et unicité pour des G-EDSRs à croissance quadratique. D'une part, nous établissons des estimations a priori en appliquant le théorème de type Girsanov, d'où l'on en déduit l'unicité. D'autre part, pour prouver l'existence de solutions, nous avons d'abord construit des solutions pour des G-EDSRs discretes en résolvant des EDPs non-linéaires correspondantes, puis des solutions pour les G-EDSRs quadratiques générales dans les espaces de Banach. Dans le Chapitre 3 nous appliquons les G-EDSRs quadratiques aux problèmes de maximisation d'utilité robuste. Nous donnons une caratérisation de la fonction valeur et une stratégie optimale pour les fonctions d'utilité exponentielle, puissance et logarithmique. Dans le Chapitre 4, nous traitons des G-EDSs réfléchies multidimensionnelles. Nous examinons d'abord la méthode de pénalisation pour résoudre des problèmes de Skorokhod déterministes dans des domaines non convexes et établissons des estimations pour des fonctions α-Hölder continues. A l'aide de ces résultats obtenus pour des problèmes déterministes, nous définissons le G-mouvement Brownien réfléchi et prouvons son existence et son unicité dans un espace de Banach. Ensuite, nous prouvons l'existence et l'unicité de solution pour les G-EDSRs multidimensionnelles réfléchies via un argument de point fixe. Dans le Chapitre 5, nous étudions l'existence et l'unicité pour les équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades réfléchies dirigées par un G-mouvement brownien lorsque la barrière S est un processus de G-Itô. / Since the publication of Choquet's (1955) book, the theory of nonlinear expectation has attracted great interest from researchers for its potential applications in uncertainty problems, risk measures and super-hedging in finance. Shige Peng has constructed a kind of fully nonlinear expectation dynamically coherent by the PDE approach. An important case of time-consistent nonlinear expectation is G-expectation, in which the corresponding canonical process (B_{t})_{t≥0} is called G-Brownian motion and plays a similar role to the classical Wiener process. The objective of this thesis is to study, in the framework of the G-expectation, some backward stochastic differential equations (G-BSDE) under a quadratic growth condition on their coefficients with applications to robust utility maximization problems with uncertainty on models, Reflected stochastic differential equations (reflected G-SDE) and reflected backward stochastic differential equations with Lipschitz coefficients (reflected G-BSDE). We first consider G-BSDE with quadratic growth. In Chapter 2 we provide a result of existence and uniqueness for quadratic G-BSDEs. On the one hand, we establish a priori estimates by applying the Girsanov-type theorem, from which we deduce the uniqueness. On the other hand, to prove the existence of solutions, we first constructed solutions for discrete G-BSDEs by solving corresponding nonlinear PDEs, then solutions for the general quadratic G-BSDEs in the spaces of Banach. In Chapter 3 we apply quadratic G-BSDE to robust utility maximization problems. We give a characterization of the value function and an optimal strategy for exponential, power and logarithmic utility functions. In Chapter 4, we discuss multidimensional reflected G-SDE. We first examine the penalization method to solve deterministic Skorokhod problems in non-convex domains and establish estimates for continuous α-Hölder functions. Using these results for deterministic problems, we define the reflected G-Brownian motion and prove its existence and its uniqueness in a Banach space. Then we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution for the multidimensional reflected G-SDE via a fixed point argument. In Chapter 5, we study the existence and uniqueness of the reflected backward stochastic differential equations driven by a G-Brownian motion when the obstacle S is a G-Itô process.

In my thesis first of all I describe historical progress of trade business in the Czech Republic from it's beginning: the developement of guilds, manufactures, damping during the Second World War and developement after 1989 up to actual legal regulation. I will describe trade administration and its developemnet from 1992, when Trade Licensing Offices started up, and the position of Trade Licensing Offices in the public administration. I will describe the basic terms like trade, trade licence, its beginning, expiration and authentication, trading inspection and administrative penalization. I will describe Trades Register, its connection to other registers of public administratin and the activity of Central registration points. Currently a big amendment to the trade law legislation is being prepared. This amendment is about to reduce administrative burden of entrepreneures greatly and allows the enterpreneurs to start their businesses easily. In my thesis I try to describe the most essential changes which this amendment to the trade law brings.

[pt] Os recentes avanços das técnicas de manufatura aditiva vêm ampliando a sua flexibilidade em fabricar peças complexas em escala cada vez menores. Neste contexto, o projeto de microestruturas porosas vem se destacando na comunidade científica devido a capacidade de se otimizar a topologia da célula para atender aos requisitos de projeto. No entanto, existem vários desafios que dificultam a fabricação de peças obtidas pelo método de otimização topológica multiescala, dentre eles, a conectividade das microestruturas. A otimização topológica multiescala consiste na otimização tanto da macroescala, estrutura global, quanto da microescala, microestrutura do material. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é desenvolver um esquema eficaz para garantir a transição entre as diferentes microestruturas de material obtidas na otimização multiescala. As metodologias multiescala de otimização topológica simultânea de ambas as escalas e os procedimentos de homogeneização são descritos. Apresentam-se os principais aspectos numéricos e computacionais destes métodos, assim como exemplos ilustrativos. / [en] Recent advances in additive manufacturing techniques have increased their flexibility in making complex parts on a smaller scale. In this context, the design of porous microstructures has been standing out in the scientific community due to the ability to optimize the cell topology to meet the design requirements. However, there are several challenges that inhibit the fabrication of optimized parts obtained by the multi-scale topology optimization method, such as the connectivity of microstructures. The multiscale topological optimization consists of the optimization of both the macro-scale, global structure, and the micro-scale, microstructure of the material. The main objective of this work is to develop an effective scheme to guarantee compatibility in the transition between the different material microstructures obtained in multiscale optimization. The multiscale methodologies for simultaneous topological optimization of both scales and the homogenization procedures are described. The main numerical and computational aspects of these methods are presented, as well as representative examples to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed scheme.

The objective of the first part of master’s thesis is mapping the potential of various types of renewable sources in Europe and Czech Republic, especially solar energy, wind energy, water energy and biomass. There are described principals and ways of energy generation from these sources, brief overview of current technologies, and also their advantages and limitations. An important part is electric supply continuity from renewable sources, there are large differences and the resulting to restrictions on construction and connecting the units to the power system. In this work there are mentioned some impacts on network and rates of change of supply, some sources are also evaluated in terms of maximum power, that can be connected to the power system in our country. The conclusion of the first part is dedicated to energy storage technologies, which are suitable and usable for renewable sources, there are described their principals, properties, status of development and types of aplications, in which these technologies are used. This chapter also focusses on the price level of each technology. The second part of the thesis deals with 1 MWp on-grid photovoltaic power plant design. This design includes also the redox flow batteries accumulation, the first variant calculates on 24-hour steady energy supply, the second optimalized variant calculates on daily energy supply. There are the accumulation system costs estimated and also the payback period for the both variants. Additionally there is also determined minimum penalization for cost-effective operation. The last part is dedicated to changes of impact on the local grid and changes of system impacts, after the accumulation system is installed.

1 Abstract - Administrative penalties and protection measures Description of all administrative penalties and protection measures is the primary goal of this thesis. Due to wide extent of chosen subject, this work aims to individual categories of administrative penalties and protection measures, examines every single condition for its imposition a notices possible contradiction within legislation. The thesis does not include the criteria for imposing penalties, noticed set from section 37 till section 44 Contraventions Act which serve as instruments for determination and length of penalties. Concurrence of contraventions is also not included. In the opening chapter the definition and description of an administrative liability is described as well as basic issues of administrative penalization, considered to be a part of administrative authority's activity. The resemblance of principles of criminal and contravention law is described, that leads to using the same principles either in criminal and contravention law. There's explored what basic sources of administrative penalization are. Each of following chapters describes one of the penalties set in section 35 Contravention Act. Every chapter begins with general description of the penalty and then depicts its main purpose for which it is imposed. Then...