The purpose of this research is to examine the influence factors of perceptions of organization politics. Based on the model proposed by Ferris et al.,(1989), the influence factors of perceptions of organizational politics are personal influences,work environment influences,organizational influences . After applying ¡§factor analysis¡¨ of the POPs, it was categorized by three dimensions analysis: ¡§(1) behaviors of superior and subordinate; (2) go along and get ahead; (3) difference between the policies of compensation and promotion and actual practices. This research is to explore the relationship between influence factors and perceptions of organization politics. The sample consisted of 2,559 employees selected from 35 diverse organizations. The data was analyzed by statistical methods are descriptive statistic¡Bfactor analysis¡Breliability analysis¡B correlation analysis and regression analysis. The major findings of this study are as fallow: Perceptions of organizational politics were found have significant relevant with A type personality, Machiavellians and Internal/External lacus of control. Perceptions of organizational politics were found have significant relevant with promotion opportunity & interactive behavior of working environment factor. Perceptions of organizational politics were found have significant relevant with organizational profession, organizational democracy and position hierarchical level of organizational factor. This research provide the management tactics toward the result of empirical analysis.

This investigation uses the model proposed by Ferris et al.¡]1989¡^, the sample consisted of 802 employees selected from a big organizations in Taiwan. The data were analyzed by applying statistical methods, including factor analysis, reliability, correlation and multiple linear regressions. The process of study was divided into two stages and carry on real example analysis and accordance with the analysis result to offer management suggestions. In the first stage, studying the relationships among the perceptions of organizational politics , employee¡¦s personal influences¡Morganizational influences¡Mjob/work environment influences in T company. In the second stage, studying the relationships among the perceptions of organizational politics and organizational citizenship within T Company. The results of this study in summary are: 1. Personal factor has effects on POPs with respect to all its three dimensions. 2. Organizational factor has effects on POPs with respect to all its three dimensions. 3. POPs has effects on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with respect to all its three dimensions.

Abstract¡GThis investigation uses the model proposed by Ferris et al.,¡]1989¡^to study the relationships among the perceptions of organizational politics , employee¡¦s personal influences¡Morganizational influences¡M job/work environment influences in domestic enterprises. The sample consisted of 430 employee selected from five service organizations in Taiwan. The data were analyzed by applying statistical methods, including factor analysis, reliability, correlation and multiple linear regression. The major findings of this study are as fallow: Perceptions of organizational politics were found have a negative relationship with age¡Mtenure¡Meducation¡Mhierarchical level¡Morganizational formalization¡Mskill variety¡Mjob autonomy¡Mjob feedback¡Mrelationship with supervisor¡Mrelationship with coworker and a positive relationship with organizational centralization. Those employee with high Machiavellians¡Mtype A personality or external locus might feel higher perceptions of organizational politics.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and find the coincidental consequences of the organizational politics perception model by clustering organizational politics perception groups. This investigation uses the model proposed by Ferris et al. (1989) to study the relationships between the perceptions of organizational politics, organizational influences, work environment influences, personal influences, and study the relationships between the perceptions of organizational politics, job satisfaction, job stress, organizational commitment, work performance, job involvement, organization citizenship behavior, and exit intention. The sample consisted of 2559 employee selected from 36 organizations covering 9 industrial sectors in Taiwan. The data was analyzed by applying statistical methods, including factor, reliability, correlation, regression and multiple linear regression analysis. The different groups of perception of organizational politics were found to have been involved in the relationship between organizational influences and some personal influences. Also the different groups of perception of organizational politics were involved in the relationships between perceptions of organizational politics and employee¡¦s work performance, job involvement, job stress, organization citizenship, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.

Mental toughness is accepted to be an important component of sporting performance, especially so in the domain of cricket. It has been called many names, such as Big Match Temperament, bottle, and mettle and it is widely believed that it plays a role in how successful a cricketer may be, although very difficult to define and explain. James Loehr described it as one’s ability to consistently perform to the upper limit of your talent and skill and numerous researchers have since tried to define the construct based on more empirical research. This research project consists of three articles on mental toughness. The first focuses on the consideration of extra-personal influences on the development and implementation of mental toughness programmes. The second focuses on examining the psychometric properties of the paper-and-pencil versions of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) and the Psychological Performance Inventory-Alternative (PPI-A). The third examines the differences in the demographic characteristics of a sample of cricketers on the online versions of the SMTQ and the PPI-A. The results suggest that extra-personal influences are exceptionally important in the development and implementation of mental toughness programmes for school level cricketers, especially motivational climate and social support. While the PPI-A and the SMTQ displayed some promising psychometric properties in the current study, researchers should apply these mental toughness inventories with circumspection, taking into account questions regarding dimensionality, item formulation and variation in sample characteristics (e.g., age and sporting code), until more research can be conducted using these inventories with larger and more varied samples and the understanding of the mental toughness construct improves. The examination of the demographic differences on scores of the SMTQ and PPI-A revealed inconclusive results on age, sex, and ethnicity, while competitive level was the only distinguishing characteristic in which respondents at high levels produced higher mental toughness scores. The three studies comprising this “by articles” format PHD dissertation will be referred to as Article 1, Article 2, and Article 3 and can be found in Chapters, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. / Psychology / D.Phil. (Psychology)