Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Alguns recifes de coral da Baía de Todos os Santos passaram a ser dominado pelo zoantídeo Epizoanthus gabrieli em 2003. Fenômeno resultante da degradação dos recife de coral que atinge 20% desses ecossistemas e ameaça outros 35% no mundo. Apesar de sua importância, apenas a mudança na comunidade para o domínio de macroalgas foi suficientemente estudado. Assim, torna-se urgente estudos sobres alterações envolvendo a dominância de outros organismos. Estes fornecem subsídios para produção de modelos funcionais que podem ajudar na tomada de decisão para o manejo destes ecossistemas tanto na prevenção destas alterações quanto na recuperação de suas comunidades. Os objetivos deste trabalho são (i) verificar se este fenômeno constitui uma mudança de fase, a partir da redução da abundância de corais e persistência da alta cobertura de E. gabrieli por pelo menos cinco anos, (ii) avaliar os efeitos da competição entre este zoantídeo e corais adultos e recrutas com experimentos manipulativos e (iii) investigar os efeitos desta dominância na assembleia de peixes recifais. Os resultados confirmaram a existência de uma mudança de fase, sugerindo que a abundância de E. gabrieli aumentou em 2003 ou antes e que até 2007 houve uma redução da cobertura de coral, condição que se mantêm pelo menos até 2013. As três espécies de corais testadas mostram-se muito sensíveis ao contato com E. gabrieli, com necrose em 78% das colônias e ocupação do esqueleto dos corais em 35% dos casos em um período de 118 dias. Além disso, um modelo feito a partir dos dados de proporção de colônias de corais em contato com este zoantídeo e a cobertura de E. gabrieli sugere que quando o zoantídeo atinge 6% de cobertura, 50% das colônias de corais entram em contato com o mesmo. Estes dados são fortes evidências de que a redução da cobertura de coral observada entre 2003 e 2007 foi causada por competição entre estes organismos. Não foi observado efeito negativo no recrutamento do coral em substrato artificial livre em recifes dominados por E. gabrieli, nem nas proximidades das suas colônias. Isso sugere que uma suposta redução da cobertura deste zoantídeo deve ser acompanhada pelo aumento da taxa de recrutamento de corais e que a competição com a inibição do recrutamento não suporta um efeito de histerese. Foi constatado que esta mudança de fase reduz a riqueza de espécies de peixes recifais, apresentando dez espécies a menos que os recifes normais, e que favorecem os invertívoros moveis em detrimento dos carnívoros e invertívoros sésseis. Contudo não se observou diferença na abundância de peixes. / Some coral reefs of Todos os Santos Bay have undergone a drastic change in the benthic community. In 2003, they began to be dominated by the zoanthid Epizoanthus gabrieli. This phenomenon is a consequence of coral reef degradation that now reaches approximately 20% of coral reefs worldwide and and threatens another 35%. The most dramatic consequences of this degradation are the phase shift phenomena which are characterized by reduction of coral abundance and increase of organisms that do not build reefs. Despite their importance, only a phase shift to the domain of macroalgae has been sufficiently studied. Given this situation, it is urgent to create functional models that demonstrate the ecological processes that occur in the installation of alternative states that persist over time. These models provide important information that can help in decision making on management measures both for prevention and recovery of these ecosystems. The aims of this work are (i) to verify if this phenomenon is a phase shift, (i.e. the reduction of the abundance of coral and persistence of high coverage E. gabrieli for more than five years of monitoring), (ii) evaluate the effects of competition between this zoanthid and recruits and adult coral with manipulative experiments and (iii) study the effects of dominance on the fish assemblage. The result confirmed the existence of a phase shift, suggesting that the abundance of E. gabrieli increased in 2003 or before and in 2007 there was a reduction in coral cover, and that this condition remained until at least 2013. The three coral species tested show great sensitivity to contact with E. gabrieli, with necrosis in 78% of the colonies and with overgrow in 35% of cases in a period of 118 days. In addition, a model made from the data of a proportion of coral colonies in contact with this zoanthid and coverage of E. gabrieli suggests that when the zoanthid reaches 6% coverage, 50% of coral colonies come in contact with it. These data are strong evidence that the reduction of coral cover observed between 2003 and 2007 was caused by competition between these organisms. There was no negative effect on the recruitment of coral on artificial substrate free in reefs dominated by E. gabrieli or near their colonies. This suggests that a presumed reduction of coverage of this zoanthid should be accompanied by an increase in coral recruitment rates and the competition by inhibition of recruitment does not support an effect of hysteresis. It was found that this phase shift reduces species richness of reef fishes, by ten species unless reefs normal, and that favor mobile invertivores to the detriment of carnivores and sessile invertivores. However there was no difference in the abundance of fish.

Apresentamos dois autômatos celulares com regras de interação locais que permitem descrever a dinâmica de população de um sistema predador-presa. Os modelos são definidos sobre uma rede regular quadrada e se diferenciam pelo caráter isotrópico ou anisotrópico da interação entre os sítios. A cada sítio é associada uma variável estocástica, que pode assumir três estados - vazio, presa ou predador. A dinâmica de competição entre espécies animais que nos interessa é a mesma descrita pelo modelo de Lotka-Volterra no qual as populações de presas e predadores oscilam temporalmente. Nosso objetivo é a análise dessas oscilações, como se comportam com o aumento da rede e se permanecem estáveis. Para a obtenção das séries temporais realizamos simulações de Monte Carlo. Para o autômato definido sobre o espaço isotrópico, também realizamos análise de campo médio dinâmico. Os resultados indicam que a oscilação é um efeito local (não sobrevive em sistemas infinitos), e é mais significativo devido à migração das espécies pelos subsistemas. O estudo da anisotropia revela alguns padrões espaciais organizados e que as oscilações são menos intensas do que no caso isotrópico e como consequência a fase ativa é mais abrangente. / We present two cellular automata with local interaction rules which allow us to describe the dynamical population of a predator-prey system. The models are defined on a regular square lattice and are distinguished by the isotropic or anisotropic character of the interaction between sites. To each site a stochastic variable is associated, which can assume three states- void, prey or predator. The competition dynamics between animal species which interest us is the same described by the Lotka-Volterra model in which the populations of preys and predators oscillate in time. Our aim is the analysis of these oscillations, how they behave with an increasing lattice and if they remain stable. In order to obtain temporal series we perform Monte Carlo simulations. For the automaton defined on isotropic space, dynamical mean field analysis was also performed. Results indicate that the oscillation is a local effect ( vanishing in infinite systems), and is more significant due to migration of species through the subsystems. The study of anisotropy reveals some organized spatial patterns and that oscillations are less intense than in the isotropic case and as a consequence the active phase is more comprehensive.

This work presented is DC-DC isolated ZVS Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) single phase converter, based three-state switching cell is presented. The proposal is to apply it in photovoltaic systems with battery bank into smart networks. Basically the drive control is the duty cycle (D) of the switches and the Phase Shift (φ) of the fundamental tensions between the bridges. The gyrator modeling of the converter is presented, highlighting its natural operating characteristic as gyrator. Shows the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the converter, realizing the full study of the stages of operation of the topology and checking all sixteen regions of operation. To obtain the regions of soft-switching, the fundamental model is applied. The design procedure of the converter is presented, and the results of simulations. A 2kW prototype was developed, aimed at obtaining experimental results validate the theoretical analysis / Neste trabalho à apresentado o conversor CC-CC ZVS isolado bidirecional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) monofÃsico, baseado na cÃlula de comutaÃÃo de trÃs estados. A proposta à aplicÃ-lo em sistemas fotovoltaicos com banco de baterias em redes inteligentes. Basicamente o controle do conversor consiste na razÃo cÃclica (D) dos interruptores e o Phase Shift (φ) entre as componentes fundamentais das tensÃes entre as pontes. A modelagem por gyrator do conversor à apresentada, destacando-se sua caracterÃstica natural de funcionamento como gyrator. Mostra-se a anÃlise qualitativa e quantitativa do conversor, realizando o estudo completo das etapas de operaÃÃo da topologia e verificando todas as dezesseis regiÃes de operaÃÃo. Para obtenÃÃo das regiÃes de comutaÃÃo suave, à aplicado o modelo fundamental. O procedimento de projeto do conversor à apresentado, alÃm dos resultados de simulaÃÃes. Um protÃtipo de 2 kW foi desenvolvido, visando a obtenÃÃo dos resultados experimentais e validando a anÃlise teÃrica.

This diploma thesis deals with the development of experimental apparatus for measuring the real contacts. Phase Shift Interferometry was used for measuring the contacts of steel or brass ball and glass plate. The approach which is desci-bed in this thesis is a unique. It was demonstrated, that the deformation of con-tact body is possible to determine. There is some discusion about final aplicati-on of this optic profilometry for measuring real contacts.

La demande constante de capacité et la saturation prévue de la fibre monomode ont conduit récemment à des avances technologiques qui ont complètement changé le paysage des télécommunications à fibre optique. Le progrès le plus important était la mise en œuvre d'une détection cohérente à l'aide d'électronique rapide. Cela a permis pas seulement l'utilisation de formats de modulation qui promettent une utilisation plus efficace de la bande passante, mais aussi l’utilisation des algorithmes adaptés pour combattre la dégradation du signal optique due à la propagation. Cette thèse a commencé un peu après le début de cette « ère du cohérent » et son principal objectif était de revoir les effets physiques de la propagation dans des systèmes de transmission terrestres, utilisant le format de modulation QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying). Le manuscrit est divisé en deux parties. La première partie est consacrée à une étude sur les séquences des données qui doivent être utilisés dans les simulations numériques, lorsqu’un format de modulation avancée est impliqué. La propagation, et en particulier l'interaction entre la dispersion chromatique et les non-linéarités, introduisent une interférence inter-symbole (ISI). Vu que cet ISI dépend de l’enchainement des données transmises, il est évident que le choix de la séquence a une influence sur la qualité estimée du canal. Etant donné que des séquences aléatoires infinies ne sont pas pratiquement réalisables, nous utilisons souvent des séquences « pseudo-aléatoires » (PR), i.e. des séquences déterministes de longueur finie, avec des statistiques équilibrés, qui semblent être aléatoires. Dans la première partie, nous décrivons la méthode de génération de séquences PR avec M. niveaux (M> 2) et nous détaillons leurs propriétés. En outre, nous proposons des outils numériques pour caractériser les séquences non pseudo-aléatoires qu’on utilise souvent dans des simulations, ou parfois aussi dans des expériences au laboratoire. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats de simulations qui permettent de quantifier la nécessité d'utiliser des séquences PR en fonction des paramètres du système. Après avoir établi les séquences finies "les plus adaptées", dans la seconde partie du manuscrit, nous nous concentrons sur l'étude de la propagation, dans le contexte d'un système de transmission QPSK et en supposant une gestion de dispersion et un type de fibre variables. Plus précisément, nous étudions numériquement les statistiques de signaux dégradés dus à l'interaction de la dispersion chromatique avec les effets non linéaires, en négligeant tout effet de polarisation ou inter-canaux, aussi que le bruit des amplificateurs. Dans ce contexte, nous étions intéressés à déterminer si certaines lois empiriques développées pour les systèmes OOK, sont valable dans le cas d'une modulation QPSK, tels que le critère de la phase non-linéaire cumulée (ΦNL) ou des lois qui permettent une optimisation de la gestion de dispersion. Ensuite, nous révélons l'importance de la rotation de la constellation du signal initial, comme un paramètre qui peut fournir des informations pour la post-optimisation de notre système. Nous discutons également autour du fait que la forme de la constellation dépend de la gestion de dispersion et concernant les constellations nous concluons qu'il y en a généralement 3 types, avec: (1) une variance de phase supérieure à la variance d'amplitude (2) une variance d'amplitude supérieure à la variance de phase et (3) avec le signal ayant une constellation qui ressemble à la constellation d’un signal sous l'influence d'un bruit blanc gaussien additif. Enfin, nous fournissons une explication phénoménologique des formes des constellations révélant le fait que des sous-séquences différentes conduisent à un « type » différent de dégradation et nous utilisons ces informations pour définir un paramètre qui quantifie le bénéfice potentiel d'un algorithme de correction du type MAP(Maximum A Posteriori Probability) / The constant demand for capacity increase, together with the foreseen saturation of the single-mode optical fiber, paved the way to technological breakthroughs that have completely changed the landscape of fiber-optic telecommunications. The most important advance was, undeniably, the practical implementation of a coherent detection with the help of high-speed electronics. This has, first, enabled the use of advanced modulation formats that allowed for a more efficient use of the fiber bandwidth, compared to the classical On-Off Keying, while adapted algorithms could not be used in order to mitigate the optical signal degradation. This thesis began a little after the advent of coherent detection and its main objective was to revisit the propagation effects in optical transmission systems using "Quadrature phase shift keying" (QPSK) modulation in the context of terrestrial systems, i.e. for transmission distances of up to about 2000 km. The manuscript is divided into two parts. The first part is dedicated to a study on the data sequences that need to be used in numerical simulations, when advanced modulation is involved. Fiber propagation, and in particular the interplay between chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities, usually introduce a nonlinear inter-symbol interference (ISI) to the transmitted signal. Since this ISI depends on the actual transmitted data pattern, it is obvious that the choice of the sequence used in our numerical simulations will have a direct influence on the estimated channel quality. Since, an infinite length, random sequence is impractical; we very commonly use pseudorandom" (PR) sequences, i.e. finite-length, deterministic sequences with balanced pattern statistics that seem to be random. In the first part we describe the method of generating M-level (with M>2) pseudorandom sequences and we detail their properties. In addition, we propose numerical tools to characterize the non-pseudorandom sequences that we use in numerical simulations, or we are sometimes forced to use in laboratory experiments. Finally, we present results of numerical simulations that quantify the necessity to use PR sequences as a function of our system parameters. After having established the “fairest possible” finite sequences, in the second part of the manuscript, we focus on the study of the nonlinear propagation, in the context of a transmission system using QPSK modulation and assuming a variable dispersion management and fiber type. Specifically, we numerically study the signal statistics due to the interplay of chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects, neglecting all polarization or multi-wavelength effects and the amplifier noise. In this context, we were first interested in determining whether some empirical laws developed for OOK systems, can be also used in the case of QPSK modulation, such as the criterion of cumulative nonlinear phase (ΦNL) or laws that allow for a quick optimization of the dispersion management. Next we reveal the importance of a global phase rotation added to the initial signal constellation, as a parameter that can provide interesting information for the post-optimization of our system. We also discuss the fact that the constellation shape critically depends on the applied dispersion management, while there are generally 3 types of constellations, concerning the complex signal statistics: (1) the phase variance is higher than the amplitude variance (2) the amplitude variance is higher than the phase variance and (3) the received signal constellation resembles to a constellation of a signal under the influence of just an Additive White Gaussian Noise. Finally, we provide a phenomenological explanation of the constellations shapes revealing the fact that different data sub-sequences suffer from a different kind of signal degradation, while we also use this information to define a parameter that quantifies the potential benefit from a MAP (Maximum A Posteriori probability) correction algorithm

All-optical signal processing techniques for phase-shift keyed (PSK) systems were developed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. Nonlinear optical effects in fibers, in particular four-wave mixing (FWM) that occurs via the ultra-fast Kerr nonlinearity, offer a flexible framework within which numerous signal processing functions can be accomplished. This research has focused on the regenerative capabilities of various FWM configurations in the context of processing PSK signals. Phase-preserving amplitude regeneration, phase regeneration, and phase-regenerative wavelength conversion are analyzed and demonstrated experimentally. The single-pump phase-conjugation process was used to regenerate RZ-DPSK pulse amplitudes with different input noise distributions, and the impact on output phase characteristics was studied. Experiments revealed a limited range over which amplitude noise could effectively be suppressed without introduction of phase noise, particularly for signals with intensity pattern effects. Phase regeneration requires use of phase-sensitive amplification (PSA), which occurs in nonlinear interferometers when the pump and signal frequencies are degenerate (NI-PSA), or in fiber directly through single-stage (degenerate) or cascaded (non-degenerate) FWM processes. A PSA based on a Sagnac interferometer provided the first experimental demonstration of DPSK phase and amplitude regeneration. The phase-regenerative capabilities of the NI-PSA are limited in practice by intrinsic noise conversion (amplitude to phase noise) and to a lesser extent by the requirement to modulate the pump wave to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). These limitations are relaxed in novel materials with higher SBS thresholds and nonlinearities. Degenerate FWM provides PSA in a traveling-wave configuration that intrinsically suppresses the noise conversion affecting the NI-PSA, while providing stronger phase-matched gain. Experiments confirmed superior phase-regenerative behavior to the NI-PSA with simultaneous reduction of amplitude noise for NRZ-DPSK signals. Phase-regenerative wavelength conversion (PR-WC) provides the regenerative properties of PSA at a new wavelength, and was proposed and demonstrated for the first time in this research. The parallel implementation of two FWM processes, phase-conjugation and frequency conversion, provides two idlers which exhibit interesting and useful regenerative properties. These were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Ideal phase-regenerative behavior is predicted when the contributing FWM processes are equally phase-matched, which can be maintained over any interaction length or wavelength shift provided the pump powers are properly adjusted. Depleted-pump regime PR-WC provides simultaneous phase and amplitude regeneration. Experiments confirmed regenerative behavior for wavelength shifts of the idlers up to 5 nm. Two techniques for phase regeneration of 4-level PSK signals were developed and evaluated. The first is based on parallel operation of PSAs suitable for processing 2-level PSK signals, where phase projection and regeneration are combined to recover the input data. Analysis of this scheme outlined the conditions required for effective phase regeneration and for practical implementation using known PSAs. A novel process based on FWM (parallel phase-conjugation followed by PSA) was developed and analyzed, and demonstrated using numerical simulations. These studies provide a basis for further work in this area.

No description available.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Advances in spectrally efficient Feher’s Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (FQPSK) and Feher‘s Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (FQAM) patented technologies, commercial and government “dual-use” FQPSK products and Test & Evaluation (T&E) results are highlighted in this overview paper. US and international customer requirements/systems, programs and recent deployments and standardization programs are also described. FQPSK doubles the spectral efficiency of PCM/FM Telemetry and of Feher patented Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK or FGMSK) and of alternatives, while FQAM quadruples the spectral efficiency of these systems. The predominant focus of this presentation is on an overview and advances of IRIG 106-00 standardized FQPSK technologies. FQAM systems will also be described. Use of FQPSK for applications such as telemetry, data links, clear mode, TDMA ,CSMA and CDMA, OCDMA, WCDMA as well as OFDM – COFDM will be included in the presentation.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Presentation of Alcatel Espace last studies and developments regarding TT&C receiver Products for satellite. This document lays on 3 parts: · a technical point of view showing digital demodulation principles used (base band recovery, analytical head, PM or FM demodulation) and their related offered possibilities(digital controlling loop, lock status detection, jammer detection,....) · a technology/design description · a synthesis showing performance and results

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / With every new spacecraft that is designed comes a greater density of information that will be stored once it is in operation. This, coupled with the desire to reduce the number of ground stations needed to download this information from the spacecraft, places new requirements on telemetry transmitters. These new transmitters must be capable of data rates of 320 Mbps and beyond. Although the necessary bandwidth is available for some non-bandwidth-limited transmissions in Ka-Band and above, many systems will continue to rely on more narrow allocations down to X-Band. These systems will require filtering of the modulation to meet spectral limits. The usual requirements of this filtering also include that it not introduce high levels of inter-symbol interference (ISI) to the transmission. These constraints have been addressed at CE by implementing a DSP technique that pre-filters a QPSK symbol set to achieve bandwidth-limited 320 Mbps operation. This implementation operates within the speed range of the radiation-hardened digital technologies that are currently available and consumes less power than the traditional high-speed FIR techniques.