For this work the Geo-referenced Regional Exposure Assessment Tool for European Rivers (GREAT-ER) was developed further to support river basin management and the implementation process within the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). This was achieved through predicting spatially resolved pharmaceutical exposure concentrations in whole watersheds. A major focus of this thesis has been placed on modeling challenging watersheds, whereby challenging can refer to hydrological conditions in a watershed as well as to specific emission patterns that occur within the watersheds. The adapted methodology improves the prediction accuracy in such watersheds with GREAT-ER with respect to pharmaceutical exposures, but can also lead to improved results in other application areas. The possibilities of the latest model version are demonstrated by the extensive inclusion of local and regional conditions. In watersheds with highly variable and seasonally changing hydrological situations, GREAT-ER has been applied satisfactorily for the first time, and additionally, the developed approach can be transferred to equivalent watersheds worldwide. Comparison with monitoring data confirms that some of the adjustments have resulted in significantly improved model predictions, especially when hydrological and local conditions are specifically addressed. For example, explicit consideration of local drug emissions from hospitals or private medical practices (e.g., for x-ray contrast agents) can improve predictions at the local scale without compromising regional exposure estimates. Pharmaceuticals that have low concentrations and are barely detectable with established analytical methods can be evaluated with model simulations. In addition, current management strategies implemented under the WFD has been replicated and evaluated. These management scenarios simulated with the model allow an a priori evaluation of risk reduction measures. In combination with targeted monitoring approaches, it was shown that the GREAT-ER model can serve as a valuable tool for exposure and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals even in challenging watersheds. This and the useful combination of targeted monitoring and GREAT-ER simulations and the ability of the modeling approach to predict the expected range of spatial surface water concentrations is demonstrated by three selected journal articles.

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This diploma thesis deals with the effectiveness of selected adsorbents for the removal of micropollutants from drinking water. In the first part there are described individual types of micropollutants and their occurrence in water. Further, there are described pharmaceuticals and their consumption in the world. At the end of the first part, the possibilities of removing micropollutants in drinking water treatment are approached and two water treatment plants in the Czech Republic have been selected, which already use the technology of the removal of some micropollutants. In the practical part of this diploma thesis is performed an experiment of removal of Ibuprofen from model water by adsorption on selected materials, which are Filtrasorb F100, Bayoxide E33 and GEH.

Residua of pharmaceuticals represent biologically active compounds which can interfere with some purification processes in WWTP. Control laboratories of many WWTP and water works are equipped with UV-VIS spectrophotometers. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis was the elaboration of the method for the determination of selected drugs in water based on the VIS spectrophotometry.

In recent years consumption of drugs and thus the quantity of their residues in natural ecosystems is increasing. It is necessary to deal with their possible negative effects on the environment. This thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological evaluation of pharmaceuticals. Diclofenac and ibuprofen from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances, penicillin G and ampicillin from the group of antibiotics were tested. Mainly tests on aquatic organisms were used to evaluate of ecotoxicity, because the tested pharmaceuticals are predominantly occurred in the aquatic environment. Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Artemia salina, Sinapis alba, Lemna minor, and Brachionus calyciflorus were used as testing organisms. Values of LC50, EC50 and IC50 were determinated and the ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals was compared.

Heterogenous photocatalysis using titanium dioxide seems to be a promising method for disposal xenobiotics from the environment. The aim of this diploma thesis is the study of degradation of selected xenobiotics and biologically active substrances applying this method. Theoretical part of diploma thesis deals with the principals of heterogenous photocatalysis by means of a semiconductor TiO2 and the examples of its possible application are mentioned too. The compounds which could be appropriate for a study of degradation were selected from the group of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The properties of target substances and their environmental impact were described. Furthermore, a bibliographic search focused on the possibilities of their analytical determination was conducted. The experimental part of the thesis describes the experiments with photocatalyst in a form of powder as well as with immobilized photocatalyst in thin layer on a carrier. Identification and quantification of analytes was realized by high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometic detection.

Background: Use of pharmaceuticals can lead to unchanged or metabolite residues in surface water that may result in negative environmental effects. Sweden has adopted the Generational goal defining direction and changes needed to become a sustainable nation, these align with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sweden collects and analyzes samples for pharmaceuticals and other contaminants in surface water. Aim: To estimate risks connected to pharmaceuticals in complex mixtures, exemplified by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and discuss how this can be used to influence the actions needed to reach the Generational goal and the SDGs of Agenda 2030. Methods: Here, measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of the NSAIDs diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in Swedish surface waters and in Uppsala’s Fyris River were accessed from a database and used in conjunction with predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) from the literature to derive risk quotients(RQ=MEC/PNEC). For all drugs a standardized PNEC derived from OECD guideline base-set tests were found, and for diclofenac and ibuprofen also non-traditional guideline PNECs were identified. Risk cups applied by summation of MEC/PNEC-risk quotients are considered safe if the sum of RQ <1, and as proposed inSOU 2019:45, if one chemical adds more risk than 0.1 to the risk cup it would be better to substitute it for another, if possible. Results and Discussion: Standardized PNECs derived from OECD guideline base-set tests were more than 60-fold greater than non-traditional PNECs for diclofenac and ibuprofen, affecting their individual RQ contribution and total sum of RQ. Based on the non-traditional PNECs, the sum of RQ were more than or near 1 in some cases in Fyris River and elsewhere, thus indicating risk to biota especially in 2010. Diclofenac and ibuprofen typically contributed more to Risk cups than did ketoprofen and naproxen. Especially diclofenac should be considered for substitution, if possible. Swedish sales data indicate at least one more NSAID compound suitable for analysis. In addition, more than 70 pharmaceuticals were identified in Fyris River, adding to pressure on environment from NSAIDs. Risk cups are conservative and require sparse data relative to other methods, and thus can be used to prioritize further efforts. A difficulty is to find relevant ecotoxicological data for pharmaceuticals and therefore an open access database would be of value, preferably complemented with sales data for APIs. However, since a default RQ-value of 0.1 was suggested in SOU 2019:45, a lack of data would not hinder action. Use of risk cups makes it possible to work toward e.g., sustainable production practices benefiting SDG 12. Inaction after identifying a problem conflicts with SDGs 6 and 12, since it would lead to less clean water and more sanitation issues and non-sustainable consumption and production. Conclusion: Risk cups as applied here are suitable as a first tier of pharmaceutical mixture risk estimation since they are quick to perform and demand less data than other methods. Because of their dependence on PNECs, it is important to use a relevant effect test, with results preferably published in an open access database. Diclofenac’s non-traditional risk quotient indicate that the ecological status of the Fyris River is at risk, supporting the official moderate ecological status classification. This thesis suggests an additional NSAID, etoricoxib, as a possible candidate for future studies, based on the number of other NSAIDs on the market and sales numbers, pointing at the usefulness of sales data for a better understanding of risk. In addition to the NSAID group, other pharmaceuticals, active metabolites, and non-pharmaceutical chemicals add to the pressure on the environment. Data on the risk cups and risk quotients can be used as a basis for improvements at sewage treatment plants and factories as well as for launching informative campaigns to physicians and the general public, actions which all may lead to a more sustainable future.

Drought has an increasing importance in the Czech republic. It is necessary to look for potential irrigation water sources, which are important for agriculture. Treated wastewater can be one of them. It has potentially negative impact on soil physico-chemical properties, which is well-known from many researches in arid regions. The aim of this diploma thesis was to investigate, if the drip irrigation with treated wastewater (from constructed wetland) also has a potentially negative impact on two soils in the Czech republic. In one year experiment drip irrigation with treated wastewater was carried out in the greenhouse. Four treatments of irrigation was used for both soils - irrigation with treated wastewater, irrigation with groundwater, irrigation with treated wastewater + rainwater, irrigation with groundwater + rainwater. An amount of rainwater correspond with total precipitation of two locations, where the soils were brought from (Kostelec nad Ohří - Ústí nad Labem region and Hostětín - Zlín region). pH and electrical conductivity of soil leachate, total concentration of Na, K, Ca, Mg a P, bulk density, particle density and porosity was measured in both soils in 5 and 10 centimeters from source of irrigation. Values of pH of soil leachate fluctuated in every treatment in both soils during the...

Dispensing of medicinal products under the Act on Pharmaceuticals Medicinal products are an important part of almost everyone's life due to their ability to minimize, prevent or eliminate undesirable external influences. Given the need to ensure the safety of the use of medicinal products and the protection of public health, the dispensing of medicinal products needs to be highly regulated. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and describe the legal regulation of the process of dispensing medicinal products in pharmacies, with emphasis on the mail-order dispensing of medicinal products, to point out to legislative shortcomings and to propose changes de lege ferenda. In order to fulfil these objectives, the thesis is divided into five parts. The first part of this thesis deals with basic legislative concepts in the field of dispensing of medicinal products and sources of legislation at the Czech and European level, including a detailed analysis of the guidelines of the State Institute for Drug Control and their ability to regulate the rights and obligations of their recipients in a binding manner. Finally, the first part covers the public authorities regulating the dispensing of medicinal products. The second part of the thesis provides an analysis of the current regulation of dispensing of...

This study concerned the impact lifestyles of the elderly have on purchases from different product categories. The main purpose was to determine, evaluate, and analyze the effects of lifestyles on elderly shoppers' choice of retail outlets.