Multi-pulse converters have been widely used for a multi-megawatt scale power generating system to comply with harmonic regulations. Among all types of multi-pulse converters, a 12-pulse converter is the most widely used due to the simple structure, which consists of a delta-delta and a delta-wye phase-shift transformer pair and it effectively mitigates undesirable harmonics from the nonlinear load. In the early 2000s, a shunt type passive front-end for a shipboard power system was proposed. By shunting the two gensets with 30° phase angle difference, a single phase-shift transformer effectively eliminates 5th and 7th harmonics. It achieves a significant size and weight reduction compared to a 12-pulse converter while keep the comparable harmonic cancellation performance. Recently, a hybrid type front-end was proposed. On top of the passive front-end, 3 phase active power filter was added and an additional harmonic cancellation was achieved to further eliminate 11th and 13th harmonics. However, the performance of both the passive and hybrid type front-end are highly dependent on the size of the line reactor in ac mains. A back to back active power filter is proposed in this dissertation to replace the phase-shift transformer in the multi-generator power architecture. The proposed front-end does not include phase-shift transformer and the size and the weight of the overall front-end can be significantly reduced. Due to the active harmonic compensation, the back to back front-end achieves better power quality and the line reactor dependency is improved. The number of required dc-link capacitors is reduced by half by introducing a back to back configuration and the capacitor size is reduced by adjusting the phase angle difference of genset to cancel out the most significant voltage harmonics in the shared dc-link bus. The overview of the existing shunt type front-end is provided and the concept of back to back active power filter is validated by simulation and prototype hardware. The comparison between existing front-end and the proposed front-end is provided to highlight the superior performance of back to back active front-end. The dc-link bus current and voltage ripple analysis is provided to explain the dc-link ripple reduction mechanism. / Doctor of Philosophy / The transportation electrification has gained more and more attention due to its smaller carbon dioxide emission, better fuel efficiency. The recent advances in power devices, microcontrollers, and transducers accelerate the electrification of transportation. This trend is shown in the propulsion system in marine transport as well and the electric propulsion system has been widely used to meet the strict environmental regulations. However, the non-linear circuit components such as capacitor and diode in the electric propulsion system draw non-linear current and significantly deteriorate power quality and lead to critical problems such as reduced life span of circuit components Accordingly, a front-end is required to improve power quality. Also, it is desired to have compact and lightweight front-end for installation flexibility and fuel efficiency improvement. In this dissertation, several front-ends using a phase-shift transformer are reviewed and a detailed analysis is provided to help understand the harmonic cancellation principle of the existing front-end through equivalent circuit analysis, quantitative analysis, and a phasor diagram representation. Based on the analysis of the existing front-ends and shipboard power architecture, lightweight and high-performance front-end is proposed and verified by simulation and prototype hardware. The performance, size comparison between existing front-end and the proposed front-end is provided to show the advantage of the proposed front-end.

Este trabalho apresenta um método utilizando redes neurais artificiais para a determinação das amplitudes e fases dos componentes harmônicos presentes na corrente de carga monofásica. O número de harmônicos identificados é previamente selecionado. Os hamônicos identificados estão presentes na corrente de cargas não-lineares de um sistema de iluminação onde é considerada a variação no tempo das características da forma de onda desta corrente. Os harmônicos presentes no sistema degradam a qualidade de energia, sendo assim é apresentado um breve estudo sobre este tema e métodos para atenuar a distorção harmônica no sistema. Dentre estes métodos é dado ênfase na aplicação de filtros ativos de potência em paralelo com carga não-linear. O trabalho também apresenta um estudo sobre os mais comumente métodos utilizados na identificação harmônica. Dentre eles está o método baseado em redes neurais artificiais. Este método é validado com base nos dados levantados por meio de simulação e de forma experimental. / In this thesis artificial neural networks are employed in a novel approach to identifying harmonic components of the single-phase nonlinear load current, whose amplitudes and phase angles are subject to unpredictable changes in steady-state. An identified harmonics number is previously selected. These harmonics are present in the non-linear loads current of electrical illumination system. The harmonics in the power system degrade the power quality, then is exhibited a concise study dealing with power quality problems and methods to mitigate the harmonic distortion in the power system. Among these methods emphasis is given in the application of pure active power filters in parallel with the non-linear load. The thesis also shows a study about the more commonly methods used in the harmonic detection. Among them is the method based on artificial neural networks. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed approach.

Este trabalho apresenta um método utilizando redes neurais artificiais para a determinação das amplitudes e fases dos componentes harmônicos presentes na corrente de carga monofásica. O número de harmônicos identificados é previamente selecionado. Os hamônicos identificados estão presentes na corrente de cargas não-lineares de um sistema de iluminação onde é considerada a variação no tempo das características da forma de onda desta corrente. Os harmônicos presentes no sistema degradam a qualidade de energia, sendo assim é apresentado um breve estudo sobre este tema e métodos para atenuar a distorção harmônica no sistema. Dentre estes métodos é dado ênfase na aplicação de filtros ativos de potência em paralelo com carga não-linear. O trabalho também apresenta um estudo sobre os mais comumente métodos utilizados na identificação harmônica. Dentre eles está o método baseado em redes neurais artificiais. Este método é validado com base nos dados levantados por meio de simulação e de forma experimental. / In this thesis artificial neural networks are employed in a novel approach to identifying harmonic components of the single-phase nonlinear load current, whose amplitudes and phase angles are subject to unpredictable changes in steady-state. An identified harmonics number is previously selected. These harmonics are present in the non-linear loads current of electrical illumination system. The harmonics in the power system degrade the power quality, then is exhibited a concise study dealing with power quality problems and methods to mitigate the harmonic distortion in the power system. Among these methods emphasis is given in the application of pure active power filters in parallel with the non-linear load. The thesis also shows a study about the more commonly methods used in the harmonic detection. Among them is the method based on artificial neural networks. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed approach.

The Diploma thesis deals with control of three-phase active rectifier and a three-phase DC/AC converter. It also explains phase-locked loop principle. The theoretical part including first three chapters lists several control approaches to three phase active rectifier and three phase DC/AC converter. Described control approaches to the active rectifier are control in dq frame and control in dq UVW frame. Listed control approaches to the DC/AC converter include cascaded control structure and a full state feedback control. The practical part is divided into last three chapters and includes mathematical description of phase-locked loop principle, model of active rectifier controlled in dq frame and a model of DC/AC converter controlled both by a cascaded control and a full¬ state feedback. The models are created in Matlab Simulink.

This work deals with three-phase active rectifier control. In first, theoretical part it describes several control strategies with focus on voltage oriented control. For this type of control a design is worked out, and created model and its simulation is described. Second, practical part deals with realisation on microcontroller TMS320F28335, which is main processing unit of device lent by company Elcom. Therefore in this part abilities and settings of the controller along with developped control algorithm are described. Reached results of measurement are then presented and in the conclusion they are evaluated.

La chute chez les seniors constitue un problème de santé publique. Citée comme la seconde cause de décès accidentel dans le monde, elle concerne un tiers des Français de plus de 65 ans. Les séquelles physiques et fonctionnelles qui en résultent, les conséquences psychosociales nuisibles pour la qualité de la vie, la perte d'autonomie et son coût de prise en charge justifient l'attention qui lui est actuellement portée. Du point de vue du chercheur, les interprétations sous-jacentes à la surexposition des personnes âgées au risque de chute restent controversées, notamment parce que la compréhension de la coordination dynamique corporelle et de l'implication corticale lors du contrôle de l'équilibre est encore limitée. L'étude de la chute et des mécanismes qui y conduisent présente donc un double intérêt, fondamental et sociétal. Une chute survient si deux conditions sont réunies. La première est la perte initiale de l'équilibre, un 'pré-requis' qui peut toucher la population entière dans son quotidien. La seconde est un échec des mécanismes de rééquilibration, c'est à dire de la stratégie de réponse mise en œuvre pour compenser la déstabilisation : comment s'opère la sélection d'une stratégie de rattrapage, à partir de quelle appréciation du contexte et des informations sensorielles disponibles est-elle choisie ? qu'est ce qui assure son opérationnalité et garantit le rattrapage ou signe au contraire son échec ?...Pour répondre à ces questions, nous nous sommes donc intéressés à ce moment critique où il est encore possible de modifier l'issue finale par des ajustements posturaux et des actions motrices rapides et adéquats chez une population de jeunes adultes. La première étude est une analyse globale de la phase précoce d'une chute -abrégée par un harnais- (soit quelques centaines de millisecondes après la perturbation), afin d'évaluer la capacité du sujet à réagir à une perturbation imprévue et de développer des stratégies garantissant une protection efficace. Cette première étape se propose d'identifier les indicateurs discriminants et prédictifs d'une chute et d'un rattrapage au niveau neurophysiologique et biomécanique. Cette étude a également permis de mettre en évidence la présence d'un délai temporel incompressible appelé " phase passive ", source de contraintes spatio-temporelles à l'expression complète d'une réponse posturale adaptée. Dans la seconde étude, de modélisation, nous avons élaboré un modèle mécanique personnalisé, construit à partir de radiographies tridimensionnelles non invasives du corps entier. Cette modélisation nous a permis d'analyser la contribution relative de propriétés biomécaniques passives et des synergies musculaires actives en jeu pendant les perturbations récupérables de l'équilibre ou non en comparant les résultats expérimentaux ('réels') obtenus à l'aide d'un dispositif asservi pour provoquer des chutes de plain-pied et la réponse théorique prédite ('simulée') à l'aide du modèle. Les résultats obtenus permettent de confirmer que le comportement du corps est en phase précoce-dicté par ses propriétés mécaniques, et peut être assimilé à un modèle simplifié. Après avoir mis en évidence l'existence d'une phase inertielle d'une durée équivalente à la moitié du temps disponible avant l'impact, notre questionnement s'est orienté vers le traitement de l'information en-cours lors de cette phase afin d'évaluer la contribution corticale alors que la réponse posturale évolue. La troisième étude consiste principalement à appréhender la charge cognitive impliquée dans le contrôle sensori-moteur, en particulier lors d'une chute, à l'aide du paradigme de double-tâche. En conclusion, à travers une approche pluridisciplinaire, les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse permettent d'émettre des recommandations intéressantes pour une prévention et une rééducation adaptée dans le but de contribuer à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie des personnes âgées.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-21T14:26:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodocarmobarbosaponciliorodrigues.pdf: 24085481 bytes, checksum: a2ce2552f002816f01354d228d257f85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-09T13:18:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodocarmobarbosaponciliorodrigues.pdf: 24085481 bytes, checksum: a2ce2552f002816f01354d228d257f85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T13:18:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodocarmobarbosaponciliorodrigues.pdf: 24085481 bytes, checksum: a2ce2552f002816f01354d228d257f85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-20 / A gradativa substituição da atual frota de veículos de motor de combustão interna por veículos elétricos (VEs) pode ser vista como um importante fator para a melhoria das condições ambientais nos centros urbanos, uma vez que possibilita a redução das emissões de poluentes atmosféricos nocivos à saúde humana. Os conversores estáticos existentes no sistema de propulsão de veículos puramente elétricos e híbridos "plug-in" podem ser utilizados para funções adicionais, diferentes da tração elétrica. Com poucas adaptações nos circuitos eletrônicos do VE é possível integrar funções como recarga de baterias, geração distribuída de energia elétrica e compensação de reativos. Este tipo de aplicação é particularmente interessante no contexto de redes inteligentes de energia elétrica (smart grids). Esta integração de funcionalidades ao VE, além de permitir a redução de custos e economia de recursos naturais, poderá resultar em retorno financeiro aos proprietários destes veículos pela prestação de serviços auxiliares ao sistema elétrico. Neste trabalho é proposta a utilização de veículos elétricos na compensação de harmônicos de corrente e de potência reativa em instalações elétricas residenciais e comerciais, utilizando o próprio sistema de propulsão do VE para operar como filtro ativo de potência, o que pode ser realizado de forma simultânea à recarga do banco de baterias do VE ou durante seu uso como unidade de geração distribuída de ener-gia elétrica (operação no modo V2G, vehicle-to-grid). Sendo o padrão de conexão de VEs à rede de energia elétrica atualmente adotado pela maior parte dos fabricantes de automóveis elétricos baseado em alimentação monofásica (com possibilidade de alimen-tação bifásica), é explorada, neste trabalho, a utilização de um VE na compensação de cargas monofásicas e bifásicas, em condições típicas de instalações elétricas residenciais e comerciais, de forma compatível a tal padrão. A inclusão desta funcionalidade aos VEs pode contribuir para a redução do impacto da eletrificação veicular no sistema elétrico, pois com a diminuição do fluxo de potência reativa e harmônica na rede elé-trica, torna-se maior a sua capacidade disponível para transporte de potência ativa, facilitando o suprimento de energia a novas cargas (que podem ser os próprios VEs). / The gradual replacement of the current internal combustion engine vehicles by elec-tric vehicles (EVs) comes up as being an important factor to the improvement of urban centers environmental conditions, since it enables reduction on the emissions of atmo-spheric pollutants harmful to human health. Additional tasks, apart from traction, can be performed by battery and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrain on-board power electronic converters. It is possible to integrate functions such as battery charge, electric distributed power generation and reactive power compensation with few modifications on the EV electronics circuitry. This kind of application is especially interesting under the context of smart grids. The integration of these additional functions to an electric vehicle is a very desirable feature, since it can result on cost reduction (in comparison to the separated implementation of the integrated functions) and revenue to the owner of the vehicle by providing ancillary services to the electric power system. This work proposes the application of electric vehicles on the compensation of cur-rent harmonic components and reactive power in residential and commercial electricity networks by means of the integration of a shunt active power filter (APF) into their powertrain electronics circuitry, which can simultaneously operate with the EV bat-tery pack charging or during its use as an electric distributed power generator unit (vehicle-to-grid, V2G, operation mode). Since the EV grid connection standard cur-rently adopted by electric automobiles manufacturers is based on a single-phase power supply system (with a possible two-phase power supply connection), this work focuses on the application of an electric vehicle in the compensation of single-phase and two-phase loads under residential and commercial electricity networks typical conditions, in order to meet the compliance to the requirements of such standard. The inclusion of this functionality to EVs can contribute on the reduction of vehicular electrification impact on the electric power system, since the decrease of reactive and harmonic power flow into the grid results in higher available capacity of active power flow in the power conductors, which allows to supply electricity to new electric loads (that can be the EVs themselves).

La chute chez les seniors constitue un problème de santé publique. Citée comme la seconde cause de décès accidentel dans le monde, elle concerne un tiers des Français de plus de 65 ans. Les séquelles physiques et fonctionnelles qui en résultent, les conséquences psychosociales nuisibles pour la qualité de la vie, la perte d’autonomie et son coût de prise en charge justifient l’attention qui lui est actuellement portée. Du point de vue du chercheur, les interprétations sous-jacentes à la surexposition des personnes âgées au risque de chute restent controversées, notamment parce que la compréhension de la coordination dynamique corporelle et de l’implication corticale lors du contrôle de l’équilibre est encore limitée. L’étude de la chute et des mécanismes qui y conduisent présente donc un double intérêt, fondamental et sociétal. Une chute survient si deux conditions sont réunies. La première est la perte initiale de l’équilibre, un ‘pré-requis’ qui peut toucher la population entière dans son quotidien. La seconde est un échec des mécanismes de rééquilibration, c’est à dire de la stratégie de réponse mise en œuvre pour compenser la déstabilisation : comment s’opère la sélection d’une stratégie de rattrapage, à partir de quelle appréciation du contexte et des informations sensorielles disponibles est-elle choisie ? qu’est ce qui assure son opérationnalité et garantit le rattrapage ou signe au contraire son échec ?...Pour répondre à ces questions, nous nous sommes donc intéressés à ce moment critique où il est encore possible de modifier l’issue finale par des ajustements posturaux et des actions motrices rapides et adéquats chez une population de jeunes adultes. La première étude est une analyse globale de la phase précoce d’une chute -abrégée par un harnais- (soit quelques centaines de millisecondes après la perturbation), afin d’évaluer la capacité du sujet à réagir à une perturbation imprévue et de développer des stratégies garantissant une protection efficace. Cette première étape se propose d’identifier les indicateurs discriminants et prédictifs d’une chute et d’un rattrapage au niveau neurophysiologique et biomécanique. Cette étude a également permis de mettre en évidence la présence d’un délai temporel incompressible appelé « phase passive », source de contraintes spatio-temporelles à l’expression complète d’une réponse posturale adaptée. Dans la seconde étude, de modélisation, nous avons élaboré un modèle mécanique personnalisé, construit à partir de radiographies tridimensionnelles non invasives du corps entier. Cette modélisation nous a permis d’analyser la contribution relative de propriétés biomécaniques passives et des synergies musculaires actives en jeu pendant les perturbations récupérables de l’équilibre ou non en comparant les résultats expérimentaux (‘réels’) obtenus à l’aide d’un dispositif asservi pour provoquer des chutes de plain-pied et la réponse théorique prédite (‘simulée’) à l’aide du modèle. Les résultats obtenus permettent de confirmer que le comportement du corps est en phase précoce-dicté par ses propriétés mécaniques, et peut être assimilé à un modèle simplifié. Après avoir mis en évidence l’existence d’une phase inertielle d’une durée équivalente à la moitié du temps disponible avant l’impact, notre questionnement s’est orienté vers le traitement de l’information en-cours lors de cette phase afin d’évaluer la contribution corticale alors que la réponse posturale évolue. La troisième étude consiste principalement à appréhender la charge cognitive impliquée dans le contrôle sensori-moteur, en particulier lors d’une chute, à l’aide du paradigme de double-tâche. En conclusion, à travers une approche pluridisciplinaire, les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse permettent d’émettre des recommandations intéressantes pour une prévention et une rééducation adaptée dans le but de contribuer à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des personnes âgées. / A better understanding of what happens during an unintentional fall is relevant in preventing their occurrence. A fall is due to a failure of compensatory reactions to recover from postural perturbations during the descent phase which starts at the subject loss of balance point and lasts no more than 700-1000milliseconds [Hsiao, 1998]. The aim of the first study was to compare the biomechanical and muscular behavior during the pre-impact phase during non-recoverable falls and successful recovery trials. The experimental study aimed to evaluate the subject’s ability to distinguish in the first 500 milliseconds following the onset of perturbation a low-threatening perturbation from a high challenging one and can then predict the scenario that will more likely lead to a fall using specific motor strategies. In such a challenging task, we hypothesized that the constraints imposed by the biomechanical properties ultimately determine the ability to trigger efficient muscle activities. Full body 3D kinematics and associated muscle activities were collected in 30 young healthy subjects during fast and slow unpredictable multidirectional support-surface translations. 40 cm support-surface translations were used to evoke the balancing reactions (0,35 vs 0,9 m/s during resp. 1000 vs 500 millisecond The perturbation velocities were selected so that successful recovery should occur in milder trials whereas fast trials were sufficiently challenging to trigger non-recoverable falls. Analyses focused on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Centre of Mass, angle variations, recovery step characteristics, and EMG activities (onset latencies and amplitudes) across each trial and muscle. Moreover, a 17-segment numerical and personalized model was created, based on stereoradiographic head to feet X-ray images followed by 3D-reconstruction methods to assess subject-specific geometry and inertial parameters. The outputs resulting from simulated falls allowed us to discard the contributions of the passive (inertia-induced) versus the active mechanisms (feedback-controlled and time-delayed neuromuscular components) of the response. The first outcome of that study was that the fall could be divided in distinct phases. For about 200 milliseconds following the onset of platform translation, the head remained stable in space. Similarly, the comparison with the simulated data supported that the CoM displacement matched the subject-dependant mechanical model. During a second phase of the fall, despite the fact that automated muscle postural synergies started at 80 milliseconds after perturbation onset, the trajectory of the body appeared to be exclusively dictated by its biomechanical properties. Later, muscle activities influenced the body trajectories, which consequently differed on a trial-to-trial basis. The simulation was in good agreement with the experimental results. The specificity of the postural response resulting in a strategy chosen to avoid a fall thus appeared in a late-phase, which can be explained because during a fall, the subjects had to prepare to the impact on the basis of sensory information that were not redundant but available in a sequential order: proprioceptive information appearing first while vestibular and visual information continued to signal a stabilized head in space. The sole proprioceptive information would be insufficient to trigger rapid and appropriate postural response. Moreover, in accordance with our results suggesting the importance of the late-phase and on-line controlled responses, a long inertial passive phase in the fast trials does not allow a large spatiotemporal window for compensatory reactions to occur. These could not only depend on the previously described automated postural synergies because the time constraints imposed by biomechanics permit in principle volitional motricity to play an important role very early in the fall. (...)