A B S T R A C T The rocks of the Beaufort Group of South Africa record a remarkably complete depositional sequence incorporating a rich fossil tetrapod succession from the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic. This represents one of the best preserved ecological assemblages of pre-mammalian terrestrial tetrapods documenting the stem lineages of both mammals and dinosaurs. For more than a century large collections of fossils from the Beaufort Group have been built up at various museums in South Africa. With the co-operation of all the South African museums curating collections of Karoo fossils, a single standardised database has been compiled for the fossils collected from the Beaufort Group as well as a GIS system incorporating all the South African databases of fossil records. Major problems which had to be overcome related largely to the non-standardised nature of different databases, locality, and taxonomic information. Particularly problematic was entering ambiguous and vague locality information onto the GIS database, so that it would still be useful for qualitative evaluation. The created GIS database is a useful analytical tool, but requires streamlining to make it accessible to all users. Completion of the foundation phase of the GIS database has highlighted problems which need to be addressed in the future to make the database an effective tool for research purposes.

The Sibiel Shear Zone is a 1-3km wide, ductile shear zone located in the South Carpathian Mountains, Romania. In the Rsinari area, the ductile shear zone juxtaposes amphibolite facies rocks of the Lotru Metamorphic Suite against greenschist facies rocks of the Rauorul Cisndioarei Formation. The first represents the eroded remnants of Peri-Gondwanan arcs formed between the Neoproterozoic-Silurian (650-430Ma), regionally metamorphosed to amphibolite facies during the Variscan orogeny (350-320Ma). The second is composed of metasedimentary and metavolcanic Neoproterozoic-Ordovician (700-497Ma) assemblages of mafic to intermediate bulk composition also resembling an island arc metamorphosed during the Ordovician (prior to similar to 463Ma). Between these lie the epidote amphibolite facies mylonitic and ultramylonitic rocks of the Sibisel Formation, a tectonic melange dominated by mafic actinolite schists attenuated into a high strain ductile shear zone. Mineral Rb-Sr isochrons document the time of juxtaposition of the three domains during the Permian to Early Triassic (similar to 290-240Ma). Ductile shear sense indicators suggest a right lateral transpressive mechanism of juxtaposition; the Sibiel shear zone is a remnant Permo-Triassic suture between two Early Paleozoic Gondwanan terranes. A zircon and apatite U-Th/He age transect across the shear zone yields Alpine ages (54-90Ma apatite and 98-122Ma zircon); these data demonstrate that the exposed rocks were not subjected to Alpine ductile deformation. Our results have significant implications for the assembly of Gondwanan terranes and their docking to Baltica during Pangea's formation. Arc terranes free of Variscan metamorphism existed until the Early Triassic, emphasizing the complex tectonics of terrane amalgamation during the closure of Paleotethys.

Ce travail est consacré à la description pétrographique du socle , sa tectonique et aux sédiments du Paléozoïque ainsi qu'à la couverture permo-triasique . Des corrélations avec la chaine de Belledonne et le reste des Aiguilles Rouges sont faites.

Earth is characterized by episodes of glaciations and periods of minimal or no ice through geologic time. Using the linear energy balance model (EBM), nonlinear EBM with empirical ice sheet schemes, the general circulation model coupled with an ice sheet model, this study investigates the occurrence and stability of glaciations in geologic time. The simulations since the last glacial maximum (LGM) suggest that the summertime thawline of ice sheets conforms closely to the equatorward edge of the ice sheets and implies the relative stability toward deglaciation. CO2 levels are indispensable in controlling the initiation of ice sheet in the Cretaceous. At low CO2 levels, ice sheets exist in all periods no matter LGM or the last interglacial (LIG) orbital elements; however, at high CO2 levels ice sheets rarely exist. The simulations agree well with recent geological evidence of the hysteresis of glaciations in the Permo-Carboniferous. Gondwanaland reached its glacial maximum when CO2 level was roughly the same or slightly higher than the preindustrial value. With a further increase of CO2, deglaciation dominates and results in an ice free state. Again, if CO2 decreased to the present level, Gondwanaland would be glaciated once more and start a new cycle of glaciation and deglaciation. Simulations from five paleogeography maps in Gondwanaland with a suite of CO2 levels and different orbital elements reveal that paleogeography, CO2 levels and the Milankovitch cycles all contribute to the glaciations of Gondwanaland. This study shows that orbital elements alone are insufficient to account for the evolution of ice sheets. Net radiative forcing caused by greenhouse gases, such as CO2 and solar constant change are the primary drivers to glacial inception or demise. Continental geography, CO2 levels, solar constant change, and the Milankovitch cycles complicate the glacial history of Earth.

No description available.

Logging of cores of the Upper Permian and Lower Triassic Khuff Formation, Ghawar, Saudi Arabia, has allowed a high resolution sequence stratigraphic framework to be generated. The lithofacies of this huge, arid epeiric ramp succession include: subaqueous -and supratidal anhydrite, tidal flat laminites, lagoonal mudstone, ooid-peloid grainstone, and subtidal off-shoal open marine mudstone. Third order sequences include the Late Permian upper Khuff C, the Early Triassic Khuff B and the Khuff A sequences, which corrrelate with global cycles. Seven high frequency sequences (HFSs) make up the Changhsingian upper Khuff C. These HFSs are ~400 k.y. duration and probably driven by long term eccentricity. The Early Triassic Khuff B and A sequences are made up of 4 HFSs each, which appear to be ~100 to 200 k.y. duration and not easily tied to eccentricity forcing. The HFSs are in turn composed of parasequences, which appear to be 10 to 20 k.y. average durations, suggesting precessional and half precessional forcing. However, many thin locally developed cycles may be autocycles or subprecessional cycles. Sequence stratigraphic cross sections and facies maps document progradation directions on the platform, reflecting the subtle interplay between the Ghawar structure and regional paleoslopes. Anhydrites are rare in the Permian Upper Khuff C except near the base of the studied interval. Anhydrites are well developed in the Triassic Khuff B and Khuff A where some form transgressive deposits while others are highstand deposits of high frequency sequences. The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) on the Arabian Platform marks a significant relative sea-level drop, that exposed from the outcrop belt to somewhere east of Ghawar. This contrasts with transgressive PTB settings elsewhere. Across the PTB the mass extinction is marked by a major decrease in biotic groups. The extinction was followed by development of subtidal thrombolites and increased microbial calcification due to decreased bioskeletonization. The dominant reservoirs in the Permian Upper Khuff C occur in oolite in the uppermost high frequency sequence. In the Triassic Khuff B and A the reservoir facies are commonly non-dolomitized oolitic facies associated with open lagoon carbonates distant from evaporitic tidal flats. Within dolomitized units, best reservoirs are associated with oomoldic porosity, but oolite units proximal to evaporitic tidal flats have porosity plugged by anhydrite. Carbon and oxgyen isotope profiles up to 150 m long were obtained from cored wells of the Khuff Formation, Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia, across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Major global excursions are at the Changhsingian-Wuchiapingian boundary and the Permian-Triassic boundary, but several smaller excursions also appear to correlate with excursions elsewhere. The presence of the negative C-isotope excursions globally in both δ¹³Ccarbonate and δ¹³C organic as well as in deeper water sections lacking emergence surfaces, strongly supports the idea of these excursions being global phenomena related global C cycling. Over 75% of the negative carbon isotope excursions in Ghawar occur beneath emergence surfaces, including the two major excursions at the Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian stage boundaries. The δ¹³C profiles beneath the boundaries resemble those iii associated with early diagenesis associated with isotopically light soil gas. The δ¹⁸O profiles beneath the surfaces are variable, perhaps reflecting variable effects of evaporation on the meteoric input, mixing or overprinting by burial diagenesis. This suggests that the C-isotope excursions on the Arabian Platform, although global in origin, appear to have been modified by early diagenesis. U depletion across the boundary is compatible with the postulated origins of the PTB event with bottom waters becoming stagnant and reducing, as a result of warming induced by volcanogenic CO₂ released by Siberian trap volcanism, methane release from thermal metamorphism of coals and destabilization of clathrates in the deep sea due to ocean warming. The global extent of the C-isotope and U excursions provides a high resolution correlation tool for Late Permian and Early Triassic successions. / Ph. D.

The aim of this thesis is an overall assessment of the hydrogeological conditions of the Český Brod Permian Carboniferous and overall the balance of upper groundwater aquifer in the northern part of the Český Brod Permian Carboniferous using a mathematical model. For the realization of the model was used ZABAGED data provided by the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre, which is located in Prague 8 Kobylsích. The mathematical model was created using computer applications such as FeFlow 5. 2, ArcGIS for Desktop 10. 1 and Surfer 10. 7. 972. The result of this work is to evaluate the overall balance of precipitation, surface water and groundwater in the upper aquifer north of Český Brod Permian Carboniferous, respectively, in the hydrologic basin of the Upper and Middle Elbe, in the hydrological basin fourth Order river Vyrovka (HEIS.VUV.cz). The evaluation was done by comparing the data obtained from the studied opinions and based on data obtained from calculations of the mathematical model. The results of the mathematical model were also compared with the original model hydroizohyps, which was created based on the coordinates of the individual wells in a given area and treble steady groundwater levels, coordinate and treble levels of selected points on each watercourse. Before completing...

Après un exposé rapide du cadre géographique et du contexte géologique, le problème de la genèse des cavités dans les grès de la région de Brive est abordé. Les théories antérieures sont rappelées. Un modèle théorique est proposé en fonction des données de terrain et des résultats de la gélifraction expérimentale.<br />les méthodes employées sont exposées en détail. Un chapitre est consacré aux méthodes sédimentologiques et aux analyses géochimiques qui permettent de mettre en évidence les actions climatiques qui ont commandé au dépôt et à la transformation des sédiments. Un second chapitre rappelle les principales caractéristiques des minéraux argileux susceptibles d'être rencontrés dans les sédiments.<br />Les stratigraphies étudiées appartiennent : <br />- au début du Würm III, grotte du Loup (Périgordien ancien et Aurignacien), commune de Cosnac, Corrèze,<br />- au Würm IV et au Post-Glaciaire, grotte du Ro Del Dra (Magdalénien terminal), commune de végennes (Corrèze) ; abri de Chez-Jugie (Azilien et Sauveterrrien), commune de Cosnac (Corrèze).<br />En conclusion, il est montré que les remplissages des cavités des grès permettent une bonne appréciation des fluctuations climatiques, prinsipalement des périodes froides et humides et des phases tempérées.

Cette étude aborde les grés d'Allevard- Trias sous l'aspect stratigraphique, rapport avec le socle et ensuite sous l'aspect sédimentologique et se termine par une approche paléogéographique.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-08-31T16:39:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PermoTriassicoBacia.pdf: 19484036 bytes, checksum: 8d3b997bc500a9599e4b55947421d615 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-09-12T12:10:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PermoTriassicoBacia.pdf: 19484036 bytes, checksum: 8d3b997bc500a9599e4b55947421d615 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T12:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_PermoTriassicoBacia.pdf: 19484036 bytes, checksum: 8d3b997bc500a9599e4b55947421d615 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O Permo-Triássico foi marcado pelo maior evento de extinção em massa da história geológica da Terra, com a perda de 90-95% das espécies marinhas e terrestres, estando relacionado a mudanças paleogeográficas e paleoclimáticas, em parte atribuídas a eventos catastróficos. No final do Permiano, condições áridas prevaleceram em todo o globo como consequência da queda eustática do nível do mar, do desaparecimento das áreas glaciais e da multiplicação de bacias fechadas. Estas condições somadas à intensa continentalização do Pangea propiciaram a desertificação do supercontinente com o desenvolvimento de extensos desertos e complexos de sabkha. Os registros desses eventos no norte do Brasil são encontrados nas bacias intracratônicas, particularmente na Bacia do Parnaíba, representados pela sucessão siliciclástica-evaporítica do Grupo Balsas, que inclui as formações Pedra de Fogo, Motuca e Sambaíba. Sete associações de fácies foram reconhecidas: (1) Lacustre dominado por planícies de lama, representado pela intercalação de pelitos cinza esverdeados/avermelhados e arenitos finos com expressivo conteúdo de sílex; (2) Campo de dunas marginal constituído por estratos cruzados de arenitos finos a médios; (3) Lagos de playa perenes, consistindo dominantemente de pelitos vermelhos laminados com descontínuas camadas de arenitos sigmoidais; (4) Planície de lama salina / Panela salina, representadas por camadas de pelitos intercaladas a lentes de gipsita, calcário e marga; (5) Lençol de areia, constituído por estratos planos lateralmente contínuos de arenitos finos a médios com laminação convoluta, falhas/microfalhas sinsedimentares e estruturas de adesão; (6) Campo de dunas, formado por arenitos finos a médios com estratificações cruzadas de grande porte; e (7) Planície vulcânica, consistindo de basaltos e arenitos intercalados. Durante o Permiano Médio, amplas planícies marcadas pela alternância de fases lacustres rasas a profundas e planícies de lama em sabkhas continentais (AF1) se estendiam na zona tropical das porções oeste e central do Pangea. Esta ciclicidade refletia a sazonalidade de fases úmidas e secas, condicionadas por variações no nível freático, baixa taxa de subsidência e limitado espaço de acomodação. As fases secas mais prolongadas eram caracterizadas pelo avanço dos campos de dunas marginais (AF2) e o estabelecimento de amplas planícies de lama secas. O contínuo processo de amalgamação do Pangea durante o Permiano Superior propiciou o soerguimento das regiões equatoriais e centrais do supercontinente, ocasionando a retração dos mares epicontinentais, o surgimento de extensas bacias fechadas (AF3) e a formação de lagos salinos efêmeros extremamente ácidos, planícies de lama salinas e panelas salinas (AF4). Petrograficamente, os evaporitos das panelas salinas exibem feições de precipitação primária a eodiagenética de gipsita e anidrita, posteriormente afetados por processos telodiagenéticos. A extrema aridez favoreceu a retração destes grandes lagos e a implantação definitiva de um Erg triássico. Lençóis de areia ocorriam na porção marginal do Erg, contendo lagoas efêmeras e abundantes regiões úmidas (AF5). Extensos campos de dunas avançavam conforme aumentava a disponibilidade de sedimentos, enquanto superfícies de deflação eram formadas pela supressão parcial do suprimento sedimentar (AF6). A supressão total de sedimentos para o Erg no Triássico Superior proporcionou uma deflação extrema e regional que ocasionou na formação de uma superfície extremamente plana que assentou rochas vulcânicas eojurássicas (AF7). A análise deformacional da sucessão estudada identificou pelo menos três diferentes níveis de deformação sinsedimentar: (I) feições híbridas rúptil-dúuctil na zona de contato entre as formações Motuca e Sambaíba; (II) dobras e convoluções de médio porte na porção intermediária dos estratos eólicos da Formação Sambaíba; (III) injetitos nos arenitos intertraps da Formação Mosquito. Estes três níveis de camadas deformadas são separados por intervalos de estratos não deformados ou ligeiramente deformados, podendo mostrar lateralmente um aumento gradual da intensidade da deformação. O nível de deformação I ocorre na zona de contato entre as formações Motuca e Sambaíba e é representado por um conjunto de feições híbridas (rúptil-dúctil). A continuidade lateral deste intervalo por centenas de quilômetros, somada ao aumento do grau de deformação na região de Riachão e a concentração anômala de elementos traços (Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Au, Pd e Pt), são compatíveis com abalos sísmicos de alta magnitude, provavelmente induzidos por impacto meteorítico (astroblema de Riachão). O nível de deformação II é formado por um conjunto de dobras desarmônicas na parte intermediária da Formação Sambaíba. Originou-se por processos autocíclicos relacionados a deformação hidroplástica de sedimentos pela migração e sobrepeso de dunas/draas. O terceiro intervalo consiste em diques de arenito nas rochas vulcânicas eojurássicas da Formação Mosquito. Estes diques foram formados pela injeção hidráulica de areia durante o aumento de gradiente térmico induzido pelo magmatismo básico durante a fase pré-rifte do Pangea Ocidental. / The Permo-Triassic was marked by the great mass extinction of geological Earth history with losses of 90-95% of marine and terrestrial species. These were related to paleogeographic and paleoclimatic changes in part assigned to catastrophic events. In the end of Permian, arid conditions prevailed around the world as a consequence of eustatic sea level fall added to disappearance of glacial areas and large-scale closed basins multiplication. These conditions combined with the intense continentalization of Pangea supercontinent led to desertification with the development of large desert and sabka complexes. In the northern of Brazil the records of these events are found in intracratonic basins, particularly in the Parnaíba Basin. This is represented by siliciclastic-evaporitic succession from Balsas Group compound by Pedra de Fogo, Motuca and Sambaíba formations. It was recognized seven facies associations: (1) Lacustrine mudflat dominated, represented by greenish/reddish gray laminated mudstones interbedded with fine-grained sandstones and great chert content; (2) Marginal dune fields consisting of planar cross-stratified beds of fine- to medium-grained sandstones; (3) Perennial playa lake consisting dominantly of red laminated mudstones with discontinuous layers of sigmoidal sandstones; (4) Saline mudflat / Saline pan represented by reddish laminated mudstones interbedded with lenses of gypsum, limestone, and marl; (5) Sand sheet laterally consisting of continuous fine- to medium-grained sandstones with convoluted lamination, synsedimentary faults/microfaults and adhesion structures; (6) Dune fields formed by fine- to medium-grained sandstones with large-scale cross-bed sets; and (7) Volcanic plain, consisting of basalts interbedded with sandstones. During Middle Permian, the alternating between continental sabkha mudflats and shallow to deep lacustrine phases occurred in large plains in the tropical zone of western to central Pangea (AF1). This cyclicality reflected the seasonal wet and dry phases triggered by changes in the water level, low subsidence rate and narrow accommodation space. The prolonged dry stages were characterized by the advance of the marginal dune fields (AF2) as well as by establishment of large dry mudflats. In the Upper Permian, the continuous amalgamation process of supercontinent Pangea led to the uplift of central and equatorial regions resulting in the retreat of epicontinental seas. However, there were the appearance of large-scale closed basins (AF3) and extremely acid saline ephemeral lakes with saline mudflats and pans (AF4). Petrographically, the evaporate from saline pans display primary features of precipitation to eodiagenetic of gypsum and anidrite posteriorly affected by telodiagenetic processes. The extreme aridity conditions favored the decline of these great lakes and the definitive implementation of Triassic Erg. Sand sheets occurred in the marginal portion of this Erg, containing abundant ephemeral ponds and humid regions (AF5). Large dune fields advancing as consequence of the sediment availability increase, while deflation surfaces were produced by partial removal of sediment supply (AF6). The total interruption of sediment supply to the Erg in the Late Triassic provided an extreme and regional deflation surface overlapping by eojurassics volcanic rocks (AF7). The deformational analysis of the studied succession identified three different synsedimentary deformational levels at least: (I) brittle-ductile hybrid features in the contact zone between the Motuca and Sambaíba formations; (II) folds and medium-sized convolution in the middle portion of the eolic strata of Sambaíba Formation; (III) Injectites in the intertraps sandstones from Mosquito Formation. These three levels of deformed layers are separated by non- or slightly-deformed strata intervals, laterally may show a gradual increase of deformation intensity. The deformation level I occurs in the contact zone between Motuca and Sambaíba formations represented by a set of hybrid (brittleductile) features. Lateral continuity of this interval for hundreds of kilometers added to the increase in the deformation degree in the Riachão area. Furthermore, the anomalous concentration of trace elements (Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Au, Pd, and Pt) are consistent with earthquakes of high magnitude probably product of meteoritic impact (Riachão structure). The level of strain II is marked by a set of inharmonious folds in the middle part of Sambaiba Formation. These are originated by autociclic processes related to hidroplastic deformation of sediments of sediments by dunen/draas migration and overweight. The third interval it is composed by sandstone dikes in an eojurassic volcanic rocks of Mosquito Formation. These dams were formed by hydraulic injections of sand leading to a thermal gradient increase induced by basic magmatic activities during the pre-rift phase in the Western Pangea.