The goal of our research was to optimize the conditions of chromatographic analysis of penicillin, to define minimal found analysis concentration, analyse contaminated milk samples with given certain concentration and establish resumption of penicillin G. Therefore, we aimed at analysing milk samples‘ contamination with penicillin of randomly selected cows from study farms. The research was performed in Lithuanian Academy of Veterinary which has a practical training and experiment centre in Muniskes cow farm, state enterprise „Pieno tyrimai“ and Food Institute of Kaunas Technological University. State enterprise „Pieno tyrimai“ used preparation LPT to define milk inhibitors. After the bacteriological milk samples analyses 8 out of 25 samples were found to portray remnants of inhibitory materials. Optimal chromatographic conditions were established by the use of experiment, in accordance with a thorough analysis of literature concentrating on chromatographic methods dealing with penicillin G determination. The following are defined conditions for the chromatographic examination of penicillin G: composition of a mobile phaze 0 – 10 min 5% ACN / 95% 0,125 M phosphate buffer (pH=3,5), 12-22 min 70 % ACN / 30% 0,125 M phosphate buffer, 24-30 min 5% ACN / 95% 0,125 M phosphate buffer (gradient flow mode). Period of assay suspention was about 17 minutes. Resumption of contaminated milk samples with penicillin G 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg varied from 45 to 76 %. The... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 beneditogeraldesneto_dissert.pdf: 623417 bytes, checksum: 2d2e54af7355747bb5a7836ecc057429 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-21 / The current technical knowledge on the etiology, infection forms, clinical picture and treatment of the syphilis comprised more than four centuries to be built. The objective of this research is to identify and to discuss the changes on the medical knowledge on the disease along that time, particularly regarding the treatment. Material and Methods: Bibliographical research of historical nature was performed. Medical newspapers of the studied times were the main sources. The research was complemented with bibliographical indications found in the papers of these magazines and in dermato-syphilography textbooks. Results: Syphilis appeared in Europe in the end of the 15th century, spreading as a serious epidemic. The first explanations for its emergence were mystic and astrological. The doctors tried to treat the patients on the basis of hypocritical-galenic theories of the balance of the humors. Treatment with mercury started to be used in the 16th century and aimed at eliminating harmful humors. At the same time, the conceptual perception of a great venereal illness has appeared; all of the diseases of sexual transmission would be a single disease, and they would have the same cause. In the 18th century, the first tuneless voices appeared settling down highly controversial among ones that defended the uniqueness of the venereal diseases and the ones that believed they could have different pathologies. Both currents were based on experiments with inoculations to prove their positions. The controversy was only undone in the second quartile of the 19th century due to Ricord´s work in France, whose experiments were also based on inoculations. In the beginning of the 20th century, syphilis agent and the Wassermann´s diagnosis test were discovered that opened the field of research. Until that time, the only specific treatment was the mercury. The great first therapeutic revolution occurred in 1910 when Paul Ehrlich based on their advanced immunological concepts, introduced the Salvarsan, an arsenical, whose discovery was the result of an exhausting, methodical and visionary work. Ehrlich imagined to get the "magic bullet", the drug able to eliminate the infection without impairing the organism. With these progresses, the field of research on the syphilis therapeutics was broadly extended appearing new techniques and treatment concepts. The penicillin, discovered by Fleming in 1928, was viable by Florey and collaborators in the beginning of the decade of 1940. It was the mark of a new era in Medicine since it has provided the cure of several infectious diseases. It was introduced in the treatment of the syphilis in 1943, being effective to cure the treponemic infection, mainly without adverse effects. Initially used in association with other drugs, it became the choice treatment for syphilis, with support of numerous therapeutic trials. Conclusions - From the primitive, mystic and astrological concepts until the advent of the microbial theory and the penicillin, the medical knowledge on syphilis has passed a gradual-evolution process , intermixed by ruptures with old knowledge and frequent disputes among collective of conflicting thought. The consolidation of the changes in the medical thought has needed the experimental support and breaking with established paradigms. / atual conhecimento técnico sobre etiologia, formas de contágio, quadro clínico e tratamento da sífilis levou mais de quatro séculos para ser construído. O objetivo desta dissertação é identificar e discutir as mudanças ocorridas no saber médico sobre a doença ao longo desse tempo, particularmente com relação ao tratamento. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica de natureza histórica, tendo como fontes principais os periódicos médicos das épocas estudadas. A pesquisa foi complementada com indicações bibliográficas encontradas nos artigos dessas revistas, artigos históricos e livros-textos de dermato-sifilografia. Resultados: A sífilis surgiu na Europa no final do século XV, na forma de uma grave epidemia. As primeiras explicações para o seu aparecimento foram místicas e astrológicas. Os médicos tentavam tratar os doentes com base nas teorias hipocrático-galênicas do equilíbrio dos humores. O tratamento com mercúrio começou a ser empregado já no século XVI e visava à eliminação de humores nocivos. Na mesma época surgiu a percepção conceitual de um grande mal venéreo, todas as doenças de transmissão sexual seriam uma única doença e teriam a mesma causa. No século XVIII apareceram as primeiras vozes discordantes, estabelecendo-se rumorosa polêmica entre os que defendiam a unicidade das doenças venéreas e os que acreditavam serem elas enfermidades distintas. As duas correntes basearam-se em experimentos com inoculações para provar suas posições. A polêmica só foi desfeita no segundo quartil do século XIX graças aos trabalhos de Ricord na França, cujos experimentos também se basearam em inoculações. No alvorecer do século XX, foram descobertos o agente da sífilis e o teste diagnóstico de Wassermann que abriram o campo de pesquisas. Até essa época o único tratamento específico era o mercúrio. A primeira grande revolução terapêutica ocorreu em 1910 quando Paul Ehrlich, baseado em então avançados conceitos imunológicos, apresentou o Salvarsan, um arsenical, cuja descoberta foi fruto de um trabalho exaustivo, metódico e visionário. Ele imaginava conseguir a bala mágica , a droga capaz de eliminar a infecção sem lesar o organismo. Com esses avanços, o campo de pesquisas na terapêutica da sífilis foi largamente ampliado, surgindo novas técnicas e conceitos de tratamento. A penicilina, descoberta por Fleming em 1928 e viabilizada por Florey et al. no início da década de 1940, foi o marco de uma nova era na medicina ao proporcionar a cura de diversas doenças infecciosas. Foi introduzida no tratamento da sífilis em 1943 revelando-se capaz de suprimir a infecção treponêmica, praticamente sem efeitos adversos. Inicialmente usada em associação com outras drogas, tornou-se o tratamento de escolha na sífilis, com respaldo de numerosos ensaios terapêuticos. Conclusões: Desde os conceitos primitivos místicos e astrológicos, até o advento da teoria microbiana e da penicilina, o saber médico sobre a sífilis sofreu um processo de evolução gradativa, entremeado por rupturas com antigos saberes e frequentes disputas entre coletivos de pensamento conflitantes. A consolidação das mudanças no pensamento médico necessitou do respaldo experimental e do rompimento com paradigmas estabelecidos.