No description available.

Filial piety has been a central concept in guiding Chinese thought on childrearing. Unfortunately, the U. S. research literature has used instruments that do not give adequate attention to this concept. The purpose of this study was to examine harmony and conflict between generations among Taiwanese families both in Taiwan and in the United States. In this study, two key dependent variables, parental attitudes toward childrearing and toward filial piety, were chosen. Comparisons of the two key variables between paternal grandfathers and fathers as well as maternal grandmothers and mothers among Taiwanese families were presented. A survey was conducted both in Taiwan and in the United States. Two attitudinal scales, the Child Training Scale and the Filial Piety Scale, designed by Chinese researchers David Y. F. Ho and his colleague were selected. The fathers of six-year-old boys as well as the mothers of six-year-old girls from two Chinese school programs in Massachusetts, U. S. A. were surveyed. Paternal grandfathers and fathers of six-year-old boys as well as maternal grandmothers and mothers of six-year-old girls among three kindergartens and two elementary schools in Kaohsiung, Taiwan were also investigated. A total of 407 copies for the Taiwanese sample and 29 copies for the US sample were collected. Parental attitudes toward the Child Training Scale and the Filial Piety Scale were highly correlated. Difference of means for the three maternal groups on the two Scales was highly significant. Comparison of means on the FP Scale between the grandparents and the parents was significant in the Taiwanese sample. In addition, difference of means between the parents in the Taiwanese sample and the Taiwanese parents in the US sample was significant on both the CT Scale and the FP Scale. Associations between the respondents' education, family structure, occupation or religion and their attitudes toward the two scales for the Taiwanese were also discussed.

This dissertation addresses two central debates in the scholarship on Black families: the disorganization versus superorganization debate seeking to characterize the racial differences in family organization, and the culture versus structure debate seeking to specify the causes of those differences. In combination, these debates produce four main approaches—cultural deficiency, cultural resiliency, structural resiliency, and structural destruction. Focusing on giving, receiving, and exchanging kin support as measures of family integration and using the second wave of the National Survey of Families and Households, this dissertation empirically examines these four approaches and in the process challenges the assumptions entailed in these debates. First, it suggests that neither the superorganization nor the disorganization theorists accurately capture racial distinctions in kin support. Black and White families differ in the type of support rather than in its overall prevalence. Blacks are more involved in instrumental and child care help; Whites report greater involvement in financial and emotional support. Further, gender is crucial for understanding racial differences: Black and White men are very much alike, while there are many differences among women. Racial differences also vary by kin type: Whites are more involved in intergenerational support; Blacks are more involved in support transfers with siblings and other relatives. Second, this dissertation suggests that both structure and culture are important in understanding racial differences and similarities in kin support, although structure is more important for the creation of racial differences. Blacks' structural disadvantage reduces their support involvement, producing a lower prevalence of financial and emotional support. This clearly supports the structural destruction theory. The data, however, also offer partial support for the structural resiliency approach: The lower SES of Blacks increases their instrumental help through its effects on family structure. In terms of culture, this study found that cultural values of Blacks boost their kin support, which supports the cultural resiliency approach. In contrast, the data offer no support for the cultural deficiency approach. Based on these findings, this dissertation argues that the general either/or terms of these debates are problematic and emphasizes the need for synthetic rather than dichotomous approaches to discussing Black families.

It is estimated that anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million women are abused by intimate partners and former partners in the United States every year. The emotional and physical effects of this violence can be devastating. While services to assist women are enhanced, the abuse has increased over the past twenty years. Approximately 50% to 68% will return to their abusive partners after attempting to leave. Several studies have examined the reasons women stay in abusive relationships, but relatively few have focused on the process women go through in an effort to leave their abusers permanently. This study obtained interview data from ten women who left their abusive relationships and nine women who remain with abusive partners. Using qualitative analysis, seven themes emerged from the research. Those themes included (1) all the women had hope the relationship would work; (2) there was no set pattern in how the abuse occurred or when the women recognized that they were being abused; (3) other people knew about the abuse; (4) some women took steps to end the abuse while others did not and women who utilized existing systems had varied results; (5) support from family, friends, and professionals is important for a permanent ending; (6) there is no commonality in the reason or event that caused or would cause a woman to leave; and (7) the women experienced negative effects whether they left or stayed in the relationship. This information can assist professionals who work in the field of domestic violence to enhance their understanding of what women are experiencing in an effort to achieve safety and provide further areas of research.

Assumptions of neo-classical economics have defined most career theorizing and research in management and organizational scholarship. However, over the thirty years following enactment of equal opportunity legislation in the USA, the incorporation of career experiences of women managers within this model has been uneasy. This dissertation, informed by feminist epistemological standpoints, demonstrates an approach for exploring career experiences of women managers outside traditional theoretical models. Assumed splits between organization/individual, career/private life, and objective/subjective experience, common in past scholarship, are abandoned in favor of a holistic view which considers the careers of individuals in relation to the organizational, economic, legal, governmental, and cultural contexts in which they are conducted. Adopting a comparative/polycentric research design, career experiences of women managers in two diverse societies (the USA and Finland) were studied. The inductive, socio-linguistic project was guided by two research questions: (1) How do a group of women managers in two diverse cultures frame the subjective experience of "career"? (2) What can be learned about cultural, institutional, and organizational values and priorities from the subjective expression of individually experienced lives? Using Q-methodologies for data collection in each location, career "scripts" were fashioned which connect the micro (individual) and macro (contextual) levels of analysis. Results support contentions that: (1) scholarship examining career experiences of women managers must, of necessity, include experience in both the world of work and private life; (2) universalizing career concepts are faulty because they ignore the importance of institutional form and practice in molding individual experiences; (3) scripts of career have a parochial dimension and are filtered through values of the wider culture in which they exist; (4) any study of "managerial careers" must distinguish the context in which notions of "management" exist; (5) traditional requirements of objectivity and neutrality in the research process, as well as a distancing relationship between researcher/researched, block collaborative research approaches; collaborative approaches, however, seem necessary in understanding careers in context; (6) it is important to recognize the contextual situatedness of traditional scholarship (mostly developed in the USA) when analyzing the current status of knowledge about "careers."

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine nuptial patterns among Chinese and Japanese American women. Specifically, this study compared the prevalence of and reasons for differential rates of marriage and timing of first marriage among non-Latino white, Chinese and Japanese American women. Using 1980 PUMS census data, the marriage patterns of the three racial-ethnic groups are examined. Comparisons are also made between the native born and foreign born in each racial-ethnic group. Native born Asian American women are found to have higher rates of non-marriage than their foreign born counterparts or native white women. An accelerated time model also is utilized to estimate the net effects of birth cohort, education, English proficiency, and mixed ancestry on the waiting time to first marriage for each racial-ethnic group. As expected, education significantly increases the time to first marriage among the racial-ethnic groups of women. The final section of the dissertation compares the household and socioeconomic characteristics of the never and ever married respondents. Never married women are found to have higher educations, incomes, and occupational statuses than ever married women. Native Asian American women are more frequently employed than native white women, regardless of marital status.

No description available.

Attitudes and beliefs influence how counselors practice. This study explored four psychosocial factors and their correlation to the attitudes of graduate counseling students' (N = 28) toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning (LGBTQ) individuals. The four main psychosocial factors that were identified in previous research include knowledge level, religiosity, political affiliation, and previous experience with LGBTQ individuals. The hypothesis of this study was there are relationships between attitudes toward LGBTQ individuals and the aforementioned psychosocial factors. Students were invited to participate through emails sent by the Director of the Counseling Education program. The survey used to collect data included a demographics questionnaire and three scales. The findings did not show any significant correlations between knowledge level, religiosity, and political affiliation and attitudes. Personal relationships and attitudes could not be tested due to limitations of the study. These findings were not congruent with previous research.

No description available.

No description available.