No abstract was provided / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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Yes / This paper explores experiences and perceptions of physical impairment and disability in early medieval England, contrasting pre-Christian (AD 5th–early 7th centuries) and Christian (AD late 8th–11th centuries) communities through a combination of bioarchaeological, clinical, funerary, historical, and theoretical analyses. By comparing understandings of physical impairment and disability in the pre-Christian and Christian periods, this paper investigates how political rearrangements and the growing power of the Church might have influenced changing contemporary perceptions of physical impairment and disability. This research has found that the funerary treatment of individuals with physical impairment in the pre-Christian period was extremely variable within and between cemeteries, and there is evidence for arguably positive, normative, and potentially negative burial treatment. Although mortuary treatment of Christian-era individuals with physical impairment was somewhat variable, this variation was much more subtle. This reflects the overall Christian-era pattern in burial form, and strongly negative or positive mortuary treatment was not identified among the individuals with physical impairment. Based on this evidence, it is proposed that administrative and judicial standardisation, conversion to Christianity, and the spread of Christian morals and doctrine influenced the reduction in mortuary variability observed in individuals with physical impairment and/or disability in the 8th–11th centuries in England.

La tesi versa sobre sistemes dinàmics discrets 1-dimensionals, des d'un punt de vista combinatori i topològic. Estem interessats en les òrbites periòdiques i l'entropia topològica de les aplicacions contínues definides en arbres i grafs.El problema central és la caracterització del conjunt de períodes de totes les òrbites periòdiques d'una aplicació contínua d'un arbre en ell mateix. El teorema de Sharkovskii (1964) fou el primer resultat remarcable en aquest sentit. Aquest bonic teorema estableix que el conjunt de períodes d'una aplicació de l'interval és un segment inicial d'un ordre lineal (ordre de Sharkovskii). Recíprocament, donat qualsevol segment inicial d'aquest ordre, existeix una aplicació de l'interval que el té com a conjunt de períodes. Durant les darreres dècades hi ha hagut diversos intents de trobar resultats similars al de Sharkovskii per a altres espais 1-dimensionals. Recentment, el cas d'arbres ha estat tractat especialment. El Teorema de Baldwin (1991) resol el problema en el cas de les n-estrelles i ha estat un dels avenços més significatius en aquesta direcció. Aquest resultat estableix que el conjunt de períodes per a una aplicació de la n-estrella és unió finita de segments inicials de n ordres parcials (ordres de Baldwin), i recíprocament.El nostre objectiu principal és descriure l'estructura del conjunt de períodes de qualsevol aplicació contínua d'un arbre T en termes de les propietats combinatòries i topològiques de T: quantitat i disposició d'extrems, vèrtexs i arestes. En el capítol 1 discutim detalladament la manera més natural d'atacar el problema, i proposem una estratègia consistent en tres etapes consecutives. L'eina principal d'aquesta estratègia són els models minimals de patrons. Aquestes nocions es van desenvolupar i utilitzar durant les darreres dècades en el context de l'interval. En canvi, no es disposava de definicions operatives equivalents per a arbres, fins que al 1997 Alseda, Guaschi, Los, Manyosas i Mumbru proposaren de definir el patró d'un conjunt finit invariant P essencialment com una classe d'homotopia d'aplicacions relativa a P, i provaren (constructivament) que sempre existeix un model P-canònic amb propietats de minimalitat dinàmica. L'objectiu del capítol 2 és implementar completament el programa proposat, duent a terme les etapes 2 i 3. El resultat principal d'aquest capítol diu que, donada una aplicació g definida en un arbre T, existeix un conjunt S de successions finites d'enters positius tal que el conjunt de períodes de g és (excepte un conjunt finit explícitament acotat) una unió finita de segments inicials d'ordres de Baldwin donats en termes del conjunt S, que depèn de les propietats combinatòries de l'arbre T. També provem el recíproc. En el capítol 3 duem a terme experiments informàtics sobre la minimalitat dinàmica dels models canònics. En un esperit de programació modular, hem dissenyat moltes funcions autocontingudes que poden ser usades per implementar una gran varietat d'aplicacions d'ús divers. Entre altres, tenim funcions que calculen el model canònic d'un patró donat per l'usuari, calculen la matriu de Markov associada a un model monòton a trossos i extreuen tots els llaços simples d'una matriu de transició de Markov. Finalment, en el capítol 4 generalitzem alguns resultats de Block i Coven, Misiurewicz i Nitecki i Takahashi, en els quals l'entropia topològica d'una aplicació de l'interval s'aproxima per les entropies de les seves òrbites periòdiques. Hem provat relacions anàlogues en el context de les aplicacions de grafs. / This memoir deals with one-dimensional discrete dynamical systems, from both a topological and a combinatorial point of view. We are interested in the periodic orbits and topological entropy of continuous self-maps defined on trees and graphs.The central problem is the characterisation of the set of periods of all periodic orbits exhibited by any continuous map from a tree into itself. The Sharkovskii's Theorem (1964) was the first remarkable result in this setting. This theorem states that the set of periods of any interval map is an initial segment of a linear ordering (the so-called Sharkovskii ordering). Conversely, given any initial segment of the Sharkovskii ordering, there exists an interval map whose set of periods coincides with it.During the last decades there have been several attempts to find results similar to that of Sharkovskii for other one-dimensional spaces. Recently, the case of maps defined on general trees has been specially treated. Baldwin's Theorem (1991), which solves the problem in the case of n-stars for any n, has been one of the most significant advances in this direction. This result states that the set of periods of any n-star map is a finite union of initial segments of n-many partial orderings (the Baldwin orderings). The converse is also true.Our main purpose is to describe the generic structure of the set of periods of any continuous self-map defined on a tree T in terms of the combinatorial and topological properties of T: amount and arrangement of endpoints, vertices and edges. In Chapter 1 we make a detailed discussion about which is the more natural approach to this problem, and we propose a strategy consisting on three consecutive stages and using minimal models of patterns as the main tool. These notions were developed in the context of interval maps and widely used in a number of papers during the last two decades. However, equivalent operative definitions for tree maps were not available until 1997, when Alseda, Guaschi, Los, Manosas and Mumbru proposed to define the pattern of a finite invariant set P essentially as a homotopy class of maps relative to the points of P, and proved (constructively) that there always exists a P-canonical model displaying dynamic minimality properties.The goal of Chapter 2 is to implement in full the above programme by completing stages 2 and 3. The main result of Chapter 2 tells us that for each tree map g defined on a tree T there exists a finite set S of sequences of positive integers such that the set of periods of g is (up to an explicitly bounded finite set) a finite union of initial segments of Baldwin orderings, given in terms of the set S, which depends on the combinatorial properties of the tree T. We also prove the converse result.In Chapter 3 we report some computer experiments on the minimality of the dynamics of canonical models. In a spirit of modular programming, we have designed lots of self-contained functions which can be used to implement a wide variety of several-purpose software. Among other, we have functions that: compute the canonical model of a pattern provided by the user, calculate the Markov transition matrix associated to a piecewise monotone tree map and extract all the simple loops of a given length from a Markov transition matrix.Finally, in Chapter 4 we generalize some results of Block & Coven, Misiurewicz & Nitecki and Takahashi, where the topological entropy of an interval map was approximated by the entropies of its periodic orbits. We prove analogous relations in the setting of graph maps.

¡@The ocean ambient noise of coast is mainly influenced by sea waves, boats or ships, or human¡¦s coast activities. Among them, most of the ambient noise is from the breaking wave noise caused by wind, and its frequency range is quite wide (0.5~50 kHz). The breaking wave noise mechanism of surf zone is very complex, and has a variety of signal features. In this research, the location is at the Sizih Bay near Kaohsiung Harbor. Hydrophone was used to collect the noise and the wave motion process of surf zone was recorded simultaneously with a digital video camera. It was shown from the experiment results, as the wave evolved in the surf zone, it would eventually become unstable and collapsed, so a large amount of air would be trapped in water and forming bubble clouds. The oscillating bubble cloud from breaking wave would generate high frequency sound. The results also indicated that when breaking wave reached the location hydrophone, a wide band pulse sound was generated with a level as high as 120 dB. In the analysis of each frequency (1k, 2k, 3k, 4k, 5k Hz), due to the oscillating effects air bubbles after breaking wave, the noise level at 2~5k Hz were higher as compared to that without breaking wave passing the hydrophone. The last result was also validated by the time integral of the noise energy through out the wave evolution. In addition to the process of breaking waves and residual air bubbles under breaking waves contributing to the breaking wave source, for example discussed in the study breaking wave¡¦s period and breaking wave height, the results from these two studies found, when the longer the breaking wave period , the breaking wave SPL will be bigger with the longer the breaking wave period. And in the breaking wave height, when the breaking wave height much higher, breaking wave SPL will be much bigger too. And learned from these two conclusions , breaking wave periods and height will make the breaking waves source level caused by changes.

The purpose of this study was to explore Teachers¡¦ Acceptance of Innovation (TAI), Curriculum Content (CC) of Alternative Learning Periods (ALP), and Curriculum Implementation (CI) of ALP in elementary schools. The independent variables were analyzed to investigate if there were any significant differences among TAI, CC and CI. Furthermore, the predictability of TAI about CI was also discussed. Analytic approach of the content and questionnaire survey were conducted. ¡§Analytic Table of the Curriculum Content of ALP¡¨ originating with the researcher was adopted to analyze the curriculum content of ALP in elementary schools in Kaohsiung City. The population was the elementary school teachers in Kaohsiung City, including 513 teachers from 87 schools. There were 452 valid samples among 88% returned questionnaires. The instrument was ¡§The Questionnaire of Teachers¡¦ Acceptance of Innovation, Curriculum Content and Curriculum Implementation of Alternative Learning Periods in elementary schools in Kaohsiung City¡¨. The collected data were analyzed by statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, multiple responses, Chi Square, Independent T-test, one-way ANOVA, and simple Multiple-Regression. The main findings were: 1.The promotion of TAI was needed. 2.The curriculum content of ALP showed: (1)The scheming of ALP met the regulations of ALP, both weekly and semiannual teaching hours in most grades. (2)There were differences between the practical curriculum and the curriculum that teachers expected first. (3)The most popular school-based curriculum in ALP was reading. (4)Students¡¦ characters, needs, and interests were prior to other factors when the curriculum in ALP was schemed out. (5)Teachers adopted multiple manners in applying ALP teaching methods, finding teaching resources, and assessing students. (6)The most helpful way for students was self-expression and communication and sharing. 3.The curriculum implementation of ALP showed: (1)Teachers held positive attitudes towards the curriculum implementation of ALP. (2)Teachers responded positively towards curriculum comprehension and implementation. (3)Teachers were willing to involve the teaching in ALP, and they could exchange as well as share their experience with others. (4)The environment and the leaders of organizations could provide support promptly. The educational authority should offer more flexible space for teachers to scheme and implement ALP curriculum. 4.There were significant differences of the acceptance of innovation because of the distinction of teachers¡¦ genders, the teaching years and the school scales. 5.There were apparent dissimilarities in the viewpoints towards how to scheme the curriculum of ALP among teachers from various grades. 6.There were significant differences in the opinions towards the implementation of ALP among teachers with various teaching years and from the schools with diverse scales. 7.TAI is predicable towards CI of ALP. Based on the findings of this study, some suggestions were offered to the educational applications and further studies.

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