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Filogenia molecular de fungos gasteroides das ordens Phallales e Geastrales (Phallomycetidae) / Molecular phylogeny of gasteroid fungi from phallales And geastrales orders (phallomycetidae)Cabral, Tiara Sousa 15 July 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-07-15 / Gasteroids fungi are characterized by the basidiospores maturation inside the
basidioma, from which spores liberation occurs in a passive manner. These fungi were
once seen as a well definite class of Basidiomycota, but nowadays they are considered
an artificial assemblage, because the organisms have independent evolutionary histories
forming a polyphyletic group with a vast morphological variety. Despite their diversity,
studies with this group in the tropics are incipient, and the phylogenetic relationships of
the species from temperate climate remain unknown. Thus, this work aimed to
elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of gasteroids fungi from the Geastrales and
Phallales orders, with the inclusion of tropical and temperate species, and with these
analyses suggest a systematic position of species like Asero? floriformis and Phallus
roseus, as well as to verify if the lignicolous habit can indicate parental relationship in
the Geastrum genus. For this, basidiomata were collected at Atlantic rain forest areas,
during the rainy season, and the specimen identification followed specific literature for
gasteroid fungi. The phylogenetic analyses were performed with Maximum Parsimony
and Bayesian Analysis, making use of RPB2 and 28S nuclear genes and atp6
mitochondrial gene. It could be observed on the Phallales dendogram, that Asero?
floriformis did not cluster with A. rubra, and that it has an anterior divergence from all
others species of the family Clathraceae used in this analysis, assuming a basal position
in the clade. Phallus roseus, which once was recognized as Itajahya, has previous
divergence from the group formed by Phallus species. At the Geastrales dendogram, in
the group corresponding to Geastrum genus, it could be observed that species with
lignicolous habitat clustered in a clade with high support values. So, the results suggest
the creation of a new genus to accommodate A. floriformis, and the revalidation of
Itajahya, as well as it can be affirmed that the lignicolous habitat on the Geastrum
genus in fact indicates parental relationships, and that it has arised only once at the
evolutionary history of the genus / Os fungos gasteroides s?o reconhecidos pela matura??o dos basidi?sporos dentro do
basidioma, cuja libera??o ocorre de forma passiva. Esses fungos j? foram vistos como
uma classe bem definida de Basidiomycota, mas atualmente s?o considerados um grupo
artificial, por tratar-se de organismos com hist?rias evolutivas independentes formando
um grupo polifil?tico com grande diversidade morfol?gica. Apesar da grande
diversidade, estudos com esse grupo nos tr?picos ainda ? incipiente, e as rela??es
filogen?ticas com esp?cies de regi?es temperadas permanecem desconhecidas. Dessa
forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho elucidar as rela??es filogen?ticas de fungos
gasteroides das ordens Geastrales e Phallales, com a inclus?o de esp?cies tropicais e de
regi?es temperadas, e atrav?s dessas an?lises conhecer a rela??o de Asero? floriformis e
Phallus roseus com outros membros do grupo, assim como verificar se o h?bito
lign?cola em Geastrum pode indicar rela??o de parentesco. Para isso, coletas de
basidiomas foram realizadas em ?reas de Mata Atl?ntica em per?odo chuvoso, com a
identifica??o dos esp?cimes seguindo bibliografia espec?fica para fungos gasteroides.
Para as an?lises filogen?ticas foram utilizados os m?todos de M?xima Parcim?nia e
An?lise Bayesiana, utilizando-se os genes nucleares RPB2 e 28S, e o gene mitocondrial
atp6. Observou-se no dendograma obtido para a ordem Phallales, que Asero? floriformis
n?o se agrupou com A. rubra, apresentando diverg?ncia anterior a todas as esp?cies da
fam?lia Clathraceae utilizadas na an?lise, assumindo uma posi??o basal no clado. J?
Phallus roseus, antes reconhecido como Itajahya, possui diverg?ncia anterior ao grupo
formado pelas esp?cies de Phallus. No dendograma da ordem Geastrales, no
grupamento correspondente ao g?nero Geastrum, p?de-se observar esp?cies que
possuem h?bito lign?cola se agrupando com alto valor de suporte. Assim, os resultados
sugerem a cria??o de um novo g?nero para acomodar A. floriformis, e a revalida??o do
g?nero Itajahya, assim como se pode afirmar que o h?bito lign?cola em Geastrum de
fato indica rela??es de parentesco, aparentemente tendo surgindo apenas uma vez na
hist?ria evolutiva do grupo
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