The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) reports that increased anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, of which carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main component, have caused the Earths temperature to rise. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to reduce GHG emissions and to deal with the emissions that continue to be produced. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one method that is being considered to deal with GHG emissions, specifically CO2 emissions. The basic idea behind CCS is that CO2 is captured from a point source, such as a power plant, and is then transported to a storage site (e.g., an oil or gas reservoir), where it is subsequently stored. The International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Programme (IEA GHG) began a CO2 geological sequestration pilot project in 2000 in Weyburn, Saskatchewan as part of an enhanced oil recovery project operatedby Cenovus (formerly EnCana) in the Weyburn Field (White et al. 2004). The research presented in this thesis evaluates the sealing potential of the Lea Park Formation in the Weyburn Field by determining its permeability and CO2 breakthrough pressure. In this context, breakthrough pressure describes the differential pressure between a wetting phase (e.g., formation brine) and a non-wetting phase (e.g., CO2) that is sufficient to enable the non-wetting phase to form a connected flow system across a given volume of porous medium (e.g., a rock sample). A new system for measuring the permeability and CO2 breakthrough pressure of shales was developed in this research. The development effort included extensive trouble-shooting and, ultimately, the development of sample preparation and testing procedures. The new system was used to conduct permeability and CO2 breakthrough pressure tests on shale samples from the Lea Park Formation (i.e., Lea Park shale) and the Colorado Group (i.e., Colorado shale). Permeability results for samples from the Lea Park shale ranged from 14 to 35 nd (1410-21 to 3510-21 m2), and between eight and 46 nd (810-21 to 4610-21 m2) for the Colorado shale. A CO2 breakthrough pressure for the Lea Park shale was determined to be 0.02 MPa, while values of 0.02 and 2.7 MPa were measured for the Colorado shale. The CO2 breakthrough pressure test results indicate that the Lea Park shale will not withstand large pressures before allowing CO2 to flow through it. However, the permeabilities are extremely low; hence the rate of flow would be low. In other words, the low permeability of the Lea Park shale will be the controlling factor in terms of the rate of potential CO2 leakage through it. Calculations based on the properties measured in this research suggest that the time required for CO2 to flow from the base to the top of the Lea Park Formation would be on the order of ten thousand years. Based on diffusion coefficients published for other shales, calculations suggest that CO2 leakage via chemical diffusion would be several times slower leakage via hydraulically-driven flow.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) reports that increased anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, of which carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main component, have caused the Earths temperature to rise. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to reduce GHG emissions and to deal with the emissions that continue to be produced. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one method that is being considered to deal with GHG emissions, specifically CO2 emissions. The basic idea behind CCS is that CO2 is captured from a point source, such as a power plant, and is then transported to a storage site (e.g., an oil or gas reservoir), where it is subsequently stored. The International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Programme (IEA GHG) began a CO2 geological sequestration pilot project in 2000 in Weyburn, Saskatchewan as part of an enhanced oil recovery project operatedby Cenovus (formerly EnCana) in the Weyburn Field (White et al. 2004). The research presented in this thesis evaluates the sealing potential of the Lea Park Formation in the Weyburn Field by determining its permeability and CO2 breakthrough pressure. In this context, breakthrough pressure describes the differential pressure between a wetting phase (e.g., formation brine) and a non-wetting phase (e.g., CO2) that is sufficient to enable the non-wetting phase to form a connected flow system across a given volume of porous medium (e.g., a rock sample). A new system for measuring the permeability and CO2 breakthrough pressure of shales was developed in this research. The development effort included extensive trouble-shooting and, ultimately, the development of sample preparation and testing procedures. The new system was used to conduct permeability and CO2 breakthrough pressure tests on shale samples from the Lea Park Formation (i.e., Lea Park shale) and the Colorado Group (i.e., Colorado shale). Permeability results for samples from the Lea Park shale ranged from 14 to 35 nd (1410-21 to 3510-21 m2), and between eight and 46 nd (810-21 to 4610-21 m2) for the Colorado shale. A CO2 breakthrough pressure for the Lea Park shale was determined to be 0.02 MPa, while values of 0.02 and 2.7 MPa were measured for the Colorado shale. The CO2 breakthrough pressure test results indicate that the Lea Park shale will not withstand large pressures before allowing CO2 to flow through it. However, the permeabilities are extremely low; hence the rate of flow would be low. In other words, the low permeability of the Lea Park shale will be the controlling factor in terms of the rate of potential CO2 leakage through it. Calculations based on the properties measured in this research suggest that the time required for CO2 to flow from the base to the top of the Lea Park Formation would be on the order of ten thousand years. Based on diffusion coefficients published for other shales, calculations suggest that CO2 leakage via chemical diffusion would be several times slower leakage via hydraulically-driven flow.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impacts of both the group boundary permeability (with a novel concept) and the social identity salience on the low-status group members&rsquo / behavioral preferences, feelings, and social identity level with reference to the social identity theory. The participants were 138 undergraduate students from Abant izzet Baysal University. All participants completed behavioral alternatives questionnaire, negative feelings of personal treatment questionnaire, and the Organizational Identification Scale. In the experimental design, group boundary permeability (permeable/ hierarchically permeable/ impermeable) and social identity salience (high/ low) were manipulated / and participants were randomly assigned to the conditions. In line with the expectations, the results showed that collective actions were more preferred in the impermeable and hierarchically permeable group boundary conditions compared with the permeable group boundary condition. In addition, results indicated that being the most disruptive action, collective protest action was the least preferred action regardless of the conditions. Furthermore, although the effect of group boundary permeability on the social identity level was not supported, the results demonstrated in part that participants felt more negative feelings when group boundary condition was impermeable. Finally, the results provided considerable evidence that as the novel concept, hierarchically permeable group boundary condition is viable in the permeability studies.

Due to their rising popularity, herbal supplements have created a specific niche for themselves between the food and the drug industry. Due to their categorization as dietary supplements, they lack scientific seriousness where as on the other hand they act like unregulated drugs with potential effects. Finding scientific data of questionable accuracy for herbal supplements is not uncommon, which is usually designed to sell products rather then provide unbiased information. Hence, development of performance standards based on the bioavailability of the active components of herbal extracts promises to be an attractive solution towards regulating the inflow of meaningful products in the herbal supplement market. Solubility, partition coefficient and permeability are the fundamental properties for studying drug absorption. Top selling herbal extracts from the United States that included Kava, Ginkgo biloba, Milk thistle, Ginseng, Black cohosh, Garlic, Valerian, and Echinacea were selected and in silico descriptors such as CLogP, minimal cross-sectional area, polar surface area and in vitro permeability using the Caco-2 cell model and SimBioDAS® of their active components, determined. Based on the interparameter relationships between the minimal cross sectional area, CLogP, polar surface area and the in vitro permeability of the active components, bioavailability/bioequivalence markers were predicted for Kava, Ginkgo biloba and Milk thistle. Kawain was predicted as a marker for Kava, Ginkgolide B for the ginkgo terpenes and quercetin for the flavonol glycosides in Ginkgo biloba and silycristin as a marker for Milk thistle (silymarin). Silymarin comprising of isomers silycristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B was selected as a representative extract for further confirmation of marker prediction. Equilibrium solubility, experimental octanol-water partition coefficient values, and assay and in vitro dissolution profiles were determined for each of the active isomers in extract and market products respectively. The pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of each of the active isomers was determined in male Sprague Dawley rats following intravenous and oral administration of the silymarin extract. Equilibrium solubility values indicated that all the silymarin isomers were practically insoluble, and silycristin and silydianin had relatively higher solubility values as compared to the other isomers. Experimental partition coefficient values correlated with the predicted partition coefficient (CLogP) with an r² of 0.834. Based on their equilibrium solubility and the partition coefficient (experimental and predicted) the active isomers were classified according to the Biopharmaceutic Classification System (BCS). Thus, isomers silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B were classified as Class II compounds (High PermeabilityLow Solubility) where as silydianin was classified as a Class IV compound (Low Permeability-Low Solubility). Silycristin was classified as a intermediate between Class II and Class IV. Absolute bioavailability (F) for silycristin was found to be the lowest (0.15±0.1), followed by silybin A (0.20±0.04) followed by silybin B (0.62±0.08). Silycristin being one of the least permeable and bioavailable component, was selected as a marker for silymarin, further confirming its prediction based on the correlations between the in silico descriptors and in vitro permeability. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve, half life, volume of distribution, clearance and F for the components suggest significant differences between not only the silymarin isomers but also diastereomers of silybin (A and B) and isosilybin (A and B). Selection of bioavailability-bioequivalence markers, based on their least permeability/bioavailability, proves to be the most conservative and meaningful approach towards standardization of complex mixtures such as herbal extracts and supplements.

Thesis (MScEng (Mathematical Sciences. Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This work entails the improvement of an existing three dimensional pore-scale model. Stagnant zones are included, the closure of the volume averaged pressure gradient is improved and an improved calculation of pore-scale averages, using the RUC, is done for the model to be a more realistic representative of the REV and thus of the foamlike material. Both the Darcy and the Forchheimer regimes are modelled and a general momentum transport equation is derived by means of an asymptotic matching technique. The RUC model is also extended to cover non-Newtonian flow. Since metallic foams are generally of porosities greater than 90%, emphasis is put on the accurate prediction of permeability for these porosities. In order to improve permeability predictions for these high porosity cases an adaptation to the RUC model was considered, whereby rectangular prisms were replaced by cylinders. Although this adaptation appears to give more accurate permeabilities at very high porosities, its implementation in a generalised model seems impractical. The prediction of the characteristic RUC side length is discussed and results of both the cylindrical strand model and the square strand model are compared to experimental work.

Orientador: Gladis Camarini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T14:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_ValdirMoraes_M.pdf: 1471160 bytes, checksum: 1317b5951c4368324373d0e6c2a488ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os mecanismos de transporte no interior do concreto são os principais responsáveis pela sua deterioração. Desta maneira, a permeabilidade deste material tem vital importância e influência na sua durabilidade, ou seja, influenciando na principal característica que determina a vida útil para o qual foi projetado. É a permeabilidade que controla a taxa de ingresso e movimentação de agentes deletérios que podem comprometer física e quimicamente a estrutura interna deste material, que pode ocasionar na deterioração da sua macro e microestrutura. Por isso, diversas metodologias têm sido empregadas para mensurar e avaliar essa propriedade do concreto; no entanto, grandes disparidades têm sido encontradas. Assim, este trabalho visa avaliar permeabilidade ao ar de concretos produzidos com cimento Portland de alto-forno (CP III - 40). O traço empregado nas séries de concreto produzidas foi nas proporções de cimento: areia: brita de 1:2:3. Foram empregadas três relações água/cimento (0,42 - 0,46 e 0,50), e os concretos submetidos à dois tipos diferentes de cura (imersa e ambiente) e ensaiados aos 7 dias, 28 dias e 350 dias. A metodologia empregada para a determinação da permeabilidade ao ar do concreto foi a metodologia proposta por Thenoz. Para complementar os resultados de permeabilidade ao ar foram realizados também ensaios para determinação do índice de vazios e absorção de água por capilaridade. Os resultados indicaram que os concretos com maiores relações água/cimento têm maiores valores de índice de vazios e apresentaram os maiores valores de absorção de água por capilaridade e permeabilidade ao ar. A cura imersa demonstrou ser mais eficaz do que a cura ambiente, pois os concretos submetidos a este tipo de cura foram os que obtiveram os menores valores de índice de vazios, absorção de água por capilaridade e permeabilidade ao ar. A idade de hidratação também influenciou nos resultados, onde idades mais avançadas também demonstraram menores valores de índice de vazios, absorção de água por capilaridade e permeabilidade ao ar. A análise da metodologia proposta por Thenoz para a mensuração da permeabilidade ao ar do concreto indicou que, de acordo com o número Mach, não há descompressibilidade do ar durante o ensaio. De acordo com o número Reynolds do escoamento, é possível afirmar que o escoamento durante o ensaio de permeabilidade ao ar proposto pela metodologia Thenoz ocorre sob regime laminar. De acordo com os resultados obtidos na análise fluido-dinâmica do escoamento, a metodologia Thenoz, para a mensuração da permeabilidade ao ar do concreto, mostrou-se eficaz para a determinação dessa propriedade do concreto / Abstract: Transport mechanisms in cement-based composites are primarily responsible for their deterioration. Thus, the permeability of cement-based materials is vital in the durability of concrete, which is the main characteristic that determines the life for which they were designed. It is the permeability, which controls the rate of entry and movement of deleterious agents that can compromise physically and chemically the internal structure of these materials, causing a deterioration of its microstructure. Several methods have been employed to measure and assess the permeability of concrete, but major differences have been found. Thus, this work is to assess the air permeability of concrete produced with Portland cement, blast furnace (CP III - 40). The dash employee in the series of concrete was produced in the proportions of cement: sand: crushed of 1:2:3. Relations have been employed three water / cement (0.42 - 0.46 and 0.50), and the concrete submitted to two different types of healing (submerged and environment) and tested at 7 days, 28 days and 350 days. The methodology used to determine the permeability of concrete was to air the methodology proposed by Thenoz. To complement the results of the air permeability were also conducted tests to determine the rate of empty and absorption of water by capillary. The results indicated that the concrete relations with major water / cement have highest rate of empty and had the highest absorption of water by capillary permeability and the air. The cure immersed proved to be more effective than cure environment, because the concrete subjected to this type of cure were those who received the lowest values of voids content, absorption of water by capillary permeability and the air. The age of hydration also influenced the results, where elderly also showed lower values of voids content, absorption of water by capillary permeability and the air. The analysis of the methodology proposed by Thenoz for the measurement of the air permeability of the concrete indicated that, according to the Mach number, there is incompressibility air during the test. In accordance with the Reynolds number of outlets, it can be said that the disposal during the testing of the air permeability methodology proposed by the Thenoz occur under laminar regime. The assessment of Thenoz methodology to measure the air permeability of concrete shows that this is an effective concrete test, according to fluid-dynamics analyzes evaluate / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Este trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo da permeabilidade da madeira, com ênfase nas espécies de florestas plantadas do gênero de Pinus elliotti, Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus citriodora. Com a sua determinação, avalia-se o quanto uma dada espécie de madeira é permeável a preservativos (tratamentos químicos) e o quanto ela é permeável a aplicação de adesivos estruturais (confecção de peças estruturais em Madeira Laminada Colada MLC). A avaliação da permeabilidade é um fator fundamental para definição do tratamento preservativo da madeira. Para isto foi projetado e construído um equipamento alternativo, para uso laboratorial, visando determinar a permeabilidade e analisar qual espécie dentre as estudadas seriam mais permeáveis a fluidos líquidos e gasosos em madeiras brasileiras de florestas plantadas. O equipamento construído permite a determinação do escoamento de fluidos em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de madeira, em todas as suas direções ortogonais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o equipamento é adequado para a determinação da permeabilidade a líquido ou gás em madeiras, onde na direção longitudinal, o alburno E. grandis é a parte do lenho mais permeável a líquido e gás, seguido do alburno do E. citriodora, Pinus elliottii e cerne do E. grandis. Com exceção do Pinus elliottii na direção transversal, as demais espécies não apresentaram vazão nesta direção. / This work aims to study permeability of wood especially in reforestation species like Pinus elliotti, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus citriodora in order to evaluate how much a given wood species is permeable to preservatives (chemical treatments) and how much it is permeable to application of structural adhesives (making of structural pieces in Glued Laminated - MLC). Evaluation of permeability is a fundamental factor when defining the preservative treatment to able applied in the wood, so an alternative equipment has been especially designed and built aiming to determine its permeability and analyze which one of the studied Brazilian reforestation species would be more permeable to liquid and gaseous fluids. This laboratorial equipment has allowed determination of fluid drainage in cylindrical samples of wood in all of its orthogonal directions. Obtained results have shows that it is appropriate for determining liquid or air permeability of wood where, in longitudinal direction, E. grandis sapwood has been the most permeable part, followed by E. citriodora sapwood, Pinus elliottii and E. grandis heartwood. None of the species has presented any flow in traverse direction, except Pinus elliottii.

The barrier properties and long term strength retention of polymers are of significant importance in a number of applications. Enhanced lifetime food packaging, substrates for OLED based flexible displays and long duration scientific balloons are among them. Higher material requirements in these applications drive the need for an accurate measurement system. Therefore, a new system was engineered with enhanced sensitivity and accuracy. Permeability of polymers is affected by permeant solubility and diffusion. One effort to decrease diffusion rates is via increasing the transport path length. We explore this through dispersion of layered silicates into polymers. Layered silicates with effective aspect ratio of 1000:1 have shown promise in improving the barrier and mechanical properties of polymers. The surface of these inorganic silicates was modified with surfactants to improve the interaction with organic polymers. The micro and nanoscale dispersion of the layered silicates was probed using optical and transmission microscopy as well as x-ray diffraction. Thermal transitions were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry. Mechanical and permeability measurements were correlated to the dispersion and increased density. The essential structure-property relationships were established by comparing semicrystalline and amorphous polymers. Semicrystalline polymers selected were nylon-6 and polyethylene terephthalate. The amorphous polymer was polyethylene terphthalate-glycol. Densification due to the layered silicate in both semicrystalline and amorphous polymers was associated with significant impact on barrier and long term creep behavior. The inferences were confirmed by investigating a semi-crystalline polymer - polyethylene - above and below the glass transition. The results show that the layered silicate influences the amorphous segments in polymers and barrier properties are affected by synergistic influences of densification and uniform dispersion of the layered silicates.

Les enceintes de confinement des centrales nucléaires sont conçues pour assurer des propriétés de confinement et d'étanchéité précises en situations d'usage normal et en cas d'accident nucléaire, afin d'éviter la dissémination de radioéléments dans l'environnement. Ces enceintes étant construites en béton, la maîtrise de l'évaluation de la perméabilité du béton et de ses évolutions sous contraintes permettrait d'évaluer les débits de fuite susceptibles d'intervenir dans le temps sous certaines sollicitations. Jusqu'aujourd'hui, il existe plusieurs techniques de mesure de la perméabilité et ces techniques aboutissent à des résultats différents pour une même éprouvette de béton. La première étude que nous avons réalisée a été donc de proposer une normalisation de la mesure de la perméabilité : cette normalisation a abouti à la détermination d'une perméabilité caractéristique du béton et indépendante de la technique de mesure. Parallèlement à cette démarche, nous avons aussi proposé d'évaluer la perméabilité du béton à l'aide d'observables du Contrôle Non Destructif comme la permittivité et la résistivité électrique. Les résultats obtenus montrent la possibilité d'estimer la perméabilité dans les conditions du béton sur site. La deuxième étude réalisée est relative à la maîtrise de la perméabilité sous contraintes. Au laboratoire, nous avons étudié la perméabilité d'éprouvettes en béton de différentes tailles dans diverses conditions de séchage, de sollicitation thermique, d'endommagements mécanique et couplés. Nous avons ainsi pu établir des modèles perméabilité-endommagements en fonction de chaque source d'endommagement. La troisième étude réalisé porte sur la transposition des résultats de laboratoire au site, à travers l'utilisation de maquette d'enceinte nucléaire de dimensions plus importantes et représentatives de l'ouvrage réel (VeRCoRs à l'échelle 1/3). L'ensemble des résultats des deux premières études ont été mise à contribution et ont permis d'aboutir à des calculs des débits de fuite et des Temps d'Etablissement du Régime Permanent d'Ecoulement cohérents avec les hypothèses de calculs. / The building reactor of the nuclear power plants are designed to provide precise containment and sealing properties in normal use situations and in the event of a nuclear accident, to prevent the spread of radioelements in the environment. Since these enclosures are made of concrete, controlling the evaluation of the permeability of concrete and its evolutions under stress would make it possible to evaluate the leakage rates that may occur over time under certain conditions. Until today, there are several techniques for measuring permeability and these techniques lead to different results for the same concrete specimen. The first study we carried out was therefore to propose a standardization of the permeability measurement: this standardization resulted in the determination of a characteristic permeability of concrete and independent of the measurement technique. In parallel with this approach, we also proposed to evaluate the permeability of concrete using observables from Non-Destructive Testing such as permittivity and electrical resistivity. The results obtained show the possibility of estimating the permeability under concrete conditions on site. The second study carried out relates to the control of the permeability under constraints. In the laboratory, we investigated the permeability of concrete specimens of different sizes under various conditions of drying, thermal stress, mechanical and coupled damage. We could establish permeability-damage models according to each source of damage. The third study carried out relates to the transposition from laboratory results to the site, using nuclear power plants mock-up of larger dimensions and representative of the actual structure (VeRCoRs at scale 1/3). All the results of the first two studies have been used and have led to calculations of leak rates and Time to Reach Steady State (TRSS) consistent with the calculation assumptions.

Les mousses à cellules ouvertes ont diverses applications industrielles, par exemple pour des échangeurs de chaleur, des réacteurs structurés, la filtration, la catalyse, récepteurs solaires volumétriques en raison de leurs propriétés uniques telles qu'une importante porosité et une surface spécifique élevée. Pour déterminer théoriquement la surface spécifique géométrique et les relations entre les paramètres géométriques de mousses, une corrélation mathématique généralisée a été développée. A cet effet, la géométrie de la tetrakaidecahedron a été utilisé et différentes formes de sections transversales de brins de structures en mousse ont été pris en compte de façon explicite. La corrélation dérivée pour prédire les propriétés géométriques peut facilement être étendue à des formes différentes. Des simulations numériques 3-D à l'échelle des pores ont été réalisées pour étudier la perte de charge et la conductivité effective thermique. L'écoulement du fluide à travers la mousse à cellule ouverte a été réalisé dans trois régimes différents: les régimes de Darcy, transitoire et inertiel. L'importance des propriétés géométriques sur les caractéristiques d'écoulement de fluide et leurs inclusions dans les corrélations proposées pour prédire la perte de charge est discutée. La question « Les paramètres d'Ergun peuvent-ils avoir des valeurs numériques constantes ou non ? » est discutée. Trois différentes corrélations étaient dérivées pour prédire la conductivité thermique effective à la fois isotrope et anisotrope des mousses. Les paramètres géométriques de la matrice de mousse étaient introduits dans les corrélations pour prédire la conductivité thermique effective. / Open cell foams have diverse industrial applications e.g. heat exchangers, structured reactors, filtration due to their unique properties such as high porosity and high specific surface area. In order to theoretically determine the geometric specific surface area and relationships between geometrical parameters of isotropic open cell foams, a generalized mathematical correlation was developed. For this purpose the tetrakaidecahedron geometry was used and different shapes of strut cross-sections of foam structures were taken explicitly into account. The derived correlation to predict geometrical properties can be easily extended to different strut shapes. 3-D numerical simulations at pore scale were performed to study the pressure drop characteristics and effective thermal conductivity. Fluid flow through open cell foam was performed in three different regimes: Darcy regime, transition regime and inertia regime. Importance of geometrical properties on fluid flow characteristics and their inclusion in the proposed correlations for predicting pressure drop is discussed. "Can Ergun parameters have constant numerical values or not" is also extensively discussed. Three different correlations were derived to predict the effective thermal conductivity for both, isotropic and anisotropic open cell foams. Geometrical parameters of foam matrix were introduced in the correlations to predict effective thermal conductivity.