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Bakgrund: I Sverige får distriktsköterskor, barnmorskor och sjuksköterskor med särskild utbildning skriva ut ett begränsat antal läkemedel. Forskning visar att förskrivning från sjuksköterska inom somatisk vård har fungerat väl. I flera länder omfattas även psykiatriska läkemedel i sjuksköterskans förskrivningsrätt. Psykiatriska tillstånd har ökat i Sverige under 2000-talet och behandlas i många fall med läkemedel. Svenska psykiatrisjuksköterskor har dock inte förskrivningsrätt. Författarna vill med denna uppsats belysa erfarenheter från de länder där sjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk vård har förskrivningsrätt.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva erfarenheter av psykiatrisjuksköterskors förskrivningsrätt av läkemedel.  Metod: Litteraturöversikt med systematisk. Litteratursökningen genomfördes i PubMed, CINAHL och PsycINFO och sammanlagt 12 vetenskapliga kvalitativa originaltitlar inkluderades i resultatet. Resultat: Förskrivningsrätt för sjuksköterskor inom psykiatri bidrog till att vården och yrkesrollen förändrades vilket ledde till en ökad helhetssyn och personcentrerad vård samt förbättrade tillgängligheten och följsamheten. Relationer inom vården förändrades mellan patient, sjuksköterska och läkare. Patienter upplevde att de var välinformerade när sjuksköterska förskrev och övriga behandlingsalternativ övervägdes i större utsträckning. Handledning från erfarna förskrivare lyftes fram som en framgångsfaktor. Slutsats: Erfarenheter av psykiatrisjuksköterskors förskrivningsrätt visade att vården förändrades ifrån flera perspektiv. Även yrkesrollen förändrades till att bli mer självständig vilket inkräktade på sjuksköterskans vårdande roll och påverkade hierarkier inom vården. / Background: In Sweden district nurses, midwives, and nurses with special training may prescribe a limited number of pharmaceuticals. Research has shown that prescriptive authority for nurses in somatic care has been successful. In several countries, psychiatric drugs are also covered by nurses’ prescriptive authority. Psychiatric conditions have increased in Sweden during the 21st century and are in many cases treated with medication. However, Swedish specialist nurses in psychiatric care do not have prescriptive authority. The authors of this essay want to highlight experiences from countries where psychiatric nurses have prescribing rights. Aim: The aim was to describe experiences of psychiatric nurses' prescription authority. Method: Literature review with a systematic approach. The literature search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, and a total of 12 scientific qualitative original titles were included in the results. Results: Prescriptive authority for nurses in psychiatric care contributed to changes in healthcare and the nursing profession, which led to an increased holistic approach and person-centered care, as well as improved accessibility and compliance. Relationships within healthcare changed between patients, nurses, and doctors. Patients felt well-informed when nurses prescribed, and other treatment options were considered to a greater extent. Guidance from experienced prescribers was highlighted as a success factor. Conclusion: Experiences of psychiatric nurses' prescription authority demonstrated that healthcare underwent changes from multiple perspectives. The nurses’ professional role also transformed to becoming more independent, which encroached upon the nurse’s caring role and impacted hierarchies within healthcare.

Social construction, social constructionism, and social constructivism are widely-discussed topics in the humanities and social sciences, particularly in fields such as gender studies, psychology, and economics. These terms refer to the idea that some objects and phenomena are created or controlled by social and cultural factors, rather than by natural causes. Examples of this include currency and laws, but even seemingly mundane objects such as the Christmas tree and the chair in our homes are dependent on social and cultural norms.The central motivation behind my research is to demonstrate that the objects around us are regulated by social norms, contrary to the belief that they have intrinsic or “natural” functions and meanings. In this thesis, I will examine product and furniture design from the perspective of social constructivism, and explore the designer’s role beyond physical form-giving.

Water polluted by pharmaceuticals, metals, and phosphates can be hazardous to both the environment and human health. The main aim of this study is to develop low cost, green adsorbents for removal of these pollutants from aqueous solution as a low cost alternative to activated carbon. Biochar was produced from the fast pyrolysis of Douglas fir. Magnetic biochar was prepared by magnetite (Fe3O4) precipitation onto the biochar’s surface from an aqueous Fe3+/Fe2+ solution upon NaOH treatment. Both Douglas fir and magnetic Douglas fir biochars have high uptake and adsorption capacity. Chapter I provides an overview of different biochar production techniques and modification methods. Chapter II is a study of the aqueous adsorption of pharmaceutical products, 4-nitroaniline (4NA), salicylic acid (SA), benzoic acid (BA) and phthalic acid (PA) using Douglas fir and magnetic Douglas fir biochar. The surface chemistry and composition of the magnetic biochar were examined by SEM, SEM-EDX, TEM, PZC, XPS, XRD, elemental analysis, and surface area measurements. Chapter III describes the removal of lead and cadmium using both magnetic and nonmagnetic Douglas fir biochar and Chapter IV describes the removal of phosphate from waste water. In Chapter V, this low cost adsorbent (magnetic Douglas fir biochar) was introduced into an undergraduate laboratory to expose students to water quality issues and methods of contaminant removal enhancing their understanding of these important environmental issues. This experiment introduces new and interesting approaches to water purification as well as deepens the student’s understanding of present environmental concerns regarding pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater.