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L’hydrolyse de l’hémoglobine bovine par la pepsine peut être considérée comme une voie importante d’obtention de peptides antimicrobiens face à l’émergence des résistances bactériennes aux divers antibiotiques. Des alcools connus comme des solvants structurants ont été utilisés afin d’aboutir à une hydrolyse ménagée de l’hémoglobine par la pepsine. Le méthanol, l’éthanol, le propanol, le butanol ou le trifluoroéthanol ont été utilisés en vue de préserver ou d’induire de nouvelles modifications structurales de l’hémoglobine. L’hydrolyse pepsique de l’hémoglobine en milieu hydroalcoolique a aboutit à un mélange peptidique moins complexe majoritairement composé de peptides intermédiaires à activité antimicrobienne. L’étude des variations structurales a été réalisée par dichroïsme circulaire, spectrofluorimétrie et spectrophotométrie UV-visible. L’utilisation de 10% de TFE a permis l’obtention d’un hydrolysat moins complexe riche en peptides intermédiaires hydrophobes mais à concentration faible. La présence de 40% de méthanol, 30% d’éthanol, 20% de propanol ou de 10% de butanol a amélioré cette concentration. Ces alcools ont rendu plus spécifique l’activité de l’enzyme par une augmentation de l’hydrolyse préférentiellement en position C-terminale des leucines. Ils ont également rendu accessible le coeur hydrophobe de l’hémoglobine permettant ainsi d’obtenir une nouvelle famille peptidique: la famille α 67-106. Cette famille a montré une activité antimicrobienne vis-à-vis de quatre souches bactériennes (CMI: 35,2-187,1 μM) et une activité antihypertensive potentielle par sa capacité d’inhibition de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (CI50: 42,55-1095 μM). / In view of the emergence of resistant bacteria, hydrolysis of bovine hemoglobin by pepsin can be considered as an important way for the obtaining of antimicrobial peptides. Known alcohols as structural solvents were used to lead to a limited hydrolysis of bovine hemoglobin. Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, or trifluoroethanol were used in order to preserve or induce further structural changes of hemoglobin. Peptic hydrolysis of hemoglobin in hydroalcoholic solution has permitted to obtain less complex hydrolysate mainly composed of intermediate antimicrobial peptides. Structural changes of proteins were investigated using spectroscopic methods, such as, UV-visible spectophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroïsm. Use of 10% TFE was allowed to less complex hydrolysate, containing intermediate hydrophobic peptides. Neverless, concentration of these peptides was low. Use of 40% methanol, 30% ethanol, 20% propanol or 10% butanol has improved this concentration. These alcohols have induced and increased more specific activity of pepsin, located preferentially in C-terminal position of leucine. They have also made available the hydrophobic core of hemoglobin allowing to a new peptide family: 67-106 α family. This family showed antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains (MIC: 35.2-187.1 μM) and displayed at the same time ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 42.55-1095 μM).

The food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is more salt tolerant in the complex medium brain heart infusion (BHI, 2.0M NaCI upper limit for growth) than in a chemically-defined medium (DM, 1.0M NaCI upper limit for growth). The components in BHI responsible for the characteristic salt tolerance of L. monocytogenes are peptone and glycine betaine. At high osmolarity, the growth stimulation by peptone was higher than expected from nutritional supplementation, indicating that an osmoprotective mechanism was also at play. Peptone provided a higher level of osmotic protection than the compatible solute glycine betaine which was a moderate osmoprotectant. Our growth data demonstrated that of the free amino acids and peptides contained in peptone it is the peptides which are the osmoprotectants for L monocytogenes. Furthermore, specific peptides, such as PGG (prolyl-glycyl- glycine) and PHP (prolyl-hydroxyproline), behaved in growth experiments as the compatible solute glycine betaine, i.e. stimulation of growth at high osmolarity and no effect at low osmolarity. Our analysis of the changes in the intracellular pools of amino acids, under conditions of sosmotic stress, when peptone or specific peptide are supplied to the growth medium, has shown the following features in the mechanism of adaptation of L. monocytogenes to osmotic stress: i) Peptides are taken up, by at least two specific transport systems. ii) Subsequently, peptides are hydrolysed intracellularly by peptidases. iii) As a consequence of ii), a significant increase in the pool of free amino acids occurs. Osmoadaptation in L. monocytogenes iv) We have also demonstrated that depending on the nature of the constituent amino acids, some peptides are not fully hydrolysed which leads to the accumulation of an intracellular peptide pool in L. monocytogenes. v) Proline, glycine and hydroxyproline are the amino acids preferentially accumulated as free amino acids or as part of peptides. vi) The intracellular accumulation of free amino acids and peptides is positively correlated to an increase in the external osmolarity and has an important role in the osmoadaptation of L. monocytogenes.

Wound treatment remains one of the most prevalent and economically burdensome healthcare concerns, often complicated by prolonged inflammation and bacterial infection, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Agents commonly used to treat chronic wound infections are limited due to their toxicity, multifactorial etiology of chronic wounds, deep skin infections, lack of sustained controlled delivery of drugs, and development of drug resistance. LL37 is an endogenous host defense peptide that has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity and is involved in the modulation of wound healing. Serpin A1 (A1) is a neutrophil elastase inhibitor and has been shown to demonstrate wound-healing property. Hence, our goal was to develop a topical combination nanomedicine for the controlled sustained delivery of LL37 and A1 that at precise combination ratios will significantly promote wound closure, reduce bacterial contamination, and enhance anti-inflammatory activity. We have successfully developed a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) formulation that can simultaneously deliver LL37 and A1 at specific ratios resulting in accelerated wound healing by promoting wound closure in BJ fibroblast cells and keratinocytes as well as synergistic enhancement of antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli in comparison to LL37 or A1 alone. / May 2016

Que ce soit par la production de biomolécules actives ou encore via une action probiotique, les Lactobacilles peuvent être utilisés pour le traitement de plusieurs affections. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est la recherche d’applications santé, applicables à la prévention de l’ostéoporose, à partir de Lactobacilles. Dans ce but, deux approches ont été définies, la première consiste en l’utilisation des souches en tant que probiotiques, la seconde approche concerne la production de peptides bioactifs issus de l’hydrolyse des protéines laitières par ces Lactobacilles. Après criblage et sélection de souches potentiellement probiotiques, la capacité des souches à moduler l’absorption du calcium au niveau intestinal a été étudiée. Pour l’approche peptides, différents criblages ont également été réalisés comprenant une stratégie de criblage originale basée sur l’analyse multiparamétrique de la protéolyse en lait. Ces travaux ont permis de sélectionner 3 souches pour la suite du projet, et différents hydrolysats peptidiques ont été produits par fermentation du lait en bioréacteur. Les hydrolysats produits ont été testés pour différentes activités en lien avec la prévention de l’ostéoporose comme l’inhibition de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine ou la modulation de l’absorption intestinale du calcium. Différentes activités ont ainsi été mises en évidence pour les différents hydrolysats. De ces résultats, un procédé en continu utilisant un bioréacteur à membrane, a été développé afin de produire un hydrolysat peptidique d’intérêt. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence différentes applications santé à partir d’une collection de souches de Lactobacilles. / Lactobacilli are bacteria of major interest for health applications. These species are able to produce different active biomolecules by fermentation or exert a probiotic action. Thus, Lactobacilli represent a source of different ingredients which could be used for various health purposes. The objective of the present research is to study the potential of different lactobacilli to be use as ingredients dedicated to osteoporosis prevention. This work is based on a collection of 170 Lactobacillus strains isolated from dairy products in Mongolia. Two different strategies were undertaken: the use of lactobacilli as probiotics or the production of bioactive peptides by fermentation of milk proteins. A screening based on some probiotic characteristics allowed to select Lactobacillus strains which were studied for their capacity to modulate the intestinal calcium absorption. In the same way, screenings were used to select strains with important proteolytic abilities. Particularly, an original screening strategy, based on a multiparametric analysis of proteolysis occurring in milk was developed in this study. Milk protein hydrolysates were produced using the selected strains by batch fermentation of milk in bioreactor. The resulting products were then studied for different biological activity linked to bone health like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition or modulation of intestinal calcium absorption. By these results, an integrated continuous process, using a membrane bioreactor, was developed to produce an active ingredient by fermentation. This work highlights the potential health applications of some lactobacilli.