Orientadores: Helder Anibal Hermini, Cecilia Amelia de Carvalho Zavaglia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T00:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gaino_MartaRegianeCorrocher_M.pdf: 3846558 bytes, checksum: b58ca2b460c15132afc714592bd49e5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O rolamento dos pés é fundamental para uma marcha humana eficiente, mas o envelhecimento traz alterações em todos os sistemas corporais, causando também modificação no rolamento dos pés durante a deambulação e uma diminuição na eficiência da marcha. Este trabalho se propôs a criar um dispositivo para, simultaneamente, captar e registrar a sequência da distribuição de cargas na região plantar dos pés durante a marcha e fornecer estímulos sonoros que auxiliem o indivíduo na compreensão da seqüência correta de rolamento dos pés. O dispositivo foi idealizado e desenvolvido por uma equipe multidisciplinar, sendo testado inicialmente nos pés da equipe e em seguida em três sujeitos acima de 60 anos de idade, para realização de ajustes. Os dados colhidos pelo protótipo foram colocados em uma planilha Excel para análise. Em vista dos resultados, são sugeridas melhorias e formas de utilização do dispositivo, que pode ser uma alternativa para uso clínico, tanto para verificação das condições de rolamento do pé na marcha, quanto para o treinamento do mesmo através do "biofeedback" sonoro. Foi encontrada uma vantagem adicional no uso dos sensores de película sensíveis ao toque, uma vez que os mesmos forneceram também um estímulo para a sensibilidade plantar. Em conclusão sugerem-se possibilidades de aprimoramento e propõem-se novos testes. / Abstract: Feet roll-over is fundamental to assure an efficient human gait but aging brings body system's alterations that cause modifications in gait's feet roll-over and diminishes gait's efficiency. This work's proposal was to elaborate and develop a device in order to simultaneously acquire e record plantar load distribution during gait and to give sound stimuli that help aged people to understand the correct feet roll-over mechanism. The device has been idealized and developed by a multidisciplinary team. In order to verify the device efficiency or problems, it has been tried on by the researchers and in three persons above 60 years old, aiming to make adjustments. The collected data have been gathered in Excel spreadsheet in order to be analyzed. Improvements and use possibilities are suggested based in the results. The device can be an alternative to clinical procedures, both to feet roll-over verification or training with sound biofeedback. An additional advantage has been found since the touch pellicle sensors showed to be a good source of sensitive stimuli to the feet's plantar region. In conclusion, improvements and tests of usage possibilities have been suggested. / Mestrado / Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The electric vehicle itself today outlives its battery, necessitating battery replacement. Lithium titanium oxide (LTO) has, in this context, been suggested as a new anode material in heavy electric vehicle applications due to intrinsic properties regarding safety, lifetime and availability. The work presented here is focused on the LTO electrode/electrolyte interface. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has been applied to determine how and if the usage of LTO could prevent extensive anode-side electrolyte decomposition and build-up of a surface layer. The presence of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) comprising LiF, carbonates and ether compounds was found in half-cells utilizing a standard ethylene:diethylcarbonate electrolyte with 1 M LiPF6. Via testing of symmetrical LTO-LTO cells, the stability of the formed SEI was put in to question. Moreover, the traditional polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) binder was replaced by more environmentally benign carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyacrilic acid (PAA) binders in LTO electrodes, and it was found that CMC helped to form a more stable surface-layer that proved beneficial for long term cycling. Following the half-cell studies, full-cells were investigated to observe how different cathodes influence the SEI of LTO. The SEI in full-cells displayed characteristics similar to the half-cells, however, when utilizing a high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode, more electrolyte decomposition could be observed. Increasing the operational temperature of this battery cell generated even more degradation products on the LTO electrodes. Mn was also found on the anode when using Mn-based cathodes, however, it was found in its ionic state and did not significantly affect the composition or behavior of the observed SEI layer. Furthermore, by exchanging the electrolyte solvent for propylene carbonate, the thickness of the SEI increased, and by replacing the LiPF6 salt for LiBF4 the stability of the SEI improved. Thus is it demonstrated that such a passivation can be beneficial for the long-term surface stability of the electrode. These findings can therefore help prolong the lifetime of LTO-based battery chemistries.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate how does child's age affect the identification and categorization of audio and audio-visual recordings of dog barks expressing the emotion of anger, sadness and happiness. The key importance was in to reveal in what age is the child able to distinguish safely among dog's emotions and the situations during which the recordings were taken. Moreover, the study also researches in what age is the child able to match the typical expressions of the human's facial muscles. The study also aimed to research the influence of gender, experience with the dog and type of the recording (audio/video) on respondent's final decision. 265 children from nursery and primary schools in the age of 4 to 12 years were included in the study. The same version of the questionnaire was given to all of the respondents and every one of them evaluated identical recordings. The questionnaire and secondary material were arranged in the form of illustrations and coloured codes due to the lower age limit of children. It has been shown that age and type of emotion captured in the recording played important role when children were identifying and categorizing them. The success of correct responds was rising with the higher age of children, whereas concrete misinterpretations appeared among...

Doctor en Ciencias, Mención Computación / Existen muchas variables que influyen en el éxito de un proyecto de software; sin embargo es ampliamente reconocido que el uso de Prácticas de Ingeniería de Requisitos (PIR) apropiadas contribuye en dicho éxito. Por esta razón es posible encontrar muchas PIR reportadas en la literatura. Sin embargo, a pesar de que estas PIR suelen estar bastante bien descritas, los autores no siempre proveen información clara acerca del contexto del proyecto (por ejemplo, tipo de proyecto, tipo de cliente, experiencia del equipo de desarrollo, duración del proyecto, etc.) en el que son útiles. Por lo tanto, determinar las PIR más apropiadas para un proyecto dado pude ser difícil para una empresa de software, en particular para las pequeñas empresas de software (PES), que usualmente encuentran un gran desafío en la selección de las PIR más apropiadas para un proyecto dado. Con el propósito de ayudar a los ingenieros de procesos o jefes de proyectos de una PES en este problema, este trabajo de investigación realizó un estudio empírico para lograr entender cuán útiles son las PIR para las PES reportadas en la literatura. Después de haber realizado una revisión literaria, se identificaron 266 PIR para las PES. Luego, este conjunto fue reducido y simplificado tomando en consideración similitudes entre los objetivos de dichas PIR y su granularidad. Finalmente, se logró identificar un conjunto de 45 PIR como potencialmente útiles (según la literatura) para las PES. Para entender la utilidad de estas PIR propuestas en la literatura, se realizaron varios casos de estudio en dos tipos de ambientes de desarrollo de software: (1) un ambiente académico, donde proyectos de software para clientes reales son desarrollados por alumnos del 5to año de ingeniería civil en computación de la universidad de Chile; y (2) un ambiente de la industria, donde se estudiaron cinco PES chilenas bien establecidas en el mercado. Luego de haber estudiado en profundidad los procesos de software y las PIR en cada uno de estos dos escenarios, este estudio encontró que casi la mitad de las PIR (47%, 21 de 45) son usadas por las PES en todos sus proyectos, sin importar el contexto de dichos proyectos. Esto sugiere que hay un conjunto de PIR que toda PES bebería incluir en sus procesos de software. Este estudio también encontró que un 22% de las PIR (10 de 45) son usados por las PES dependiendo del contexto de sus proyectos. En particular, las PES estudiadas usan estas PIR solamente cuando desarrollan nuevos proyectos. El restante 31% de las PIR (14 de 45) es raramente o nunca usado por las PES en sus proyectos de software. Estos resultados pueden guiar a los ingenieros de procesos y jefes de proyectos cada vez que tengan que definir las PIR más adecuadas para sus proyectos de software. De esta forma se estaría ayudando a reducir el nivel de incertidumbre acerca de la potencial utilidad que tienen las PIR para las PES.

In the present thesis structure, morphology, chemical and electronic properties of the Pt - Au/tungsten oxide model system were investigated by means of RHEED, AFM and PES. The epitaxial tungsten oxide thin films were prepared by oxidation of W(110) single-crystal surface using a RF oxygen plasma source followed by thermal annealing. Gold and Platinum were deposited "in-situ" by evaporation. Gold or platinum deposition led to the growth of oriented particles having (111) epitaxial plane as well as to the growth of polycrystalline phase. Platinum encapsulation was proved by CO adsorption observed by SRPES. Deposition of the second metal led to the formation of core - shell bimetallic clusters. Detail structure of the bimetallic system depends on the order of deposited metals and the substrate temperature. Thermal stability of the system was investigated by heating up to 600 řC.

This research analyzes private and social costs of forest conservation in Yaque del Norte watershed, DR. It calculates private costs as average annual income from farming activities and social costs as the externalities from erosion and CO2 emissions. Social cost estimates are based on the difference in erosion and CO2 between conserved forest and other land use categories. The effect of soil erosion on the wellbeing of people is measured by its effect on reduced space at Tavera dam for water availability to generate electricity and to irrigate agricultural lands downstream. The social cost of increased annual carbon emission from potential land use change is estimated using IPCC default emission factors and social cost of carbon estimates. Private costs are inferred from a nonlinear binary response model that estimates the relative importance of factors affecting forest conservation decisions of households. Results show that payment level, measured through rental value, is not significant for landholders' decisions to sign a PES contract. Annual cropland is the most profitable land use in the area. Other important, but less profitable, land covers are pasture, coffee and managed forest. Cropland also generates the highest cost for society in terms of erosion and CO2 emissions. The comparison of private and social costs shows that only livestock generates a social cost that exceeds average private income. If forest conservation were to be justified based on social benefits, the analysis must include a more comprehensive assessment of what people value from conserved forest in YNW, such as the effect of erosion for water treatment costs. Any proposal to retain forests social benefits, such as REDD+ initiative, should take into account the high cost forgone by forest owners when deciding the distribution of benefits of carbon sequestration. / Master of Science / Environmental services generate benefits for both private and public entities, which increases the complexity of calculating optimal levels for payment for environmental services (PES). A pilot PES project in the Yaque del Norte watershed of the Dominican Republic is an excellent example of this complexity; with benefits from upland forest conservation accruing to a hydroelectric company, a water supply company, and society at large. Reducing soil erosion through forest conservation can preserve dam capacity for hydro-electric power generation, preserve water quality and lower treatment costs, and reduce the global economic costs of CO₂ emissions. This study evaluates the socio-economic costs of forestland conservation in the Yaque del Norte catchment. The social benefits of carbon stored under forest land are compared to benefits under alternative land uses. In addition, forest land benefits from erosion prevention are estimated using a Universal Soil Loss Equation. Calculated benefits from forestland conservation are then compared to landuse opportunity cost estimates generated through a farm-level survey in the area. Study results show that the opportunity cost of forest conservation in the Yaque del Norte is high; ranging from between RD$10,000 and RD$200,000 per hectare per year. If society values carbon and soil retention as the direct benefits drawn from conserved forest, only lands with low very opportunity costs will be conserved. However, inclusion of the indirect external benefits of forestland conversion suggests that in many cases forest conservation generates greater social benefits than the private benefits associated with alternative land uses from conversion. PES payment levels of RD$5,000/ha/yr that internalize these external social benefits to forest land holders appear to be sufficient to preserve a significant share of current land and generate net social benefits. Further, part of the costs of these PES payments can be borne by hydro-electric and water companies, as they benefit directly from forest land conservation.

Author: Bc. Kateřina Kellerová Title: Foot Arch in Childhood Problem definition: The most often diagnosis related to the foot arch in childhood is definitely flexible flat foot also called pes planovalgus. Because of that this thesis will be mostly oriented on this diagnosis. There are many articles about flexible flat foot and many studies were oriented on this problem. The informations about etiology, influencing factors or therapy are sometimes discordant in different articles. But almost all of them contain one same statement which says that the prevalence of this diagnosis is decreasing as the foot arch is changing during the child's growth. It means in older children there is not flexible flat foot so often as in the younger ones. But there is no detailed description of the dynamics of these changes of the foot arch in childhood. Aim of this thesis: The aim of this thesis is to find out the development of the foot arch in children of pre-school age. In other words to run the survey to find out the changes of the foot arch in children of pre-school age which occurs in six months. Method: The survey contains anamnesis questionnare for parents and also these examinations: footprints, examination of joint laxity, mobility of hip joint, position of knee, patellae and heel, Jack's test, posibility...

Lors de leur utilisation à l’échelle industrielle, les membranes polymères de filtration sont régulièrement soumises à des sollicitations chimiques lors des étapes de nettoyage et de désinfection. Bien que ces opérations restent inévitables pour restaurer les performances des membranes et prévenir la prolifération des micro-organismes, il s’avère néanmoins qu’elles conduisent à un vieillissement prématuré des membranes en conduisant à l’altération de leurs performances de filtration. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier l’impact de l’hypochlorite de sodium, agent de nettoyage et de désinfection largement utilisé en industrie, sur les membranes en polyéthersulfone (PES) / polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Des mesures électrocinétiques ont mis en évidence la dégradation du PES bien qu’il soit considéré comme un polymère très résistant chimiquement. Cette dégradation se produit par deux mécanismes distincts en fonction du pH de la solution d’hypochlorite de sodium : (i) la coupure de chaines du PES, principalement sous l’action de l’espèce HClO et (ii) l’hydroxylation du cycle aromatique du PES par les radicaux °OH formés au sein de la solution d’hypochlorite de sodium. La dégradation de la PVP par ouverture du cycle et son départ partiel de la membrane ont également été confirmés. Les expériences menées conjointement sur des membranes en PES pur et en PES/PVP avec différentes concentrations de PVP ont montré que la dégradation du PES par coupure de chaines se produit indépendamment de la concentration de la PVP dans la membrane. Par contre, la présence de la PVP favorise le mécanisme d’hydroxylation des cycles aromatiques du PES. Par ailleurs, le mécanisme de coupure de chaines du PES se révèle être le principal responsable de la détérioration des performances de filtration des membranes. Dans les conditions de vieillissement appliquées dans cette étude, ni l’hydroxylation du PES ni la dégradation de la PVP ne semblent jouer un rôle important dans la dégradation des propriétés de rétention des membranes. Enfin, la structure des membranes est fortement altérée sous l’action de l’hypochlorite de sodium, les modifications structurales étant plus importantes pour les membranes contenant de la PVP. / During industrial operations, filtration polymer membranes are regularly chemically-stressed during cleaning and disinfection steps. Although these latter are still unavoidable to restore the membrane performance and to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms, they lead, however, to membrane premature ageing, which impairs the membrane separation properties. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of sodium hypochlorite, a widely used cleaning and disinfection agent, on polyethersulfone (PES) / polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) membranes. Electrokinetic measurements highlighted the degradation of PES, although the chemical resistance of this latter is well-acknowledged. The degradation of PES occurred through two distinct mechanisms depending on the pH of the sodium hypochlorite solution: (i) the PES-chain scission, which was found to result mainly from the HClO species, and (ii) the hydroxylation of the PES aromatic rings by the °OH free radicals that are formed in the sodium hypochlorite solution. Moreover, the degradation of PVP by a ring opening mechanism and its partial release from the membrane were confirmed. Experiments carried out with pure PES membranes as well as with PES / PVP membranes with different PVP contents showed that the PES-chain scission mechanism occurred whatever the PVP concentration. On the other hand, the presence of PVP was found to promote the hydroxylation of the PES aromatic rings. Furthermore, the PES-chain scission mechanism appeared to play the major role in the worsening of the membrane filtration performance. Under the ageing conditions of this study it seems that neither the PES hydroxylation nor the PVP degradation play a significant role in the worsening of the membrane rejection properties. Finally, the membrane structure was found to be substantially altered by the action of sodium hypochlorite, especially for membranes containing PVP.

Water aerosols affect the climate because they have an impact on the radiation balance and cloud formation. Water is present in all forms in the atmosphere (water, ice and steam), for example as rain and hail. Water aerosols play an important role in many biological and chemical processes in the atmosphere. The most common form of water in the atmosphere is water droplets or vapor which often come from oceans and lakes and these aerosols often contain organic compounds. It is therefore interesting to study if organic compounds, in this case glycerol, will reside on the surface or inside the water droplets. The investigations were performed by using theoretical studies, molecular dynamic simulations in GROMACS, and experimental investigations; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with a liquid jet. The experiments were performed at BESSY II, Berlin. The concentrations of glycerol were varied from 75:1; 8:1 to 4:1 (water: glycerol molecules). The results were that the experiments and simulations indicated that when theconcentration of glycerol increased the glycerol concentration at the surface of the waterdroplet increases until a monolayer of glycerol molecules was formed at the surface. When the monolayer was formed (or close to) less and less glycerol molecules were placed at thewater surface and more and more glycerol molecules were placed in the bulk of the waterdroplet. / Vattenaerosoler påverkar klimatet eftersom de har en inverkan på strålningsbalansen och molnbildningen. Vatten finns i alla former i atmosfären (vatten, is och ånga) som bland annat regn och hagel. Vatten aerosolerna spelar en viktig roll i många kemiska och biologiska processer i atmosfären. Den vanligaste formen av vatten i atmosfären är små vattendroppar eller ånga som ofta kommer från hav och sjöar och som ofta innehar organiska föreningar. Då vattenaerosoler påverkar klimatet och organiska föreningar är vanligt förekommande i vattendroppar är det intressant att undersöka om organiska föreningar, i detta fall glycerol, hamnar på ytan eller inuti vattnet. Undersökningarna har gjorts genom att använda teoretiska perspektiv, molekylärdynamiska simuleringar i GROMACS, samt experimentella undersökningar i form av röntgen fotoelektronspektroskopi med en vätskejet. Dessa experiment utfördes i BESSY II, Berlin. Koncentrationerna av glycerol varierades från75:1; 8:1 till 4:1 (vatten: glycerolmolekyler). Resultaten från experimenten och simuleringarna indikerade att när koncentrationen av glycerol ökade så ökade glycerolkoncentrationen på ytan av vattendroppen tills det bildades ett monolager av glycerolmolekyler på vattenytan. När monolagret hade bildats så placerades mindre och mindre glycerolmolekyler på vattenytan och fler och fler glycerolmolekyler placerades inne i vattendroppen.

The work is focused on the issue of relations between people and their dogs in a selected group. Its aim is to present what relationships are created between people and their dogs and if there are such cases when the relationship that has been developed with a dog, replaces, complements or simulates to its owner any of interpersonal relationships. And finally, how such relationships look like and for what reasons can be formed. The work consists of a theoretical part, which includes a chapter summarizing the current state of knowledge of the subject, thus representing the relevant literature and authors who have worked on and written about the same or similar field already. In addition, the chapter briefly describes the history of men and dogs union, moment of their connection and the development of relationships and roles. The work also contains a research part, an empirical survey. The research approach is a qualitative survey, mainly driven by scenarios interviews and observations. Every step taken in research and subsequent analysis are based on the methodological literature. Key words: Dog in society, the family dog, human-animal relationships, pets