O trabalho é proposto visando melhorar o consumo de xilose na bactéria Burkholderia sacchari utilizando o acúmulo de PHB como modelo de produção Foi desenvolvido um processo de evolução por meio da aplicação de feast and famine e Cultivos sequenciais em fase exponencial. Foi obtida uma linhagem mutante com uma velocidade especifica de crescimento de 0,24 h -1. Foi feita uma análise de fluxos metabólicos da qual foi possível concluir que o metabolismo da xilose acontecia em sua maioria pela VP junto com a ED. Foi feito um ensaio de acumulo com carbono marcado utilizando uma solução de xilose, de 20:80 de xilose marcada 13C em todos os carbonos e xilose não marcado, para determinar quais seriam as possíveis vias metabólicas no uso da xilose por parte de B. sacharia LFM 101 e da linhagem evoluída BSEV11. Foi determinado que houve embaralhamento de carbonos, fato que só acontece quando o metabolismo da xilose e feito pela VP junto com a via ED, assim foi possível conferir a via ED como principal via para o metabolismo da xilose em B. sacchari LFM 101. / To evaluate the possibilities of improving the productivity of PHA production from xylose, evolutionary engineering techniques were applied to B. sacchari to select cells with maximum specific growth rates (max) higher than the wild type. Metabolic flux analysis was also performed to evaluate the fluxes through central pathways and the possibility of further improvements by modifying fluxes rates. The evolved strain reached a max of 0.24 ± 0.01 h-1 at the end of the evolutionary process. Strains were submitted to bioreactor experiments. A metabolic network of the strain was usedn to determine the possible distribution of metabolic fluxes. A total of 19 elementary modes were obtained. It was concluded that the metabolism of xylose occurred mostly by VP along with the ED. The ED pathway has the major activity going on in a cyclic way. It was also performed a 13C labeled xylose assay, in which it was possibly to confirm the obtained results from the metabolic flux analyses.

Os microrganismos constituem dois terços da diversidade biológica na Terra, no entanto, muitos deles não podem ser cultivados por técnicas tradicionais. Portanto, o acesso a esta diversidade tem sido feita através da utilização de técnicas independentes de cultivo. Diante deste panorama, a metagenômica apresenta-se como uma alternativa, pois dispensa a necessidade de cultivo. Tal técnica possibilita inclusive a identificação e utilização do potencial metabólico destes organismos para o desenvolvimento de novos processos e produtos. Os polihidroxialcanoatos (PHAs) são poliésteres bacterianos, acumulados intracelularmente em forma de grânulos, cujas propriedades são similares a de alguns plásticos de origem petroquímica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e avaliar a diversidade de genes relacionados à produção de PHAs em bibliotecas metagenômicas de solo. A prospecção realizada resultou na identificação de clones contendo o gene phaC. De uma forma geral, pôde-se concluir que ainda há uma grande diversidade deste gene a ser descoberta no ambiente estudado. / Microorganisms constitute two third of the Earth\'s biological diversity, however, many of them cannot be cultured by standard techniques. Therefore, access to this diversity has been achieved through the use of culture-independent techniques. Facing this scenario, the metagenomic presents itself as an alternative, since it eliminates the need for cultivation. This technique also allows the identification and use of the metabolic pathways of these organisms to develop new processes and products. The polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bacterial polyesters accumulated as granules, whose properties are similar to some plastics of petrochemical origin. The aim of this work was to identify and access the diversity of genes related to PHAs production in soil metagenomic libraries. The screening resulted in the identification of clones containing the phaC gene. In a general way, it was concluded that there is still a considerable diversity of this gene to be discovered in the study environment.

The proposed diploma thesis aims to study the biotechnological production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) copolymer. The subject of the experimental part was first to select a suitable bacterial strain from five selected microorganisms with different carbon precursors applied at various concentrations. The five selected microorganisms used in the experimental part include bacterial strains Cupriavidus malaysiensis DSM 19416, DSM 19379, and DSM 25816. Furthermore, the strain Thermomonas hydrothermalis DSM 14834 and Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus H1 CCM 8960. The experiment shows that the most suitable candidate for biotechnological production is the bacterial microorganism Cupriavidus malaysiensis DSM 19379. Finally, the biotechnological production of the copolymer was investigated utilizing a batch cultivation technique in a laboratory bioreactor.

The aim of this work is to study the possibility of microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). PHA can be used as biodegradable materials. Bacterial strain Cupriavidus necator was used for laboratory production of PHA. This bacterium was cultivated in medium with various precursors to produce copolymers of 3HB with 3HV or 4HB. Another part of the work was aimed at cultivation of C. necator on different waste substrates, especially oils, with the aim to achieve the highest production of polymer. Another large part of the thesis is dedicated to isolation strategies of PHA using enzymes. Commercially used proteases – alcalase and pancreatin – can be used with advantages for digestion of bacterial cells. A number of optimization experiments showed that application of proteases leads to enhancement of PHA purity to about 13%. Purity increase up to 90 % was achieved by adding a surfactant, which promotes the solubility of non-PHA forming polymer. This surfactant increases the purity of 20 % when compared to control. The last part of presented work deals with the use of enzyme solution isolated from Bacillus subtilis medium. Its application to C. necator culture led to the yield of polymer at a purity exceeding 95 %. These results could represent the basis for new isolation strategies, which can lead to more efficient yield of PHA.

The aim of this work is study of utilization of PHA producing bacteria in bioremediation technologies. For this study were used bacteria Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and two isolates from soil contaminated by petroleum - Pseudomonas gessardii (D2) a Pseudomonas fulva (D3). The experimental part describes especially study of feather biodegradation using selected microbial strains. All the tested bacterial strains were capable of feather degradation and utilization as the sole carbon source. During biodegradation experiment, we monitored weight loss of feather, protease and keratinase activity, concentration of bacterial biomass and PHA content as well as pH. The highest biodegradation ability and keratinase activity was observed in Pseudomonas putida. None of tested bacteria accumulated detectable amount of PHA during growth on waste feather, nevertheless, bacterial biomass grown during feather degradation can be used as an inoculum for PHA production on waste frying oil and octanoic acid. Using this experimental setup, high PHA content (54% of cell dry weight) was achiaved in Pseudomonas putida. Another part of the thesis deals with biodegradation of petroleum oil. The highest capability of growth on this carbon source were determined in Pseudomonas fulva.

Pseudomonas putida produz PHA de cadeia média (PHAMCL) a partir de carboidratos e óleos vegetais. Genes de biossíntese de P3HB (poli-3-hidroxibutirato) de Ralstonia eutropha foram inseridos em P. putida IPT046 selvagem e mutantes PHA-. A expressão de phaC, codificador da PHA sintase, permitiu o acumulo de PHA com alto teor de 3HB, indicando que P. putida possui enzimas geradoras de 3HB. A expressão de phaB mostrou que seu produto canaliza 3HB e 3-hidroxihexanoato (3HHx) da <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946-oxidação para a PHA sintase. Ao expressar phaC em IPT461, afetado na PHA sintase, 30% de P3HB-co-3HHx-co-3HO foram produzidos a partir de carboidratos, mostrando que há vias metabólicas eficientes para suprir 3HAMCL, que são incorporados pela PHA sintase de R. eutropha. Usando transposon mini-Tn5, obtiveram-se mutantes deficientes na biossíntese de PHA a partir de glicose ou glicose e octanoato. Não se detectaram mutantes exclusivamente deficientes no acúmulo de PHA a partir de octanoato, indicando que diferentes produtos gênicos canalizam intermediários da <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946-oxidação para a síntese de PHA. / Pseudomonas putida produces medium-chain-length PHA (PHAMCL) from carbohydrates and plant oils. Recombinants harboring the P3HB (polyhydroxybutyrate) biosynthesis genes from Ralstonia eutropha were constructed on P. putida IPT046 wild type and PHA- mutants. Expression of phaC, encoding, PHA synthase, allowed the synthesis of PHA with high 3HB content, indicating that P. putida has enzymes to generate 3HB. Expression of phaB showed that its product channels 3HB and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) from <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946-oxidation to the PHA synthase. When phaC was expressed on IPT461, affected in the PHA synthase, 30% P3HB-co-3HHx-co-3HO were accumulated from carbohydrates, showing that there are metabolic pathways efficient to supply 3HAMCL, which are incorporated by the R. eutropha PHA synthase. Using mini-Tn5 transposon, mutants deficient on PHA biosynthesis from glucose or glucose and octanoate were produced. No mutant deficient exclusively on PHA biosynthesis from octanoate was detected. Thus different gene products may channel intermediates from <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946-oxidation to PHA biosynthesis.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters composed of (R)-3-hydroxy-fatty acids. A variety of gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria and some archaea are able to produce these biopolymers as energy and carbon storage materials. In times of unbalanced growth, when carbon is available in excess but other nutrients are limited, PHA inclusions are formed. These granules are water-insoluble, stored intracellularly and can be maintained outside the cell as beads. The key enzyme for the formation of PHA inclusions is the PHA synthase PhaC, which catalyses the polymerization of (R)- 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to PHA with the concomitant release of CoA. The PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha (currently Cupriavidus necator), which is covalently bound to the PHA granule surface, tolerates fusions to its N terminus without loss of activity. In this study it was investigated if it would also tolerate translational fusions to its C terminus. A specially designed linker was employed, aiming at maintaining the hydrophobic surroundings of the R. eutropha synthase C terminus to allow proper folding and activity. Two reporter proteins were tested as fusion partners, the maltose binding protein MalE and the green fluorescent protein GFP. As GFP is a hydrophobic protein itself, no additional linker between the PHA synthase and the reporter protein was necessary to produce PHA granules displaying the functional fusion protein on the surface. Principally, the PHA synthase PhaC tolerates translational fusions to its C terminus but the nature of the fusion partner influences the functionality. Recently, PHA granules have often been acknowledged as bio-beads. A one-step production allows the formation of functionalised beads without the need for further cross-linking to impart desired surface properties. PHA beads displaying a gold- or silica-binding peptide at the N terminus of PhaC were constructed and tested for their applicability. Additionally, these beads were able to bind IgG due to the ZZ domain of the IgG binding protein A, which was employed as a linker sequence. These functionalised beads can be used as molecular tools in bioimaging and biomedicine, combining organic core with inorganic-binding shell structures. In a different biomimetic approach, the display of ten lysine residues at the granule surface was achieved using the phasin protein PhaP as the anchoring matrix. Extensive work was performed in an attempt to also employ the synthase protein, but was unsuccessful. These positively charged bio-beads can be used for dispersion or crosslinking experiments as well as silica binding.

Pseudomonas putida produz PHA de cadeia média (PHAMCL) a partir de carboidratos e óleos vegetais. Genes de biossíntese de P3HB (poli-3-hidroxibutirato) de Ralstonia eutropha foram inseridos em P. putida IPT046 selvagem e mutantes PHA-. A expressão de phaC, codificador da PHA sintase, permitiu o acumulo de PHA com alto teor de 3HB, indicando que P. putida possui enzimas geradoras de 3HB. A expressão de phaB mostrou que seu produto canaliza 3HB e 3-hidroxihexanoato (3HHx) da <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946-oxidação para a PHA sintase. Ao expressar phaC em IPT461, afetado na PHA sintase, 30% de P3HB-co-3HHx-co-3HO foram produzidos a partir de carboidratos, mostrando que há vias metabólicas eficientes para suprir 3HAMCL, que são incorporados pela PHA sintase de R. eutropha. Usando transposon mini-Tn5, obtiveram-se mutantes deficientes na biossíntese de PHA a partir de glicose ou glicose e octanoato. Não se detectaram mutantes exclusivamente deficientes no acúmulo de PHA a partir de octanoato, indicando que diferentes produtos gênicos canalizam intermediários da <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946-oxidação para a síntese de PHA. / Pseudomonas putida produces medium-chain-length PHA (PHAMCL) from carbohydrates and plant oils. Recombinants harboring the P3HB (polyhydroxybutyrate) biosynthesis genes from Ralstonia eutropha were constructed on P. putida IPT046 wild type and PHA- mutants. Expression of phaC, encoding, PHA synthase, allowed the synthesis of PHA with high 3HB content, indicating that P. putida has enzymes to generate 3HB. Expression of phaB showed that its product channels 3HB and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) from <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946-oxidation to the PHA synthase. When phaC was expressed on IPT461, affected in the PHA synthase, 30% P3HB-co-3HHx-co-3HO were accumulated from carbohydrates, showing that there are metabolic pathways efficient to supply 3HAMCL, which are incorporated by the R. eutropha PHA synthase. Using mini-Tn5 transposon, mutants deficient on PHA biosynthesis from glucose or glucose and octanoate were produced. No mutant deficient exclusively on PHA biosynthesis from octanoate was detected. Thus different gene products may channel intermediates from <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946-oxidation to PHA biosynthesis.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to subject selected cyanobacterial strains to adaptive evolution and subsequently investigate the properties of the resulting adapted strains, especially their changes related to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation. The theoretical part of the work describes in more detail the issue of cyanobacteria, PHA and their interconnection in the field of evolutionary engineering. Cyanobacterial strains Synechocystis sp 6803 and. Synechocystis salina CCALA 192 were used for evolutionary experiments. Selection pressures of hydrogen peroxide and copper. were applied to selected representatives. The resulting cultures and their ability to accumulate PHA were subsequently assessed by gas chromatography. Both of these selection pressures proved to be unsuitable, as strong growth inhibition was observed after their application to cultures, which did not allow the application of evolutionary engineering methods. In the second half of the experimental part, the provided adapted strains to 6% NaCl were monitored. Adaptation has been shown to have a positive effect on microorganisms, as they have a higher biomass content, better stress resistance and a slight increase in PHA accumulation.

This diploma thesis deals with the application of evolutionary engineering to PHA producing bacterial strains. The aim of the thesis is to prepare strains adapted to levulinic acid, a selected stress factor, by methods of evolutionary engineering, and then to characterize these strains. The theoretical part deals with evolutionary engineering and polyhydroxyalkanoates predominantly. The bacterial strain Cupriavidus necator H16 was used for evolutionary experiments. Levulinic acid and levulinic acid in the presence of the MMS mutagen were applied to prepare adapted strains. Selection of mutants was evaluated on the basis of growth potential and PHA content in biomass. Polymers produced by five obtained PHA-producing mutants and control were characterized using GC-FID, SEC-MALS, DSC and FT-IR. It was found that a higher content of 3HV in the copolymer led to a lower crystallinity and hence to a lower melting point, nevertheless, only the copolymer of the M0151 strain did not fit this trend. In addition to the characteristics of the polymers, the strains themselves were evaluated from the biochemical point of view by determining the activities of selected enzymes of the citrate, glyoxalate and 2-methylcitrate cycle, selected enzymes generating NADPH, levulic acid catabolism enzyme and PHA biosynthesis enzymes. On the basis of the obtained data, the possible adaptation strategies were discussed, when the E0575 strain was most differentiated from original culture. Values of specific enzyme activities were subjected to AHC and PCA statistical analysis methods.