Three types of poly(norbornane carbonate) or PNC oligomers were synthesized and characterized via spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses to validate their chemical structures. Using the results from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) experiments, the degree of polymerization and size of each PNC chain was estimated via end-group analysis. All three types of PNC structures were both thermally-labile and acidolytically-labile, allowing them to be used as sacrificial materials in both direct-write and thermally-processed template systems. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data was used to determine the kinetic parameters for the thermolytic decomposition reactions and evolved-gas analysis via mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) was used to determine the mechanisms for thermolytic degradation. PNC oligomers were freely-mixed with hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) to form solutions that were spin-coated to form templated films. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the free-mixing of PNCs with HSQ resulted in the agglomeration of the porogen molecules during the spincoating step. This phase-segregation produced domain sizes much larger than those of the individual chains, and during decomposition large pores were produced. To combat the phase segregation, hydrosilylation reactions were used to covalently bond vinyl end-capped PNC chains to silane-functionalized siloxane and silsesquioxane molecules. These matrix-like materials served as compatibilizers in order to improve the phase-compatibility of the sacrificial polymers in HSQ films. NMR and GPC analyses showed that the solids recovered from the hydrosilylation reactions were binary mixtures of hybrid nanocomposite molecules and residual ungrafted PNC chains. TEM imaging showed that the domains in these nanocomposite films had bimodal size distributions due to the presence of two components in the mixtures. The hybrid molecules produced pores ranging in size from about 6-13 nm as a result of improvements in the phase-compatibility of the grafted oligomers. However, the residual ungrafted oligomers in the blends produced larger domains measuring 30-40 nm. It is believed that separation difficulties can be avoided if the vinyl termination reaction conditions can be adjusted to ensure 100% conversion of all the terminal hydroxyl groups to vinyl groups. Doing so would allow all PNC chains to be grafted during hydrosilylation reaction; thus, avoiding the recovery of free PNC oligomers.

Submitted by MAIZA DA SILVA OZÓRIO null (ozoriounesp@gmail.com) on 2018-02-26T15:23:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_maiza_versão_final_corrigida.pdf: 3955466 bytes, checksum: 08f98a38963076999f04ee08c2e89954 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-02-26T16:14:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ozorio_ms_me_prud.pdf: 3955466 bytes, checksum: 08f98a38963076999f04ee08c2e89954 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-26T16:14:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ozorio_ms_me_prud.pdf: 3955466 bytes, checksum: 08f98a38963076999f04ee08c2e89954 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Um dos atuais desafios da eletrônica orgânica é a obtenção de semicondutores com alta mobilidade que forme filmes com boa morfologia quando depositado/impresso por solução, resultando em boa uniformidade e reprodutibilidade dos dispositivos. O poli(3- hexiltiofeno) (P3HT) e o 6,13-(triisopropilsililetinil)pentaceno (TP) estão entre os semicondutores orgânicos mais utilizados. O TP tem como característica a formação de estruturas cristalinas, e desse modo, apresenta mobilidade muito maior que o P3HT, no entanto é difícil de obter filmes com boa morfologia e resultados reprodutíveis. Visando um material semicondutor que apresente mobilidade significativamente melhor que a do P3HT e uma morfologia melhor que a do TP, estudou-se compósitos a partir da mistura destes materiais (P3HT:TP) para aplicação em transistores orgânicos de efeito de campo (OFETs), utilizando óxido de alumínio anodizado (Al2O3) tratado com HMDS como dielétrico de gate. Para análise da morfologia dos compósitos semicondutores de P3HT:TP usou-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e microscopia óptica (MO). Análise óptica foi feita através de medidas de fotoluminescência (PL) e de tempo de decaimento por fotoluminescência. Espectroscopia Raman e FTIR foram utilizadas para análises estruturais. No modo transistor a caracterização foi feita através de curvas de saída e transferência. Através das caracterizações elétricas determinou-se os parâmetros do semicondutor, tais como, mobilidade, voltagem limiar de chaveamento e razão entre o estado ligado e desligado. A morfologia da blenda semicondutora apresentou características específicas de cada material, ressaltando a formação de aglomerados. Observou-se diferenças bastantes consideráveis na morfologia do compósito em função da variação do solvente e da cinética de deposição dos filmes. Imagens de MEV mostram regiões cristalinas do TP dispersas na matriz polimérica do P3HT, onde o tamanho, forma e distribuição dos cristalitos dependem do tratamento dado à superfície do isolante. O aumento da concentração de TP dificulta a formação de compósitos com boas características. A melhor mobilidade foi obtida com o compósito 50P3HT:50TP, apresentando valores na ordem de 10- 3 cm2V -1 s -1 . / One of the current challenges of organic electronics is the development of semiconductors with high mobility to form films with good morphology when deposited/printed by solution, resulting in good uniformity and reproducibility of the devices. The poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 6,13-(triisopropilsililetinil)pentacene (TP) are among the most widely used organic semiconductors. The TP films are constituted by crystalline lamellar structures, and thus has greater mobility than the P3HT, however, it is difficult handling it to obtain films with good morphology and reproducible results. Targeting a semiconductor material with significantly better mobility than that of P3HT and better morphology than that of TP, we studied composites of these materials (P3HT: TP) for using in organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The transistor was prepared depositing the solution of the semiconductor composite, by spin coating, on the aluminium oxide, obtained by anodization and treated with HMDS, followed by the thermal evaporation of gold on the top, to form the drain and source electrodes. For analysis of the morphology of the composites semiconductors (P3HT: TP) was used scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy (OM). Optical analysis was performed using photoluminescence (PL) measurements and decay time by photoluminescence. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were used to structural analysis. In mode transistor, characterization was performed using output and transfer curves. Through the electrical characterizations determined the semiconductor parameters such as mobility, threshold-switching voltage and the ratio between the current in “on” and “off” states. The morphology of the semiconductor composite presented specific characteristics of each material, emphasizing the formation of agglomerates. It has been observed quite considerable differences in the morphology of the composite depending on the solvent and the variation of the film deposition kinetics. SEM images show crystalline regions TP dispersed in the polymeric matrix of P3HT, where the shape, size and distribution of crystallites depend on the treatment of the surface of the dielectric. The increase in TP concentration hinders the formation of composites with good characteristics. The best mobility was obtained with the composite 50P3HT: 50TP, with values in the order of 10- 3 cm2V -1 s -1 .

Graft copolymers with a dendritic (arborescent) architecture and unimolecular micelle properties have been synthesized and examined for their solution properties as well as their ability to serve as templates for the preparation of metallic nanoparticles. The research focused on two types of arborescent copolymers, namely core-shell (CS) and core-shell-corona (CSC) architectures. Copolymer amphipolarity was provided by a hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) component and a polar poly(2-vinylpyridine), P2VP, phase. The CS copolymers were obtained by grafting P2VP onto linear or branched PS substrates to yield PS-g-P2VP unimolecular micelles. These copolymers exhibited solubility with limited aggregation in aqueous environments after protonation with HCl. Coordination of the coronal P2VP phase with HAuCl4 was achieved, and the resulting polymer-stabilized metallic nanoparticles had a spherical morphology. The tri-layered copolymers were synthesized in similar fashion, by grafting PS-b-P2VP block copolymers onto linear or branched PS substrates to afford a CSC morphology with a PS core, a P2VP inner shell, and a PS corona. While the grafting reaction proceeded with lower than expected grafting yields as compared to grafting reactions of homopolymer side-chains, significant P2VP content and molecular weight increases were achieved. It was determined that aggregation of the block copolymer side-chains hindered the coupling reaction of the reactive centers with the substrate. After purification of the PS-g-(P2VP-b-PS) arborescent copolymers, in part by developing a cloud-point centrifugation purification technique, the spherical copolymers were successfully loaded with various metallic compounds. The uptake of compounds such as HAuCl4 by the P2VP phase of the copolymers induced intramolecular phase segregation for copolymers of generations (G) 2 and above. Phase segregation produced some unique and intricate morphologies different from the ones observed previously for other unimolecular metal scaffolds. Intramolecular toroidal, nodular, and cylindrical morphologies were observed for the G2, G3, and G4 arborescent copolymers, respectively. Templates of generations 0 and 1 displayed a spherical morphology similar to their PS-b-P2VP intermolecular micelle analogues when loaded with metals. Phase segregation is believed to be mediated mainly by the characteristics of the PS core, the length of the P2VP segments having less influence on the morphologies obtained. Reduction of the metallic salts was performed using various agents and protocols. Stronger reducing agents yielded smaller and more narrowly distributed gold nanoparticles, while other reduction methods also removing the polymer scaffold resulted in larger nanoparticles.

Graft copolymers with a dendritic (arborescent) architecture and unimolecular micelle properties have been synthesized and examined for their solution properties as well as their ability to serve as templates for the preparation of metallic nanoparticles. The research focused on two types of arborescent copolymers, namely core-shell (CS) and core-shell-corona (CSC) architectures. Copolymer amphipolarity was provided by a hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) component and a polar poly(2-vinylpyridine), P2VP, phase. The CS copolymers were obtained by grafting P2VP onto linear or branched PS substrates to yield PS-g-P2VP unimolecular micelles. These copolymers exhibited solubility with limited aggregation in aqueous environments after protonation with HCl. Coordination of the coronal P2VP phase with HAuCl4 was achieved, and the resulting polymer-stabilized metallic nanoparticles had a spherical morphology. The tri-layered copolymers were synthesized in similar fashion, by grafting PS-b-P2VP block copolymers onto linear or branched PS substrates to afford a CSC morphology with a PS core, a P2VP inner shell, and a PS corona. While the grafting reaction proceeded with lower than expected grafting yields as compared to grafting reactions of homopolymer side-chains, significant P2VP content and molecular weight increases were achieved. It was determined that aggregation of the block copolymer side-chains hindered the coupling reaction of the reactive centers with the substrate. After purification of the PS-g-(P2VP-b-PS) arborescent copolymers, in part by developing a cloud-point centrifugation purification technique, the spherical copolymers were successfully loaded with various metallic compounds. The uptake of compounds such as HAuCl4 by the P2VP phase of the copolymers induced intramolecular phase segregation for copolymers of generations (G) 2 and above. Phase segregation produced some unique and intricate morphologies different from the ones observed previously for other unimolecular metal scaffolds. Intramolecular toroidal, nodular, and cylindrical morphologies were observed for the G2, G3, and G4 arborescent copolymers, respectively. Templates of generations 0 and 1 displayed a spherical morphology similar to their PS-b-P2VP intermolecular micelle analogues when loaded with metals. Phase segregation is believed to be mediated mainly by the characteristics of the PS core, the length of the P2VP segments having less influence on the morphologies obtained. Reduction of the metallic salts was performed using various agents and protocols. Stronger reducing agents yielded smaller and more narrowly distributed gold nanoparticles, while other reduction methods also removing the polymer scaffold resulted in larger nanoparticles.

Dans les dernières décennies, le design de matériaux renouvelables est devenu une préoccupation majeure. Découvrir de nouveaux monomères biosourcés pour les plastiques est un enjeu important pour la transition vers des matériaux plus verts. L’isosorbide (ISO), diol secondaire aliphatique, biosourcé, est donc étudié en tant que monomère pour la synthèse de compositions polyuréthanes, notamment thermoplastiques et revêtements. Il pourrait notamment fournir une alternative à l’utilisation de 1,4-butanediol (BDO). Dans une première partie, l’isosorbide est utilisé en tant qu’allongeur de chaîne pour la synthèse de matériaux élastomères, en combinaison avec le 4,4'-diisocyanate de diphénylméthylène (MDI) et différents macrodiols dont notamment la polycaprolactone (PCL), le polytetrahydrofurane (PTMEG) et un oligoester dérivé d’huiles végétales (FADM). L’analyse thermo-mécanique des matériaux obtenus permet de montrer que les segments rigides à base d’ISO et de MDI sont moins favorables à la cristallisation que ceux à base de BDO et sont en général plus miscible avec la phase souple. Cependant, cet effet peut être contrôlé par le choix judicieux de la phase souple en combinaison des segments rigides MDI/ISO. Dans une seconde partie, l’isosorbide est incorporé dans des compositions thermoplastiques à base d’isocyanate d’isophorone (IPDI). Les matériaux montrent une microstructure différente selon le macrodiol utilisé. Les compositions à base de FADM sont séparées alors que celles à base de PTMEG sont plus homogènes. Cependant les propriétés mécaniques de ces matériaux sont pauvres car une longueur de chaîne permettant l’apparition d’enchevêtrements n’a pas été atteinte. Dans une dernière partie, des agents de réticulation sont ajoutés aux compositions à base d’IPDI et d’ISO afin d’obtenir des revêtements polyuréthanes réticulés sur substrats acier. Des tests menés par voie solvant ont permis d’obtenir une composition à bas taux de composants volatiles et en utilisant un solvant non-toxique. Les revêtements obtenus ont été caractérisé mécaniquement et l’ISO semble améliorer l’adhérence et la résistance à l’impact. Ce travail démontre que l’isosorbide a le potentiel pour devenir un composant très utile pour la formulation de bio-polyuréthanes, et il peut aussi être utilisé avec des composants non conventionnels pour obtenir des matériaux innovants tels que ceux obtenus avec l’IPDI ou les isocyanates biosourcés. Des applications dans le secteur automobile, pharmaceutique, de l’habillement ou du sport sont envisageables. / In the recent years, renewable material design has become a key issue. Finding new bio-sourced monomers for plastics is a major concern for transition toward greener materials. Isosorbide (ISO), a bio-sourced and aliphatic secondary diol, is thus studied as a monomer for polyurethane composition synthesis, especially thermoplastics and coatings. It could be a valuable replacement for the use of 1,4-butanediol (BDO). In a first part, isosorbide is used as a chain extender for the synthesis of elastomeric materials, in combination to 4,4'-diphenylméthylenediisocyanate (MDI) and various macrodiols such as polytetrahydrofurane (PTMEG) and an oligoester derived from vegetable oils (FADM). Thermomechanical analysis of the obtained materials has shown that hard segments based on ISO and MDI are less favorable to crystallization than the one based on MDI and BDO, and are generally more miscible with the soft phase. However, this effect can be controlled by the proper choice of the soft phase combined to the hard segments based on MDI/ISO. In a second part, isosorbide was added in thermoplastic compositions based on isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). Those materials have a different microstructure depending on the used macrodiol. Compositions based on FADM show phase segregation while those based on PTMEG are more homogeneous. However, mechanical properties of those materials were poor as a chain length allowing the appearance of chain entanglements was not reached. In a last part, cross-linkers were added to IPDI and ISO-based compositions in order to obtain cross-linked polyurethane coatings for steel substrates. Tests carried out in solvent-phase have allowed to design a composition with low ratio of volatile components, and the use of a non-toxic solvent. Obtained coatings were mechanically and thermally characterized, and ISO seems to enhance adhesion and impact resistance. This work shows that isosorbide could become a very useful building block for design of bio-polyurethanes, and that it can also be used with non-conventional building blocks to obtain innovative materials such as those made from IPDI. Applications in automotive, pharmacology, clothing or sport are possible.

This research addresses and illuminates a little understood region of miscible polymer mixtures and demonstrates a new means of separating wax from such blends. The method, termed Deformation Induced Phase Segregation potentially eliminates need of toxic processing solvents for wax removal or recovery in these types of blends. Previous theories of polymer combinations address them exclusively as solutions or as blends, two independent classes having very different behaviors. This study provides bridge connecting these two classes by identifying crossover points between them and the behaviors exhibited therein. The blends of this form were found to be semi-miscible, forming a homogenous phase in the melt but a two-phase system in the solid, with the rheological behavior influenced by the polymer's molecular weight and architecture. It also demonstrates practical promise of this regime by introducing a mechanical compression process to separate the wax phase from such a type of blend. This process potentially permits production of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMwPE) films and fibers by melt processing, thereby obviating need of otherwise essential but expensive and environmentally unfriendly toxic solvents.

No description available.

La réaction d’oxydation sélective du CO par O2 en présence d’un excès d’hydrogène (PROX) est considérée comme une étape de purification essentielle de l’H2 à utiliser dans des piles à combustible. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre le mécanisme de cette réaction sur des catalyseurs bimétallique s à base de Pt et Sn. Des catalyseurs modèles Pt et Pt-Sn ont été synthétisés en deux étapes : (i) formation de nanoparticules (NP) métalliques colloïdales en suspension suivi par ( ii) l’imprégnation de ces particules sur des supports. L’adsorption du CO suivit par spectroscopie FT-IR en réflexion diffuse (DRIFTS) a été utilisée pour caractériser ces solides après une réduction permettant de reformer des phases d’alliage PtSn. L’analyse DRIFTS permet de caractériser la nature des sites de Pt présents, soit dans l’alliage, soit dans des phases pures de Pt. La chaleur d’adsorption du CO sur la phase d’alliage a été mesurée par DRIFTS, pour la première fois, et apparait bien plus faible que celle sur le Pt seul. De manière surprenante, la ségrégation de l’alliage en présence de CO/H 2 à des températures inférieur es à 175°C a été mise en évidence. Des mesures in situ DRIFTS de la réaction d’oxydation préférentielle du CO (PROX) indiquent que l’alliage se transforme rapidement en Pt et SnOx de par la présence de l’O2. Aucune indication de la présence d’alliage n’a jamais pu être obtenue sous PROX, indiquant que les meilleures propriétés catalytiques associés aux phases Pt-Sn sont dues à leur habilité à générer une nouvelle phase active Pt+SnOx lors de leur ségrégation. Un modèle microcinétique du PROX sur Pt+SnOx a été développé sur la base de ceux pertinents à l’oxydation du CO et PROX sur Pt seul, permettant une modélisation satisfaisante des données. Ce travail montre l’intérêt du couplage des méthodes spectroscopiques et cinétiques pour la compréhension de la structure des catalyseurs « au travail » et des mécanismes de réactions complexes / The selective oxidation of CO in the presence of a large excess of H2 (PROX) is considered as a crucial step in the purification of H 2 to be used in low-temperature fuel cells, which are clean sources of energy. The objective of this thesis was to better understand the reaction mechanisms taking place over promising catalysts based on Pt and Sn. Model Pt-Sn catalysts were prepared by a two-step method: (i) synthesis of metallic nanoparticules (NP) in a colloidal suspension followed by (ii) the deposition of these NPs onto a support. The first step of the method enabled to produce well-controlled Pt-Sn NPs in terms of size and composition. However, the NPs were partly destroyed during the deposition step followed by calcination, due to the reoxidation of Sn. The adsorption of CO followed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to characterize the nature of these solids following a reduction, which was able to regenerate an alloyed phase. The DRIFTS analysis enabled to discriminate between Pt in an alloyed phase and Pt on monometallic surfaces. The heat of CO adsorption measured by DRIFTS appeared to be much lower than that associated with the pure Pt phase. Surprinsingly, a segregation of Pt and Sn was observed under a CO/H2 mixture below 175°C. In situ analysis by DRIFTS of the PROX reaction indicated that the Pt-Sn alloy rapidly decomposed in the presence of O2, forming an intimate mixture of Pt and SnOx. No evidence of the presence of Pt -Sn alloyed phases could be obtained under PROX conditions, suggesting that the superior catalytic activity of the Pt –Sn materials were related to the Pt+SnOx mixture. A detailed PROX microkinetic model was developed over Pt+SnOx, based on those relevant to CO oxidation and PROX over pure Pt. This work epitomises the benefits in combining in situ spectroscopic study with kinetic modelling to better understand the structure of catalysts “at work” and reaction mechanisms