Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-02-06T17:07:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6259199 bytes, checksum: 74fd69a0aa18f7e21b5c4d880167320a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-06T17:07:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6259199 bytes, checksum: 74fd69a0aa18f7e21b5c4d880167320a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Em um sistema de agricultura irrigada, a necessidade hídrica das culturas é um dos fatores mais importantes a serem obtidos, principalmente porque a disponiblidade de água está cada vez menor, devido ao aumento da demanda de consumo pelos setores urbano, industrial e agrícola. Dessa forma, são necessários estudos no sentido de implementar determinações da evapotranspiração das culturas (ETc) que permitam a otimização da quantidade de água utilizada nos perímetros irrigados, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Atualmente, é mais comum elaborar o cálculo da ETc em duas etapas: primeiro, estima-se a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e, a seguir, multiplica-se esta ETo por um coeficiente de cultura (Kc). Uma forma mais vantajosa de cálculo de ETc seria a sua estimativa em uma só etapa, eliminando a necessidade de utilização de Kc’s. A equação de Penman-Monteith (PM) pode ser utilizada, porém, sua aplicação prática é limitada pela falta de um método confiável para obter os valores de resistência do dossel da cultura (r c ). Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivos: a) calcular a ETc para o manejo da irrigação utilizando o método Razão de Bowen (RB); b) calcular a r c do feijoeiro parametrizada em função de características da planta (temperatura do dossel da cultura-T c ) e da atmosfera (saldo de radiação-Rn, déficit de pressão de vapor-DPV e temperatura do ar-T a ); c) comparar os valores de ETc, calculada utilizando-se esse r c, com valores obtidos pelo método de RB. Foi conduzido um experimento, em 1,2 ha, na área experimental da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, MG. A cultivar de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) utilizada foi a Jalo. A irrigação foi efetuada com um sistema de aspersão convencional e o cálculo da lâmina de água a ser aplicada foi realizado pelo método RB. Usou-se um sistema da CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, que gerenciava o processo de aquisição automática dos dados relativos ao balanço de energia e os armazenava a cada intervalo de 20 minutos. Para o desenvolvimento de uma equação empírica de uma linha base não estressada, usando dados medidos de DPV e a diferença entre T c e T a , foram selecionados dias em que a cultura estava evapotranspirando potencialmente, com 100% de cobertura vegetal. Essa equação foi usada para obter os valores de T c -T a a partir de DPV medido, que foram utilizados para o cálculo de r c . Posteriormente, uma metodologia foi proposta para a correção de r c em função do índice de área foliar e um fator de senescência, visando sua utilização em outras fases do ciclo fenológico da cultura. A ETc, foi então, calculada, substituindo os valores de r c na equação de PM. O resultado relativo à obtenção da equação empírica da linha base não estressada indicou bom ajuste da equação (r 2 de 0,842), e boa concordância (índice de concordância - Ic = 0,965) entre os valores obtidos pela equação e os medidos no campo. De modo geral, os valores de ETc calculados com a equação de PM estão subestimados. A equação que relaciona a ETc determinada por PM com a obtida por RB se mantém praticamente paralela à reta 1:1, com uma diferença média de -45 W.m -2 , provavelmente devido à contribuição de energia advectiva proveniente de áreas externas. Em vários horários de medição de diferentes dias do ciclo fenológico da cultura, o fluxo de calor latente obtido pelo sistema RB ultrapassou o valor do saldo de radiação, reforçando a possibilidade de ter havido efeito de advecção. A razão entre a resistência climática e a resistência aerodinâmica foi utilizada como indicador do efeito da contribuição de energia advectiva de áreas adjacentes à área experimental. Concluiu-se que: a) os maiores valores da relação r i /r a , correspondem aos menores valores de ETc determinados pela equação de PM, quando comparados com os valores obtidos pelo método RB; b) a ETc calculada pela equação de PM, utilizando r c calculada a partir da T c , foi subestimada, quando comparada com a obtida pelo método RB; c) o efeito da advecção afetou diretamente a correlação entre os valores calculados e medidos de ETc, dificultando a análise do método de cálculo de r c que foi proposto; d) a aplicação do espalhante adesivo alterou a partição da energia disponível, afetando também, a T c e r c . Recomenda-se que nova pesquisa seja efetuada, para verificar a eficiência do método de cálculo de r c proposto, em uma área com maior bordadura, diminuindo o efeito da contribuição advectiva. / In a irrigated agriculture, the crop water requirements is one of the most important parameter to be obtained, specially due to the limited available water, increasing demand of water consumption in urban and industrial sectors. Therefore, it is evident the need of studies in order to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc), which would permit the optimizations of amount of water used in the irrigated areas for different crop growth stage. Actually, ETc is readily calculated in two steps: first, the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is estimated, and then multiplied by a crop coefficient (Kc). The most reliable way of calculating ETc would be in only one step, eliminating the need of using Kc ́s. The original Penman-Monteith equation (PM) can be used, although it is limited in its practical application, due to the lack of a reliable method of attaining the values of crop canopy resistance (r c ). The objectives of this research were: a) to calculate the ETc for irrigation scheduling using the Bowen-ratio technique (BR); b) to obtain the r c values for dry bean canopy, using the crop canopy temperature, T c, and others atmosphere parameters such as: net radiation, Rn, vapor pressure deficit, VPD and air temperature, T a ); and c) to compare the calculated values of ETc using the later r c , to ETc values obtained by BR technique. The research was carried out in an experimental area of 1,2 ha at EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo, located at Sete Lagoas, MG. The cultivar choosen of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was Jalo. The irrigation water was applied using a sprinkle irrigation system and the ETc was measured by using the BR technique. A Campbell Scientific system was setup with an automatic acquisition system to obtain the energy’s balance, every 20 minutes. Typical days, in which the crop was evapotranspiring in such full-cover vegetation, were selected to develop an empirical equation of a non-water-stressed baseline using VPD data and the difference between T c and T a . The derived equation was used in order to obtain the values of T c - T a , from measured VPD used to calculate r c . Afterwards, a methodology to correct r c in function of the leaf area index and a plant senescence factor was proposed, with the objective of using in another crop growth stage. The ETc was then calculated, substituting the values of r c in the PM equation. The results obtained from the empirical equation for non-water- stressed baseline indicated a good fit to the linear equation (r 2 = 0,842) between the values obtained from the equation and those measured at the field crop conditions. In general, the ETc values calculated with the original PM equation were underestimated. The equation which related the ETc, obtained from original PM, to the ETc obtained by BR, was nearly parallel to the straight line 1:1, with an average deviation of -45 W.m -2 , probably due to the contribution of the advective energy from adjacent areas. Several measurements, in different crop growth stage, the latent heat flux obtained by BR system exceeded the value of the net radiation, due to sensible heat advection effect. The ratio between the climatic and aerodynamic resistances (r i /r a ) was used as indicator of the effect of the sensible heat advective energy contribution from the adjacent areas of the experiment. The results may lead to the following conclusions: a) the largest values of the ratio (r i /r a ) corresponded to the smallest values of ETc determined by PM equation, when compared with the values obtained by BR method; b) the ETc, calculated by PM equation and using r c calculated from T c was underestimated when compared with the one obtained from BR method; c) the advection effect influenced directly the correlation between the calculated and measured ETc values. The advection effect made no reasonable interpretation to the proposed r c calculation; d) the application of the surfactant modified the partition of the available energy, affecting T c and r c . / Tese importada do Alexandria

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-23T10:26:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4335912 bytes, checksum: 8c41081d54b327dd1753e9a1ccadbea0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T10:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4335912 bytes, checksum: 8c41081d54b327dd1753e9a1ccadbea0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1989-10-19 / Para as condições de Cajamarca, na Serra Norte do Peru, com latitude 7°10'S. longitude 78°30'w e altitude 2600m, foram determinados, por regressão linear, os parâmetros mensais e anuais do modelo Angstrom-Prescott, que quantifica a irradiância solar global (Q) em função da irradiância solar no topo da atmosfera (Qo), e os valores da razão entre o brilho solar medido (n) e a duração do sol acima do horizonte (N). Os resultados da análise de covariância mostram que não existem diferenças significativas entre as regressões mensais,sendo possível o uso do modelo anual. Dentre os parâmetros utilizados no modelo de Angstrom-Prescott para a estimativa da irradiância solar, os determinados por Glover e McCulloch, em 1958. são tão precisos quanto os desenvolvidos no presente trabalho, sendo que os desenvolvidos por Penman, Prescott e Bennet apresentam os maiores erros de estimativa em comparação com os valores medidos com o piranômetro. A partir dos dados da evaporação no evaporimetro de Piche, da velocidade do vento e do défcit da pressão de saturação de vapor d'água, foi desenvolvido um modelo similar ao apresentado por Penman (1956), para a estimativa do poder evaporante da atmosfera, cujos valores apresentam di{erenças significativas a 1% de probabilidade. sendo menores os valores do modelo original. 0s resultados anteriormente mencionados foram introduzidos no modelo de Penman para a estimativa da ETp, cujos resultados para os dados de 1981, segundo o teste t, apresentam diferenças significativas a 1% de probabilidade. 0 modelo original subestima a ETp, em virtude. basicamente, do erro na estimativa do balanco de radiação. / Dissertação antiga, resumo somente em português

Submitted by BARTOLOMEU FÉLIX TANGUNE null (tanguneb@gmail.com) on 2017-05-31T13:12:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bartolomeu Felix Tangune_tese.pdf: 3390592 bytes, checksum: 0daf84bae7e268e5ff6b06e039ea9043 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-31T18:38:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tangune_bf_dr_bot.pdf: 3390592 bytes, checksum: 0daf84bae7e268e5ff6b06e039ea9043 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-31T18:38:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tangune_bf_dr_bot.pdf: 3390592 bytes, checksum: 0daf84bae7e268e5ff6b06e039ea9043 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) é importante na agricultura para satisfazer as necessidades de água das culturas e para o manejo dos sistemas de irrigação. A ETo pode ser estimada com precisão a partir do método padrão de Penman Monteith FAO 56, porém, o seu uso é bastante complexo. Sendo assim, vários métodos empíricos de uso simples vem sendo desenvolvidos por diversos pesquisadores, todavia, a sua escolha deve ser feita de forma cuidadosa, pois apresentam um desempenho que varia em função das condições climáticas de cada local. A variabilidade do desempenho dos métodos empíricos tem levado os pesquisadores a procurarem outros métodos alternativos. Como resultado dessas pesquisas, há que destacar a técnica de aprendizado de máquinas (TAM): redes neurais artificiais (RNAs) e máquina vetor de suporte (MVS). Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos, onde no primeiro capítulo foi avaliado o desempenho dos métodos empíricos de temperatura (Benevides e Lopez - BenL, Hamon -Ham, Blaney Criddle Original e Hargreaves Samani -HS) e de radiação solar (Abtew, Jensen Haise - JensH, Makkink e Irmak) na estimativa da ETo no estado de São Paulo. Todos os métodos foram avaliados em relação ao método padrão em escala anual e sazonal. Os resultados obtidos na escala anual mostraram que o método de Abtew apresentou o melhor desempenho. Na escala sazonal, observou-se que o método de JensH foi melhor no inverno, o de Irmak e de Abtew no verão e outono. O método de Abtew foi também melhor na primavera. No segundo capítulo, foi avaliado o desempenho dos métodos de HS, e de Abtew (melhores métodos empíricos em escala anual), RNAs e MVS. A RNA utilizada foi do tipo Multilayer Perceptron, com algoritmo de aprendizado Backpropagation e na MVS utilizou-se a função Radial Basic Function de Kernel, com algoritmo Regression Sequential Minimal Optimization. Os resultados obtidos na escala anual mostraram que a R6 (da RNA) e a M6 (da MVS) compostas por temperatura máxima (Tmax), mínima (Tmin), média do ar (T), radiação extraterrestre (Ra) e Rs produziram o melhor desempenho. Na escala sazonal, o melhores resultados foram observados nas arquiteturas R3 e M3, R4 e M4, R5 e M5, R6 e M6, compostas por: Tmax, Tmin, T, Ra e velocidade do vento; Tmax, Tmin, T, Ra e umidade relativa do ar; T e Rs, respectivamente. Tanto no capítulo 1 quanto no 2, as análises estatísticas foram feitas com base nos índices MBE (Mean Bias Error), RSME (Root Mean Square Error), “d” de Willmott e R2 (coeficiente de determinação). No terceiro capítulo, foi avaliada a técnica de interpolação por krigagem ordinária pontual (KOP), cujos variogramas obtidos foram avaliados com base na soma dos quadrados dos resíduos, em escala anual e sazonal. Todos os modelos variográficos obtidos apresentaram uma dependência espacial forte. A posterior, fez-se a validação cruzada da KOP com base nos coeficientes angular e linear da reta de regressão linear simples, MBE, RSME e MSDR (Mean squared deviation ratio ), cujos resultados mostraram um ótimo desempenho da KOP. / The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is important in agriculture for crop water management and irrigation systems management. The ETo can be estimated accurately by the FAO 56 standard method of Penman Monteith, however, its use is complex. Thus, several empirical methods of simple use have been developed by many researchers, but their choice must be made carefully because they present a performance that change according to the climate conditions of each location. The variability of the performance of empirical methods has led researchers to look for alternative methods. As the result, we must highlight the machine learning technique (MLT), such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machine (SVM). This work was divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, four temperature- based (Benevides e Lopez - BenL, Hamon -Ham, Blaney Criddle Original e Hargreaves Samani -HS) and four radiation- based (Abtew, Jensen Haise - JensH, Makkink and Irmak) ETo methods were tested against FAO 56 method, using annual and seasonal scale in the state of São Paulo. The results obtained in the annual scale showed that the Abtew method presented the best performance. On the seasonal scale, it was observed that the JensH method was better in the winter, the Irmak and Abtew methods were better in the summer and autumn. The Abtew method was also better in the spring. In the second chapter, HS and Abtew methods, ANNs and SVM were used. The ANN used was Multilayer Perceptron with Backpropagation learning algorithm, and in the SVM, was used Kernel Radial Basic Function with Regression Sequential Minimal Optimization learning algorithm. The obtained results in the annual scale showed that R6 for RNA and M6 for MVS composed of maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), average air temperature (T), extraterrestrial radiation (Ra) and global solar radiation (Rs) had a better performance. On the seasonal scale, the better performance was observed in R3 e M3, R4 e M4, R5 e M5, R6 e M6 architectures, composed of Tmax, Tmin, T, Ra and wind speed; Tmax, Tmin, T, Ra and relative humidity); T and Rs; R6 and M6, respectively. All methods were analyzed using MBE (Mean Bias Error), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), “d” of Wilmot (1985) and R2 (determination coefficient). In the third chapter, the technique of interpolation by ordinary punctual kriging (OPK) was evaluated, whose variograms were evaluated based on the residuals sum of squares, on an annual and seasonal scale. All the variographic models obtained showed a strong spatial dependence. Afterwards, cross-validation of OPK was performed based on the angular (β1) and linear (βo) coefficients of the simple linear regression line, MBE, RSME and MSDR (Mean squared deviation ratio), whose results showed an excellent performance of OPK.

Submitted by Élida Maeli Fernandes Quirino (maely_sax@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-15T14:29:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IURY ARAUJO MACÊDO DANTAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 775043 bytes, checksum: 495dac8a12002b24056de4c579cf4cad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T14:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IURY ARAUJO MACÊDO DANTAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 775043 bytes, checksum: 495dac8a12002b24056de4c579cf4cad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-22 / A falta d’água no semiárido brasileiro muitas vezes tornou-se fator limitante para desenvolvimento urbano, agrícola e industrial, interferindo diretamente na vida e renda das pessoas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o índice de reconhecimento de secas em região semiárida nordestina, usando como referência a evapotranspiração potencial diária obtida através do método Penman-Monteith (FAO) e de dados meteorológicos observados na bacia do Piancó-Piranhas-Açu para um período de 23 anos, esses dados foram adquiridos na estação meteorológica do INMET localizada no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo-Sousa- PB, com isso foi comparado com os métodos de Thornthwaite, Hargreaves e Blaney- Criddle, para períodos anuais, semestrais, trimestrais e mensais. Onde seus impactos foram calculados usando os métodos estatísticos da Raiz do Erro Quadrado Médio e a Média de Erro de Bias. Onde nove dos 23 anos foram detectados com seca. Semestralmente a seca mais forte aconteceu no segundo semestre, sendo classificada como seca de classes extremas, separado por trimestre os dois últimos apresentaram secas mais fortes, enquanto que mensalmente seus índices são bem próximos, em sua maior parte os resultados equivalente a anos de seca mais severa, iniciando no mês de maio. O método Thornthwaite foi o que mais se aproximou do método de referencia, sendo o mais indicado para ser usado na região, onde o mesmo é de fácil estimação necessitando somente de dados meteorológicos (temperatura) / The water shortage in the Brazilian semiarid often became a limiting factor for urban, agricultural and industrial development, directly interfering with life and income of people. This study aimed to determine the dry recognition index in northeastern semiarid region, with reference to the daily potential evapotranspiration obtained by the Penman-Monteith method (FAO) and meteorological data observed in the basin of Piancó-Piranhas-Açu for a period 23, these data were acquired in the meteorological station of INMET located in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, Sousa-PB, with this was compared with the methods of Thornthwaite, Hargreaves and Blaney-Criddle, for annual, semi-annual, quarterly and monthly periods . Where its impacts were calculated using statistical methods of Mean Square Error Root and Bias Error Ages. Where nine of the 23 years were detected with dry, semi-annually the most severe drought occurred in the second half, being classified as dry extreme classes, separated by a quarter the last two were more severe droughts, while monthly its contents are very close in their Most of the results equivalent to more years of severe drought, starting in May. The Thornthwaite method was the one closest to the reference method, the most suitable for use in the region, where it is easy pet needing only meteorological data (temperature).

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-10T23:43:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JorioBezerraCabralJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 2822841 bytes, checksum: 258c40424306d974d2b680d86d3c7e34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-18T21:55:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JorioBezerraCabralJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 2822841 bytes, checksum: 258c40424306d974d2b680d86d3c7e34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T21:55:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JorioBezerraCabralJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 2822841 bytes, checksum: 258c40424306d974d2b680d86d3c7e34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-29 / A variabilidade/mudan?a clim?tica tem gerado grandes preocupa??es em n?vel mundial, sendo uma das grandes quest?es o aquecimento global, que pode est? afetando a disponibilidade dos recursos h?dricos em per?metros irrigados. No semi?rido do Nordeste brasileiro sabe-se que h? predomin?ncia de d?ficit h?drico, por?m pouco se conhece sobre tend?ncias em s?ries climatol?gicas da perda conjunta de ?gua por evapora??o e transpira??o (evapotranspira??o). Por isso, neste trabalho procurou-se analisar se h? ind?cios de aumento e/ou diminui??o no regime da evapotranspira??o de refer?ncia (ETo), nas escalas mensal, anual e interdecadal no polo irrigado das localidades de Juazeiro, BA (9?24?S; 40?26?W e 375,5m) e Petrolina, PE (09?09?S, 40?22?W e 376m), sendo essa an?lise o objetivo principal. De posse dos dados meteorol?gicos di?rios, disponibilizados pela EMBRAPA Semi?rido, no per?odo de 01.01.1976 a 31.12.2014, estimou-se a ETo di?ria utilizando-se o m?todo padr?o de Penman-Monteith (EToPM) parametrizado por Smith (1991). Outros m?todos de estimativas mais simplificados foram calculados e comparados ? EToPM, sendo: Radia??o Solar (EToRS), Linacre (EToL), Hargreaves e Samani (EToHS) e o m?todo do Tanque Classe A (EToTCA). As principais an?lises estat?sticas foram os testes n?o param?tricos de homogeneidade (Run), de tend?ncia (Mann-kendall), magnitude da tend?ncia (Sen) e detec??o de in?cio da tend?ncia (Mann-Whitney), a signific?ncia estat?stica adotada foi de 5 e/ou 1%. A t?cnica de An?lise de Vari?ncia - ANOVA foi aplicada para averiguar se h? diferen?a significativa nas m?dias interdecadais. Para efeitos comparativos entre os m?todos de ETo, foram utilizados a correla??o (r), o teste t-student e Tukey aos n?veis de 5% de signific?ncia. E por fim, as estat?sticas de Willmott et al. (1985) foi utilizada para avaliar o ?ndice de concord?ncia e de desempenho dos m?todos simplificados comparados ao m?todo padr?o. Obteve-se como principais resultados que houve diminui??o na s?rie temporal da EToPM nos per?metros irrigados de Juazeiro, BA e Petrolina, PE, significativos respectivamente a 1 e 5%, com uma magnitude anual de -14,5 mm (Juazeiro) e -7,7 mm (Petrolina) e in?cio da tend?ncia em 1996. Os m?todos de melhor concord?ncia com a EToPM foi a EToRS com desempenho muito bom, nas duas localidades, seguido pelo m?todo da EToL com desempenho bom (Juazeiro) e mediano (Petrolina). A EToHS obteve o pior desempenho (p?ssimo), para as duas localidades. ? sugerido neste que a diminui??o da EToPM pode est? associado ao aumento das ?reas agr?colas irrigadas e da constru??o do lago de Sobradinho ? montante dos per?metros. / The variability / climate change has generated great concern worldwide, is one of the major issues as global warming, which can is affecting the availability of water resources in irrigated perimeters. In the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil it is known that there is a predominance of drought, but it is not enough known about trends in climate series of joint water loss by evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration). Therefore, this study aimed to analyze whether there is increase and / or decrease evidence in the regime of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), for the monthly, annual and interdecadal scales in irrigated polo towns of Juazeiro, BA (9 ? 24'S, 40 ? 26'W and 375,5m) and Petrolina, PE (09 ? 09'S, 40 ? 22'W and 376m), which is the main analysis objective. The daily meteorological data were provided by EMBRAPA Semi?rido for the period from 01.01.1976 to 31.12.2014, estimated the daily ETo using the standard method of Penman-Monteith (EToPM) parameterized by Smith (1991). Other methods of more simplified estimatives were calculated and compared to EToPM, as the ones following: Solar Radiation (EToRS), Linacre (EToL), Hargreaves and Samani (EToHS) and the method of Class A pan (EToTCA). The main statistical analysis were non-parametric tests of homogeneity (Run), trend (Mann-kendall), magnitude of the trend (Sen) and early trend detection (Mann-Whitney). The statistical significance adopted was 5 and / or 1%. The Analysis of Variance - ANOVA was used to detect if there is a significant difference in mean interdecadal mean. For comparison between the methods of ETo, it were used the correlation test (r), the Student t test and Tukey levels of 5% significance. Finally, statistics Willmott et al. (1985) statistics was used to evaluate the concordance index and performance of simplified methods compared to the standard method. It obtained as main results that there was a decrease in the time series of EToPM in irrigated areas of Juazeiro, BA and Petrolina, PE, significant respectively at 1 and 5%, with an annual magnitude of -14.5 mm (Juazeiro) and -7.7 mm (Petrolina) and early trend in 1996. The methods which had better for better agreement with EToPM were EToRS with very good performance, in both locations, followed by the method of EToL with good performance (Juazeiro) and median (Petrolina). EToHS had the worst performance (bad) for both locations. It is suggested that this decrease of EToPM can be associated with the increase in irrigated agricultural areas and the construction of Sobradinho lake upstream of the perimeters.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a vegetable from the family Cucurbitaceae plant grown in Brazil in the North, Northeast and much of the Southeast and Midwest. It lies between the ten vegetables with higher economic value, with high importance, especially in Central and Southern of Brazil. In order to evaluate the influence of different times of withholding irrigation and irrigation frequency in the culture of zucchini, there were two experiments in the experimental area of Meteorological Station of the Federal University of CearÃ, Fortaleza, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block consisting of five treatments and four replications for irrigation suppression experiment and six treatments and four replications for irrigation frequency of experiment. The treatments corresponding to the first experiment were withholding irrigation at 55 days (S55) after planting (DAP); S62 DAP; S69 DAP; S76 DAP and S83 DAP (unsuppressed). In the second experiment the treatments consisted of different frequencies of irrigation: Fi1 - daily; Fi2 - every two days; Fi3 - every three days; Fi4 - every four days; Fi5 - every five days and Fi6 - every six days, all irrigated with 100% ETo, calculated for weather station. It was evaluated the soluble solids proportion (SS), fruit diameter (DF), pulp thickness (EP), the number of fruits (NF), length (FL), average fruit weight (MF), and productivity (PROD) of the zucchini. It was also evaluated the net revenue for each treatment in both experiments. The treatments with withholding irrigation significantly influenced the average fruit weight, fruit length and productivity, with the highest values observed for the treatment without withholding irrigation, with the higher productivity of 25,142 kg ha-1. This treatment was also responsible for the highest economic return that was R$ 4,944.35 for hectare. The different irrigation frequencies significantly influenced the average fruit weight and productivity, both have greater value when irrigated daily, with the highest productivity 24,588 kg ha-1 . The daily irrigation also provided the highest value of R$ 4,683.77 for hectare net revenue. / A abobrinha (Cucurbita pepo L.) Ã uma planta da famÃlia Cucurbitaceae cultivada no Brasil nas regiÃes Norte, Nordeste e em grande parte das regiÃes Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Situa-se entre as dez hortaliÃas de maior valor econÃmico, com elevada importÃncia principalmente no Centro e no Sul do Brasil. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influÃncia do momento da supressÃo da irrigaÃÃo e da frequÃncia de irrigaÃÃo na cultura da abobrinha, realizaram-se dois experimentos na Ãrea experimental da EstaÃÃo MeteorolÃgica da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, Fortaleza, CearÃ. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, constituÃdo por cinco tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes para o experimento com supressÃo da irrigaÃÃo e por seis tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes para o experimento com frequÃncia de irrigaÃÃo. Os tratamentos correspondentes ao primeiro experimento foram: supressÃo da irrigaÃÃo aos 55 (S55) dias apÃs o plantio (DAP); S62 DAP; S69 DAP; S76 DAP e S83 DAP (Sem supressÃo). No segundo experimento, os tratamentos consistiram em diferentes frequÃncias de rega, quando as irrigaÃÃes ocorriam: Fi1 â diariamente; Fi2 â a cada dois dias; Fi3 â a cada trÃs dias; Fi4 â a cada quatro dias; Fi5 â a cada cinco dias e Fi6 â a cada seis dias, todos com aplicaÃÃo de 100% da ETo, calculada a partir de dados meteorolÃgicos obtidos na estaÃÃo meteorolÃgica da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. ApÃs a colheita, foram avaliados: o teor de sÃlidos solÃveis (SS), o diÃmetro do fruto (DF), a espessura da polpa (EP), o nÃmero de frutos (NF), o comprimento do fruto (CF), a massa do fruto (MF) e a produtividade (PROD) cultura da abobrinha. Avaliou-se, tambÃm, a receita lÃquida que seria obtida para cada tratamento testado, em ambos os experimentos. Os tratamentos que avaliaram o momento da supressÃo da irrigaÃÃo influenciaram significativamente a MF, o CF e a PROD, sendo os maiores valores observados no tratamento sem supressÃo da irrigaÃÃo, que apresentou a maior produtividade (25.142 kg ha-1). Esse tratamento tambÃm foi responsÃvel pelo maior retorno econÃmico, apresentando uma receita lÃquida esperada de R$ 4.944,35 por hectare. As diferentes frequÃncias de irrigaÃÃo avaliadas influenciaram significativamente a MF e a PROD, ambas apresentando mÃximos valores para a frequÃncia diÃria de irrigaÃÃo, sendo a maior produtividade de 24.588 kg ha-1. A irrigaÃÃo diÃria proporcionou tambÃm o maior valor de receita lÃquida R$ 4.683,77 por hectare.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Marcia_Curi_Hallal.pdf: 1350792 bytes, checksum: af3529288ed4fa95ac333f40d4c6e1c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-13 / The knowledge of the value of the evapotranspiration of the plants determines the ammount of water that must be replaced in the culture so that there are no productivity wastes or attenuation. The values of the reference evapotranspiration are very variable because of the many estimative methods used and also because of the climatic variability of each region. In this sense, the objectives of this work were: to estimate the evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteith method, considering it as standard due to its precision, and to analyze its values related to the precipitation occurred in the region, identifying the periods where there is necessity of irrigation; to estimate the reference evapotranspiration through indirect methods and compare them to the standard, identifying a simpler method that produces trustable results; to analyze the correlation of the meteorological variables with the standard method in order to identify the most influent variables and, from them, select a method that uses them, with an expression that allows local adjustments in the coefficients. With data of the years between 1971 and 2010 from the Agroclimatologic Station of Pelotas, it was estimated the reference evapotranspiration verifying that the annual average for Pelotas is 2.25 mm d-1. It was also observed that in the period between November 20th and January 20th the average decendial values of precipitation are lower than those of the reference evapotranspiration estimative. From the correlation between methods it was verified that the Blaney-Criddle method is the one that best fits to the standard in all the seasons of the year in all time scales analyzed. Finally, it was concluded that the most influent variables in the reference evapotranspiration for the region of Pelotas are the global solar radiation and the net radiation; and that the modified expression of the Jensen-Haise method, EToJHmod=Rs (0.013T + 0.176), shows good and very good performance, respectively, on summer and spring. / O conhecimento do valor da evapotranspiração das plantas determina a quantidade de água que necessita ser reposta à cultura de maneira que não haja desperdício e atenuação da produtividade. Os valores da evapotranspiração de referência são muito variáveis em função dos vários métodos de estimativa utilizados e também pela variabilidade climática de cada região. Neste sentido, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: estimar a evapotranspiração pelo método de Penman-Monteith, considerando-o como padrão por sua precisão, e analisar seus valores em relação a precipitação ocorrida na região, identificando os períodos de necessidade de irrigação; estimar a evapotranspiração de referência por métodos indiretos e compará-los com o padrão, identificando um método mais simples que produza resultados confiáveis; analisar a correlação das variáveis meteorológicas com o método padrão para identificar as variáveis mais influentes e, a partir destas, selecionar um método que as utilize, com uma expressão que permita ajustes locais nos coeficientes. Com dados da Estação Agroclimatológica de Pelotas entre os anos de 1971 e 2010, estimou-se a evapotranspiração de referência verificando que a média anual para Pelotas é de 2,25 mm d-1; observou-se ainda que no período entre 20 de novembro e 20 de janeiro os valores médios decendiais de precipitação são menores do que os da estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência. A partir da correlação entre os métodos verificou-se que o método de Blaney-Criddle é o que melhor se ajusta ao padrão em todas as estações do ano e em todas as escalas de tempo analisadas. Concluiu-se, por último, que as variáveis mais influentes na evapotranspiração de referência para Pelotas são a radiação solar global e o saldo de radiação; e que a expressão do método de Jensen-Haise modificada, EToJHmod=Rs (0,013T + 0,176) apresenta desempenho bom e muito bom, respectivamente, no verão e na primavera.

This work was written as a cumulative doctoral thesis based on reviewed publications. Climate projections are mainly based on the results of numeric simulations from global or regional climate models. Up to now processes between atmosphere and land surface are only rudimentarily known. This causes one of the major uncertainties in existing models. In order to reduce parameterisation uncertainties and to find a reasonable description of sub grid heterogeneities, the determination and evaluation of parameterisation schemes for modelling require as many datasets from different spatial scales as possible. This work contributes to this topic by implying different datasets from different platforms. Its objective was to analyse the spatial heterogeneity of land surface parameters and energy flux densities obtained from both satellite observations with different spatial and temporal resolutions and in-situ measurements. The investigations were carried out for two target areas in Germany. First, satellite data for the years 2002 and 2003 were analysed and validated from the LITFASS-area (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study). Second, the data from the experimental field sites of the FLUXNET cluster around Tharandt from the years 2006 and 2007 were used to determine the NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index for identifying vegetated areas and their "condition"). The core of the study was the determination of land surface characteristics and hence radiant and energy flux densities (net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux) using the three optical satellite sensors ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spektroradiometer) and AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) with different spatial (30 m – 1 km) and temporal (1 day – 16 days) resolution. Different sensor characteristics and different data sets for land use classifications can both lead to deviations of the resultant energy fluxes between the sensors. Thus, sensor differences were quantified, sensor adaptation methods were implemented and a quality analysis for land use classifications was performed. The result is then a single parameterisation scheme that allows for the determination of the energy fluxes from all three different sensors. The main focus was the derivation of the latent heat flux (L.E) using the Penman-Monteith (P-M) approach. Satellite data provide measurements of spectral reflectance and surface temperatures. The P-M approach requires further surface parameters not offered by satellite data. These parameters include the NDVI, Leaf Area Index (LAI), wind speed, relative humidity, vegetation height and roughness length, for example. They were derived indirectly from the given satellite- or in-situ measurements. If no data were available so called default values from literature were taken. The quality of these parameters strongly influenced the exactness of the radiant- and energy fluxes. Sensitivity studies showed that NDVI is one of the most important parameters for determination of evaporation. In contrast it could be shown, that the parameters as vegetation height and measurement height have only minor influence on L.E, which justifies the use of default values for these parameters. Due to the key role of NDVI a field study was carried out investigating the spatial variability and sensitivity of NDVI above five different land use types (winter wheat, corn, grass, beech and spruce). Methods to determine this parameter not only from space (spectral), but also from in-situ tower measurements (broadband) and spectrometer data (spectral) were compared. The best agreement between the methods was found for winter wheat and grass measurements in 2006. For these land use types the results differed by less than 10 % and 15 %, respectively. Larger differences were obtained for the forest measurements. The correlation between the daily MODIS-NDVI data and the in-situ NDVI inferred from the spectrometer and the broadband measurements were r=0.67 and r=0.51, respectively. Subsequently, spatial variability of land surface parameters and fluxes were analysed. The several spatial resolutions of the satellite sensors can be used to describe subscale heterogeneity from one scale to the other and to study the effects of spatial averaging. Therefore land use dependent parameters and fluxes were investigated to find typical distribution patterns of land surface properties and energy fluxes. Implying the distribution patterns found here for albedo and NDVI from ETM+ data in models has high potential to calculate representative energy flux distributions on a coarser scale. The distribution patterns were expressed as probability density functions (PDFs). First results of applying PDFs of albedo, NDVI, relative humidity, and wind speed to the L.E computation are encouraging, and they show the high potential of this method. Summing up, the method of satellite based surface parameter- and energy flux determination has been shown to work reliably on different temporal and spatial scales. The data are useful for detailed analyses of spatial variability of a landscape and for the description of sub grid heterogeneity, as it is needed in model applications. Their usability as input parameters for modelling on different scales is the second important result of this work. The derived vegetation parameters, e.g. LAI and plant cover, possess realistic values and were used as model input for the Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service. This significantly improved the model results for L.E. Additionally, thermal parameter fields, e.g. surface temperature from ETM+ with 30 m spatial resolution, were used as input for SVAT-modelling (Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer scheme). Thus, more realistic L.E results were obtained, providing highly resolved areal information. / Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde auf der Grundlage begutachteter Publikationen als kumulative Dissertation verfasst. Klimaprognosen basieren im Allgemeinen auf den Ergebnissen numerischer Simulationen mit globalen oder regionalen Klimamodellen. Eine der entscheidenden Unsicherheiten bestehender Modelle liegt in dem noch unzureichenden Verständnis von Wechselwirkungsprozessen zwischen der Atmosphäre und Landoberflächen und dem daraus folgenden Fehlen entsprechender Parametrisierungen. Um das Problem einer unsicheren Modell-Parametrisierung aufzugreifen und zum Beispiel subskalige Heterogenität in einer Art und Weise zu beschreiben, dass sie für Modelle nutzbar wird, werden für die Bestimmung und Evaluierung von Modell-Parametrisierungsansätzen so viele Datensätze wie möglich benötigt. Die Arbeit trägt zu diesem Thema durch die Verwendung verschiedener Datensätze unterschiedlicher Plattformen bei. Ziel der Studie war es, aus Satellitendaten verschiedener räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung sowie aus in-situ Daten die räumliche Heterogenität von Landoberflächenparametern und Energieflussdichten zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchungen wurden für zwei Zielgebiete in Deutschland durchgeführt. Für das LITFASS-Gebiet (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study) wurden Satellitendaten der Jahre 2002 und 2003 untersucht und validiert. Zusätzlich wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine NDVI-Studie (Normalisierter Differenzen Vegetations Index: Maß zur Detektierung von Vegetationflächen, deren Vitalität und Dichte) auf den Testflächen des FLUXNET Clusters um Tharandt in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 realisiert. Die Grundlage der Arbeit bildete die Bestimmung von Landoberflächeneigenschaften und daraus resultierenden Energieflüssen, auf Basis dreier optischer Sensoren (ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) und AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)) mit unterschiedlichen räumlichen (30 m – 1 km) und zeitlichen (1 – 16 Tage) Auflösungen. Unterschiedliche Sensorcharakteristiken, sowie die Verwendung verschiedener, zum Teil ungenauer Datensätze zur Landnutzungsklassifikation führen zu Abweichungen in den Ergebnissen der einzelnen Sensoren. Durch die Quantifizierung der Sensorunterschiede, die Anpassung der Ergebnisse der Sensoren aneinander und eine Qualitätsanalyse von verschiedenen Landnutzungsklassifikationen, wurde eine Basis für eine vergleichbare Parametrisierung der Oberflächenparameter und damit auch für die daraus berechneten Energieflüsse geschaffen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Bestimmung des latenten Wärmestromes (L.E) mit Hilfe des Penman-Monteith Ansatzes (P-M). Satellitendaten liefern Messwerte der spektralen Reflexion und der Oberflächentemperatur. Die P-M Gleichung erfordert weitere Oberflächenparameter wie zum Beispiel den NDVI, den Blattflächenindex (LAI), die Windgeschwindigkeit, die relative Luftfeuchte, die Vegetationshöhe oder die Rauhigkeitslänge, die jedoch aus den Satellitendaten nicht bestimmt werden können. Sie müssen indirekt aus den oben genannten Messgrößen der Satelliten oder aus in-situ Messungen abgeleitet werden. Stehen auch aus diesen Quellen keine Daten zur Verfügung, können sogenannte Standard- (Default-) Werte aus der Literatur verwendet werden. Die Qualität dieser Parameter hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Bestimmung der Strahlungs- und Energieflüsse. Sensitivitätsstudien im Rahmen der Arbeit zeigen die Bedeutung des NDVI als einen der wichtigsten Parameter in der Verdunstungsbestimmung nach P-M. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde deutlich, dass z. B. die Vegetationshöhe und die Messhöhe einen relativ kleinen Einfluss auf L.E haben, so dass für diese Parameter die Verwendung von Standardwerten gerechtfertigt ist. Aufgrund der Schlüsselrolle, welche der NDVI in der Bestimmung der Verdunstung einnimmt, wurden im Rahmen einer Feldstudie Untersuchungen des NDVI über fünf verschiedenen Landnutzungstypen (Winterweizen, Mais, Gras, Buche und Fichte) hinsichtlich seiner räumlichen Variabilität und Sensitivität, unternommen. Dabei wurden verschiedene Bestimmungsmethoden getestet, in welchen der NDVI nicht nur aus Satellitendaten (spektral), sondern auch aus in-situ Turmmessungen (breitbandig) und Spekrometermessungen (spektral) ermittelt wird. Die besten Übereinstimmungen der Ergebnisse wurden dabei für Winterweizen und Gras für das Jahr 2006 gefunden. Für diese Landnutzungstypen betrugen die Maximaldifferenzen aus den drei Methoden jeweils 10 beziehungsweise 15 %. Deutlichere Differenzen ließen sich für die Forstflächen verzeichnen. Die Korrelation zwischen Satelliten- und Spektrometermessung betrug r=0.67. Für Satelliten- und Turmmessungen ergab sich ein Wert von r=0.5. Basierend auf den beschriebenen Vorarbeiten wurde die räumliche Variabilität von Landoberflächenparametern und Flüssen untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen räumlichen Auflösungen der Satelliten können genutzt werden, um zum einen die subskalige Heterogenität zu beschreiben, aber auch, um den Effekt räumlicher Mittelungsverfahren zu testen. Dafür wurden Parameter und Energieflüsse in Abhängigkeit der Landnutzungsklasse untersucht, um typische Verteilungsmuster dieser Größen zu finden. Die Verwendung der Verteilungsmuster (in Form von Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichteverteilungen – PDFs), die für die Albedo und den NDVI aus ETM+ Daten gefunden wurden, bietet ein hohes Potential als Modellinput, um repräsentative PDFs der Energieflüsse auf gröberen Skalen zu erhalten. Die ersten Ergebnisse in der Verwendung der PDFs von Albedo, NDVI, relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit und Windgeschwindigkeit für die Bestimmung von L.E waren sehr ermutigend und zeigten das hohe Potential der Methode. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Methode der Ableitung von Oberflächenparametern und Energieflüssen aus Satellitendaten zuverlässige Daten auf verschiedenen zeitlichen und räumlichen Skalen liefert. Die Daten sind für eine detaillierte Analyse der räumlichen Variabilität der Landschaft und für die Beschreibung der subskaligen Heterogenität, wie sie oft in Modellanwendungen benötigt wird, geeignet. Ihre Nutzbarkeit als Inputparameter in Modellen auf verschiedenen Skalen ist das zweite wichtige Ergebnis der Arbeit. Aus Satellitendaten abgeleitete Vegetationsparameter wie der LAI oder die Pflanzenbedeckung liefern realistische Ergebnisse, die zum Beispiel als Modellinput in das Lokalmodell des Deutschen Wetterdienstes implementiert werden konnten und die Modellergebnisse von L.E signifikant verbessert haben. Aber auch thermale Parameter, wie beispielsweise die Oberflächentemperatur aus ETM+ Daten in 30 m Auflösung, wurden als Eingabeparameter eines Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer-Modells (SVAT) verwendet. Dadurch erhält man realistischere Ergebnisse für L.E, die hochaufgelöste Flächeninformationen bieten.

This work was written as a cumulative doctoral thesis based on reviewed publications. Climate projections are mainly based on the results of numeric simulations from global or regional climate models. Up to now processes between atmosphere and land surface are only rudimentarily known. This causes one of the major uncertainties in existing models. In order to reduce parameterisation uncertainties and to find a reasonable description of sub grid heterogeneities, the determination and evaluation of parameterisation schemes for modelling require as many datasets from different spatial scales as possible. This work contributes to this topic by implying different datasets from different platforms. Its objective was to analyse the spatial heterogeneity of land surface parameters and energy flux densities obtained from both satellite observations with different spatial and temporal resolutions and in-situ measurements. The investigations were carried out for two target areas in Germany. First, satellite data for the years 2002 and 2003 were analysed and validated from the LITFASS-area (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study). Second, the data from the experimental field sites of the FLUXNET cluster around Tharandt from the years 2006 and 2007 were used to determine the NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index for identifying vegetated areas and their "condition"). The core of the study was the determination of land surface characteristics and hence radiant and energy flux densities (net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux) using the three optical satellite sensors ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spektroradiometer) and AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) with different spatial (30 m – 1 km) and temporal (1 day – 16 days) resolution. Different sensor characteristics and different data sets for land use classifications can both lead to deviations of the resultant energy fluxes between the sensors. Thus, sensor differences were quantified, sensor adaptation methods were implemented and a quality analysis for land use classifications was performed. The result is then a single parameterisation scheme that allows for the determination of the energy fluxes from all three different sensors. The main focus was the derivation of the latent heat flux (L.E) using the Penman-Monteith (P-M) approach. Satellite data provide measurements of spectral reflectance and surface temperatures. The P-M approach requires further surface parameters not offered by satellite data. These parameters include the NDVI, Leaf Area Index (LAI), wind speed, relative humidity, vegetation height and roughness length, for example. They were derived indirectly from the given satellite- or in-situ measurements. If no data were available so called default values from literature were taken. The quality of these parameters strongly influenced the exactness of the radiant- and energy fluxes. Sensitivity studies showed that NDVI is one of the most important parameters for determination of evaporation. In contrast it could be shown, that the parameters as vegetation height and measurement height have only minor influence on L.E, which justifies the use of default values for these parameters. Due to the key role of NDVI a field study was carried out investigating the spatial variability and sensitivity of NDVI above five different land use types (winter wheat, corn, grass, beech and spruce). Methods to determine this parameter not only from space (spectral), but also from in-situ tower measurements (broadband) and spectrometer data (spectral) were compared. The best agreement between the methods was found for winter wheat and grass measurements in 2006. For these land use types the results differed by less than 10 % and 15 %, respectively. Larger differences were obtained for the forest measurements. The correlation between the daily MODIS-NDVI data and the in-situ NDVI inferred from the spectrometer and the broadband measurements were r=0.67 and r=0.51, respectively. Subsequently, spatial variability of land surface parameters and fluxes were analysed. The several spatial resolutions of the satellite sensors can be used to describe subscale heterogeneity from one scale to the other and to study the effects of spatial averaging. Therefore land use dependent parameters and fluxes were investigated to find typical distribution patterns of land surface properties and energy fluxes. Implying the distribution patterns found here for albedo and NDVI from ETM+ data in models has high potential to calculate representative energy flux distributions on a coarser scale. The distribution patterns were expressed as probability density functions (PDFs). First results of applying PDFs of albedo, NDVI, relative humidity, and wind speed to the L.E computation are encouraging, and they show the high potential of this method. Summing up, the method of satellite based surface parameter- and energy flux determination has been shown to work reliably on different temporal and spatial scales. The data are useful for detailed analyses of spatial variability of a landscape and for the description of sub grid heterogeneity, as it is needed in model applications. Their usability as input parameters for modelling on different scales is the second important result of this work. The derived vegetation parameters, e.g. LAI and plant cover, possess realistic values and were used as model input for the Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service. This significantly improved the model results for L.E. Additionally, thermal parameter fields, e.g. surface temperature from ETM+ with 30 m spatial resolution, were used as input for SVAT-modelling (Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer scheme). Thus, more realistic L.E results were obtained, providing highly resolved areal information. / Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde auf der Grundlage begutachteter Publikationen als kumulative Dissertation verfasst. Klimaprognosen basieren im Allgemeinen auf den Ergebnissen numerischer Simulationen mit globalen oder regionalen Klimamodellen. Eine der entscheidenden Unsicherheiten bestehender Modelle liegt in dem noch unzureichenden Verständnis von Wechselwirkungsprozessen zwischen der Atmosphäre und Landoberflächen und dem daraus folgenden Fehlen entsprechender Parametrisierungen. Um das Problem einer unsicheren Modell-Parametrisierung aufzugreifen und zum Beispiel subskalige Heterogenität in einer Art und Weise zu beschreiben, dass sie für Modelle nutzbar wird, werden für die Bestimmung und Evaluierung von Modell-Parametrisierungsansätzen so viele Datensätze wie möglich benötigt. Die Arbeit trägt zu diesem Thema durch die Verwendung verschiedener Datensätze unterschiedlicher Plattformen bei. Ziel der Studie war es, aus Satellitendaten verschiedener räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung sowie aus in-situ Daten die räumliche Heterogenität von Landoberflächenparametern und Energieflussdichten zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchungen wurden für zwei Zielgebiete in Deutschland durchgeführt. Für das LITFASS-Gebiet (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study) wurden Satellitendaten der Jahre 2002 und 2003 untersucht und validiert. Zusätzlich wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine NDVI-Studie (Normalisierter Differenzen Vegetations Index: Maß zur Detektierung von Vegetationflächen, deren Vitalität und Dichte) auf den Testflächen des FLUXNET Clusters um Tharandt in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 realisiert. Die Grundlage der Arbeit bildete die Bestimmung von Landoberflächeneigenschaften und daraus resultierenden Energieflüssen, auf Basis dreier optischer Sensoren (ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) und AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)) mit unterschiedlichen räumlichen (30 m – 1 km) und zeitlichen (1 – 16 Tage) Auflösungen. Unterschiedliche Sensorcharakteristiken, sowie die Verwendung verschiedener, zum Teil ungenauer Datensätze zur Landnutzungsklassifikation führen zu Abweichungen in den Ergebnissen der einzelnen Sensoren. Durch die Quantifizierung der Sensorunterschiede, die Anpassung der Ergebnisse der Sensoren aneinander und eine Qualitätsanalyse von verschiedenen Landnutzungsklassifikationen, wurde eine Basis für eine vergleichbare Parametrisierung der Oberflächenparameter und damit auch für die daraus berechneten Energieflüsse geschaffen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Bestimmung des latenten Wärmestromes (L.E) mit Hilfe des Penman-Monteith Ansatzes (P-M). Satellitendaten liefern Messwerte der spektralen Reflexion und der Oberflächentemperatur. Die P-M Gleichung erfordert weitere Oberflächenparameter wie zum Beispiel den NDVI, den Blattflächenindex (LAI), die Windgeschwindigkeit, die relative Luftfeuchte, die Vegetationshöhe oder die Rauhigkeitslänge, die jedoch aus den Satellitendaten nicht bestimmt werden können. Sie müssen indirekt aus den oben genannten Messgrößen der Satelliten oder aus in-situ Messungen abgeleitet werden. Stehen auch aus diesen Quellen keine Daten zur Verfügung, können sogenannte Standard- (Default-) Werte aus der Literatur verwendet werden. Die Qualität dieser Parameter hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Bestimmung der Strahlungs- und Energieflüsse. Sensitivitätsstudien im Rahmen der Arbeit zeigen die Bedeutung des NDVI als einen der wichtigsten Parameter in der Verdunstungsbestimmung nach P-M. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde deutlich, dass z. B. die Vegetationshöhe und die Messhöhe einen relativ kleinen Einfluss auf L.E haben, so dass für diese Parameter die Verwendung von Standardwerten gerechtfertigt ist. Aufgrund der Schlüsselrolle, welche der NDVI in der Bestimmung der Verdunstung einnimmt, wurden im Rahmen einer Feldstudie Untersuchungen des NDVI über fünf verschiedenen Landnutzungstypen (Winterweizen, Mais, Gras, Buche und Fichte) hinsichtlich seiner räumlichen Variabilität und Sensitivität, unternommen. Dabei wurden verschiedene Bestimmungsmethoden getestet, in welchen der NDVI nicht nur aus Satellitendaten (spektral), sondern auch aus in-situ Turmmessungen (breitbandig) und Spekrometermessungen (spektral) ermittelt wird. Die besten Übereinstimmungen der Ergebnisse wurden dabei für Winterweizen und Gras für das Jahr 2006 gefunden. Für diese Landnutzungstypen betrugen die Maximaldifferenzen aus den drei Methoden jeweils 10 beziehungsweise 15 %. Deutlichere Differenzen ließen sich für die Forstflächen verzeichnen. Die Korrelation zwischen Satelliten- und Spektrometermessung betrug r=0.67. Für Satelliten- und Turmmessungen ergab sich ein Wert von r=0.5. Basierend auf den beschriebenen Vorarbeiten wurde die räumliche Variabilität von Landoberflächenparametern und Flüssen untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen räumlichen Auflösungen der Satelliten können genutzt werden, um zum einen die subskalige Heterogenität zu beschreiben, aber auch, um den Effekt räumlicher Mittelungsverfahren zu testen. Dafür wurden Parameter und Energieflüsse in Abhängigkeit der Landnutzungsklasse untersucht, um typische Verteilungsmuster dieser Größen zu finden. Die Verwendung der Verteilungsmuster (in Form von Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichteverteilungen – PDFs), die für die Albedo und den NDVI aus ETM+ Daten gefunden wurden, bietet ein hohes Potential als Modellinput, um repräsentative PDFs der Energieflüsse auf gröberen Skalen zu erhalten. Die ersten Ergebnisse in der Verwendung der PDFs von Albedo, NDVI, relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit und Windgeschwindigkeit für die Bestimmung von L.E waren sehr ermutigend und zeigten das hohe Potential der Methode. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Methode der Ableitung von Oberflächenparametern und Energieflüssen aus Satellitendaten zuverlässige Daten auf verschiedenen zeitlichen und räumlichen Skalen liefert. Die Daten sind für eine detaillierte Analyse der räumlichen Variabilität der Landschaft und für die Beschreibung der subskaligen Heterogenität, wie sie oft in Modellanwendungen benötigt wird, geeignet. Ihre Nutzbarkeit als Inputparameter in Modellen auf verschiedenen Skalen ist das zweite wichtige Ergebnis der Arbeit. Aus Satellitendaten abgeleitete Vegetationsparameter wie der LAI oder die Pflanzenbedeckung liefern realistische Ergebnisse, die zum Beispiel als Modellinput in das Lokalmodell des Deutschen Wetterdienstes implementiert werden konnten und die Modellergebnisse von L.E signifikant verbessert haben. Aber auch thermale Parameter, wie beispielsweise die Oberflächentemperatur aus ETM+ Daten in 30 m Auflösung, wurden als Eingabeparameter eines Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer-Modells (SVAT) verwendet. Dadurch erhält man realistischere Ergebnisse für L.E, die hochaufgelöste Flächeninformationen bieten.

O cafeeiro arábica é extensamente cultivado em regiões tropicais, sendo cultura de grande importância econômica para o Brasil. Atualmente, ele é cultivado em áreas com deficiência hídrica, para as quais a irrigação suplementar é necessária para aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade da bebida. O aumento da eficiência da prática irrigacionista exige em primeiro lugar informação sobre o consumo hídrico do cafezal. Tendo em vista a falta de informações sobre esse consumo e, também, o fato de que os plantios adensados têm tido grande avanço no país, o presente estudo foi realizado com a finalidade de determinar a evapotranspiração de um cafezal Mundo Novo Apuatã e sua partição em transpiração dos cafeeiros e evapotranspiração da entrelinha. O cafezal, localizado em Piracicaba/SP, tinha plantio adensado (2500plantas/ha) e era irrigado por gotejamento. A evapotranspiração do cafezal foi determinada pelo método da razão de Bowen, enquanto que a transpiração foi estimada pelo modelo de Penman-Monteith adaptado, sendo este comparado com medidas de fluxo de seiva pelo método do balanço de calor no caule. Nessa confrontação, verificou-se razoável concordância entre a transpiração diária pelo modelo e o fluxo de seiva, havendo discordância em duas da quatro plantas avaliadas, provavelmente devido à forma de determinação da energia radiante absorvida pelas plantas e à relação entre esta e a área foliar dos cafeeiros, bem como aos erros introduzidos pela estimativa da condutância foliar à difusão de vapor. Observou-se que a transpiração dos cafeeiros representou 90% da evapotranspiração do cafezal no período em que a entrelinha da cultura tinha solo sem vegetação viva e 69% no período subseqüente, quando a entrelinha tinha vegetação desenvolvida. Com a separação da evapotranspiração em seus dois componentes, foi possível determinar que o coeficiente basal foi igual a 0,8 e que o coeficiente evaporativo igual 0,2, com um coeficiente de cultura global próximo da unidade. / Coffee arabica plants are extensively cultivated in tropical regions and it is a crop of great economic importance for Brazil. Currently, it is cultivated in areas with water deficits for which the irrigation is necessary to increase yields and drink quality. To increase irrigation efficiency one needs to know the water consumption of coffee plantation, information that is not easyly get specially in high density coffee plantations. The present study was carried out in order to determine the evapotranspiration of a coffee plantation Novo Mundo Apuatã and its partition in transpiration of coffee plants and interrow evapotranspiration. The coffee plantarion had a high density (2500 plants/ha) and drip irrigation. Evapotranspiration of coffee plantation was determined by Bowen ratio method, while transpiration was obtained by Penman-Monteith model, where this last one was compared with sap flow measures by heat balance method in stem. The comparison showed reasonable agreement between daily transpiration by model and sap flow data, with major disagreement in two of four evaluated plants wich was probably due to technique of determination of radiant energy absorbed by coffee plants. Moreover, the relation between the amount of absorbed radiant energy and leaf area of plants seems to contribute to discrepances between sap flow and estimated transpiration. The leaf resistance also introduced some error in estimated transpiration by Penman-Monteith model. It was verified that coffee plants transpiration represented 90% of total evapotranspiration of coffee plantation in the period when interrows had no living vegetation. In the subsequent period, when vegetation was developed, transpiration decrease to 69% of total evapotranspiration. Dividing evapotranspiration in its two components, it was determined that basal crop coefficient and evaporative coefficient were equal to 0,8 and 0,2, respectively, with a global crop coefficient next to unit.