Thesis abstract Base on certain principal documents, this study focus on " Personality-type Theories of Scholars in Pre-Qin Dynasty ". There are three purposes in this work: First, discovering the prosperous thoughts of scholars in pre-Qin; and the second, providing the models of perfect persons for the modern people; the last, examining the ancient Chinese personality theories to compare those theories originated in western psychological concepts. This thesis divides eight chapters. The introduction explains respectively the motivation, hypothesis and the methodology. Those aspects focus on the advantages of the viewpoint of "philosophical study on man" and "the philosophical study on talent" in present China. The second chapter defines the "personality" and analyzes the personality types divided in western psychology. Depending on the definitions, we discuss about four personalities including the western psychological tendency, and synthesize the affiliation by comparison between the psychologist's biography and the personality theory, therefore we attends to discover the ideal personality which these psychologists expected. The third chapter discusses the personality types which the thinkers classify in Pre-Qin dynasty offering as elaborates following several chapters. From fourth to sixth chapter, we adopt the synchronic and diachronic approaches to interpret the scholars¡¦ texts about personality- type theories. Those contents are divided into three criteria: moral culture, spiritual self-restraint and the social achievement. In surmounting the boundary of nations/scholars, seventh chapter compares the theories personality types and its cultural development which reflected between western world and China. Finally the conclusion summarizes each chapter, also links up the history to manifest the influence of the classification in later generations. Furthermore, we draw the perspective for this study.

The humanitarian sector is in need to prioritize its human resources. Inadequate recruitment processes, aid workers that enter the field unprepared, failed interrelationships and team dissatisfaction leads to poorer work quality, poorer health, and a high employee turnover that are costly for the field, and negative on the side of accountability to the beneficiaries of aid. In order to address these problems the study is investigating the use of a personality type system tool developed by the researcher, the 4mpt-system (4 major personality types-system),that tentatively is constructed as a tool to be applied within human resources in the humanitarian sector to access individual preferences and character traits that would facilitate in addressing the issues mentioned above. The data is gathered via in-depth semi-structured interviews of 7 informants working in the international humanitarian sector. The first objective is to study the reliability and validity of the 4mpt-system. The second objective is to study what information that could be accessed via the 4mpt-system tool from the 7 informants participating in the study. The result of the study would demonstrate that all of the informants could be assigned to a specific temperament type via a qualitative data analyze method designed from the 4mpt-system and that the temperaments affected the informants to a large extent (from motivations and skills to organisational preferences and personal belief systems). Further, the answers of the informants matched the theoretical definitions of the traits assigned to the temperament types by Keirsey (1998) and Fisher (2009), which was a positive indication for a good validity of the 4mpt-system. By verifying the similarity between the answers of informants assigned to the same temperament type, validity was further confirmed. The results of the study supported the reliability and validity of the 4mpt -system. The type of information that could be accessed via the 4mpt-system in the study was among other the motivation for beginning in the humanitarian field, work task preferences, professional skills, problem-solving approaches, decision making processes, likes and dislikes with work and work tasks, organisational structure preference, preference for working directly in the field or working from the office, and general outlooks and personal belief systems.

The relationship between personality and work engagement and work engagement and demographic variables is investigated. The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) was used to measure personality and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) was used to measure work engagement. In contrast to the literature findings, no significant relations were found between personality and work engagement. An increased sample size per personality type or triad may yield different results. Furthermore, the RHETI operationalising of personality differs from previous research. Gender and job tenure were related to work engagement whilst ethnicity, marital status, job level and age were not. In general, results from this sample recognise that work engagement is stimulated by more than personality type, acknowledging influences of job resources, gender and job tenure. Personality is stable across situations whilst work engagement may fluctuate across employment situations. Relevant recommendations to the organisation and for future research in this regard are highlighted. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

The aim of this study was to examine if performance-based self-esteem, personality (Type A), perceived stress, age and gender predict the value of own or others life-stress (VLS). The aim was also to examine whether the variables were correlated significantly with each other. The investigation was conducted in a town in the mid-south of Sweden. The instrument consisted of two forms where the first measured Type A personality and the second tapped perform-ance-based self-esteem, perceived stress and the level of life-stress. The results showed that the level of life-stress could explain, on the basis of the predictors, performance-based self-esteem, personality (Type A), perceived stress, age and gender. Perceived stress was signifi-cantly correlated with VLS when Spearman’s test was performed but it was not a significant predictor in the MRA. Performance-based self-esteem and perceived stress were higher among the younger participants. Gender differences were found where men valued a higher level of a stressed life situation, more than women. The results also showed that a higher score on Type-A behavior resulted in a higher value of a stressed life situation.

<p>The aim of this study was to examine if performance-based self-esteem, personality (Type A), perceived stress, age and gender predict the value of own or others life-stress (VLS). The aim was also to examine whether the variables were correlated significantly with each other. The investigation was conducted in a town in the mid-south of Sweden. The instrument consisted of two forms where the first measured Type A personality and the second tapped perform-ance-based self-esteem, perceived stress and the level of life-stress. The results showed that the level of life-stress could explain, on the basis of the predictors, performance-based self-esteem, personality (Type A), perceived stress, age and gender. Perceived stress was signifi-cantly correlated with VLS when Spearman’s test was performed but it was not a significant predictor in the MRA. Performance-based self-esteem and perceived stress were higher among the younger participants. Gender differences were found where men valued a higher level of a stressed life situation, more than women. The results also showed that a higher score on Type-A behavior resulted in a higher value of a stressed life situation.</p>

In 2000, contributors to the formulation of the National Plan for Training Personnel to Serve Children with Blindness and Low Vision anticipated a severe shortage of direct service personnel as early as 2006 with an increasing negative impact on teacher numbers through the end of the decade. It is necessary to attract approximately 5,000 new teachers to the field to meet the needs of the ever-increasing population of students with visual impairments requiring specialized training.This study investigated the personality and background experiences of individuals who are attracted to work as educators with students with visual impairments. A sample of 132 teachers who had been trained at either the undergraduate or graduate level and were employed within their first five years as teachers with this specialization completed the Holland Self-Directed Search (Form CP) and a Participant Profile form to ascertain the personality types and experiences of those new to the field.The study considered three variables: (1) gender, (2) race/ethnicity, (3) teacher training level and their association with Holland personality type (RIASEC). All three variables were weak predictors of the personality type of teachers of the visually impaired as indicated by Goodman and Kruskal's tau. Results of the Holland Self-Directed Search was a stronger measure of the personality type associated with becoming a teacher of students with visual impairments. The data related to the sample revealed that 65.2% of those responding identified themselves as Social type.Teachers identified how they became aware of the field prior to making a decision to enter a teacher-training program, what their reasons were for making a decision to enter a training program to become a teacher of students with visual impairments, and which areas of their teaching experience differed from what they had expected prior to employment in the field. Limitations of the study, implications of the results for recruitment and retention of teachers of students with visual impairments, and recommendations for future research are provided.

In virtual worlds such as Second Life, participants can engage in a variety of activities with other online residents. The personality type of the resident inherently guides the activities in which he or she chooses to participate. Choices, such as communication method (i.e., group communication versus one-to-one) and in-world community participation (i.e., exploring new worlds versus building their own), can be directly linked to the personality preferences of the virtual world user. Carl Jung’s work entitled “Personality Types” (1921) is regarded as one of the foundational works in understanding the personality preferences of oneself and others. Jung’s work is the foundation for extrapolated personality theories and the basis for personality assessments on personality type. Understanding the personality types of virtual world users may help educators when designing online experiential learning activities. This understanding may also help educators understand why some students thrive with online experiential learning activities while others struggle. Utilizing a demographic survey and the Majors Personality Type Inventory, a quantitative analysis of Second Life users was conducted. An examination of a resident sample size (n=91) in relation to population norms will be outlined. Statistically significant differences between the Second LifeTM population and population norms will be discussed. The implications of this study for educators who choose to employ Second LifeTM as an experiential learning tool will also be examined. / 2013-08

The purpose of this research study was to explore the relationship between learning styles, psychological types and multiple-choice standardized achievement examination performance of nurse aide students with typology being the gross indicator using a non-experimental, comparative and descriptive approach. The study sample included nurse aide students (N = 326) seeking nurse aide certification selected through a stratified random sampling technique. The participation rate for completed MBTI® inventory was 58.42% (N = 326). The learning styles and psychological types were measured against the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® Form M in North American English. The multiple-choice standardized achievement examination performance of nurse aide students was determined by Illinois Nurse Aide Competency Examination (INACE) conducted in January 2017. All the research questions and hypotheses compared mean of overall test scores and means of overall test scores based on specific duty areas (i.e. communicating information, performing basic nursing skills, performing personal skills, performing basic restorative skills, providing mental health and social service needs, and providing for residents’ rights) between different groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The findings of the study indicated a statistically significant relationship between mean scores of nurse aide students with Sensing (S) and Intuition (N) learning preferences by perception on overall test performance and test performance based on specific duty areas of the INACE with the mean of nurse aide students with the Sensing (S) learning preference being numerically highest (M = 81.85) than Intuition (N) learning preference (M = 79.96%). Additionally, there were no statistically significant relationships between learning preferences by source of energy (Extraversion – E and Introversion – N), learning preferences by reaction to information or making decisions (Thinking – T and Feeling – F), learning preferences by preference to life style (Judging – J and Perceiving – P), learning preference combinations by orientation to energy and perception (IS, IN, ES, and EN), learning preference combinations by perception and attitude (SP, SJ, NP, and NJ), learning preference combinations by mental process (ST, SF, NF, and NT), and 16 psychological or personality types or learning approaches (ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, INTP, ESTP, ESFP, ENFP, ENTP, ESTJ, ESFJ, ENFJ, and ENTJ) and Illinois Nurse Aide Competency Examination (INACE) performance among nurse aide students. The findings suggested that students with Introversion (I), Sensing (S), Thinking (T), and Perceiving (P) learning preferences had better overall test score on the Illinois Nurse Aide Competency Examination (INACE). Further research with a larger sample is recommended. The findings from the study and review of literature will guide nurse aide trainers and students, improve Illinois Nurse Aide Competency Examination; and increase nurse aide students’ retention efforts by utilizing the MBTI® assessment tool along with understanding and implementing the underlying concepts. Keywords: Personality Type, Psychological Type, Academic Achievement, Academic Aptitude, Type Theory, Standardized MCQ Tests, Standardized Tests, Cognitive Attribute, Academic Success, Achievement Tests, Learning Styles, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®

The relationship between personality and work engagement and work engagement and demographic variables is investigated. The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) was used to measure personality and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) was used to measure work engagement. In contrast to the literature findings, no significant relations were found between personality and work engagement. An increased sample size per personality type or triad may yield different results. Furthermore, the RHETI operationalising of personality differs from previous research. Gender and job tenure were related to work engagement whilst ethnicity, marital status, job level and age were not. In general, results from this sample recognise that work engagement is stimulated by more than personality type, acknowledging influences of job resources, gender and job tenure. Personality is stable across situations whilst work engagement may fluctuate across employment situations. Relevant recommendations to the organisation and for future research in this regard are highlighted. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

The presented diploma thesis focuses on the person-centered approach in personality research and on the possibilities of predicting behavior in the online environment. The theoretical part defines different approaches to personality descriptions, with a special focus on the person-centered approach, variable-centered approach, and person-specific approach. The outputs of thematically relevant research studies are also summarized here. The empirical part describes the exploratory research, which aimed to examine the possibility of predicting the personality type of LinkedIn users in the context of the person-centered approach, based on an analysis of their profile and behavior associated with this professional social network. The standardized HEXACO-PI-R and 4Elements Personality Inventory® questionnaires were used in the research. Cluster analysis was performed on data from 118 participants who filled out the 4Elements Personality Inventory®. Based on that, 4 clusters that describes 52,2 % of the variance were formed. Furthermore, using multinomial logistic regression, two models predicting the probability of a person belonging to a certain cluster based on information about predictors were created. Another cluster analysis was performed on the data from HEXACO-PI-R, which created 6 clusters that...