Cold pressed Hemp (Cannabis sativa L) seed oil, which contains a favorable ratio of omega-6/omega-3 and a considerable amount of vitamin E, is a high nutrition value product with various health benefits. However, the presence of a large amount of chlorophyll makes the oil highly susceptible to photo-oxidation and limits its applications. Chlorophyll and other pigments in edible oils are commonly reduced through oil bleaching process. The objective of this study was to reduce the chlorophyll content in cold pressed hemp seed oil using ultrasonic bleaching and evaluate the impacts on carotene content, peroxide value, conjugated diene, total phenolic content and oxidative stability. The bleaching efficiency increased significantly as the ultrasound power (0 to 60% pressure amplitude) and concentration of bleaching clay (20 to 40 g/kg) increased. At 20% ultrasound power, the chlorophyll reduction (%) of different clays was found to be 99.4% (industrial clay) > 97.8% (activated bentonite) > 82.7% (sepiolite) > 47.1% (non-activated bentonite). Ultrasonic bleaching significantly reduced (p<0.05) the total chlorophyll content, total carotene content and primary oxidation products of hemp seed oil. During accelerated oxidation tests (40 and 60 ℃), the developments of peroxide value and conjugated diene were significantly (p<0.05) slower for hemp seed oil treated with ultrasonic bleaching compared to the control oil. Enhanced oxidative stability was observed in hemp seed oil after ultrasonic bleaching. In addition, another objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of solvent and heat treatment on phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of cold pressed canola and hemp meals. For canola meal, a solvent-mixture of aqueous methanol (70%) and aqueous acetone (70%) in a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) extracted (p<0.05) slightly higher total phenolic content (11.3 mg SAE/g), while aqueous methanol (70%) extracts exhibited higher DPPH scavenging effect (40.4%). For hemp meal, aqueous acetone (80%) extracts exhibited higher total phenolic content (6.0 mg GAE/g) and DPPH scavenging effect (12.5%). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in canola meal extracts were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in hemp meal extracts. After heat treatments at temperature from 140 to 180 ℃, canola and hemp meal extracts showed equal or lower total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging effect. / May 2017

Les réactions d'oxydation impliquant les composés phénoliques semblent induire des modifications non négligeables du profil chimique et sensoriel des vins. Les travaux concernent l’étude des mécanismes réactionnels impliquant certains thiols volatils, contributeurs de l’arôme distinctif et de la complexité des vins des différents cépages avec les composés phénoliques oxydés des vins blancs, principalement les flavan-3-ols. En solution modèle de composition proche du vin, une réactivité différente des thiols volatils selon leur nature chimique vis à vis des formes oxydées des flavan-3-ols a été établie. La synthèse et la caractérisation des adduits par RMN entre les principaux composés phénoliques des moûts et des vins blancs et le 3-sulfanylhexanol, présentant des nuances d’agrumes, a ensuite été réalisée en conditions d’oxydation chimique et enzymatique. La suivi cinétique de la formation des adduits par CLHP-ESI-SM a permis de mettre en évidence une réactivité du thiol spécifique vis à vis d’un substrat polyphénolique, d’établir le rôle catalytique des métaux (Fe2+) et la capacité antioxydante du dioxyde de soufre vis à vis de ces mécanismes réactionnels. La compréhension de mécanismes fondamentaux de la réactivité de la (+)-catéchine et de la (-)-épicatéchine en conditions œnologiques avec les thiols volatils nous a permis de décliner les travaux à l’étude de l’influence de la présence des flavan-3-ols au cours de la vinification et de l’élevage des vins sur ces composants de l’arôme des vins blancs. / Oxidation reactions involving phenolics might change wines chemical and sensory profile. The present work concern the study of reactional mechanisms implying certain volatile thiols, responsible of distinctiveness and complexity of various wines, with white wines oxidized phenolic compounds, mainly flavan-3-ols. In a model wine solution, a different volatile thiol reactivity pattern according to their chemical nature with respect to oxidized flavan-3-ols forms was established. The adducts synthesis and characterization by NMR between the principal white musts and wines phenolic compounds and the 3-sulfanylhexanol, presenting citrus fruits nuances, were carried out under chemical and enzymatic oxidation conditions. Their formation monitoring by HPLC-ESI-MS highlighted a specific reactivity of thiol with polyphenolic substrate and established the catalytic role of metals (Fe2+) as well as, the antioxidant effect of sulphur dioxide into these mechanisms. The comprehension of fundamental mechanisms for the reactivity of (+)-catechin and of (-)-epicatechin with volatile thiols in oenological conditions enabled us to elucidate the influence of flavan-3-ols into white wines aroma compounds during wine making and ageing.

<p>U okviru disertacije ispitana je mogućnost eksploatacije nusproizvoda (nastalih tokom procesa hladnog presovanja ulja) kao izvora prirodnih fenolnih kiselina. Odabir je obuhvatio uzorke uljane tikve, crnog kima, lana i nara. Radi oslobađanja vezanih fenolnih kiselina i u cilju procene njihovog ukupnog sadržaja i distribucije (u čvrstim uzorcima), primenjena je alkalna hidroliza sa dodatkom L-askorbinske kiseline i EDTA. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da se sve analizirane pogače mogu se koristiti za dobijanje vrednih fenolnih kiselina, pri čemu raspodela fenolnih kiselina zavisi od vrste uljane pogače. Koncentracija slobodnih fenolnih kiselina se pokazala značajnom za pogaču uljane tikve, estarski vezanih za pogače nara i lana, a nerastvornih-vezanih za pogače crnog kima i nara. Od svih analiziranih uzoraka kora nara je sadržala najvi&scaron;e estarski vezanih fenolnih kiselina zahvaljujući veoma visokom sadržaju galne kiseline. Nakon određivanja fenolnih kiselina u nusproizvodima, analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA) je omogućila razdvajanje biljnih uzoraka u grupe prema poreklu i smanjila broj fenolnih kiselina neophodnih za njihovu karakterizaciju, &scaron;to može imati potencijalnu primenu u skriningu fenolnih kiselina i određivanju kvaliteta/autentičnosti uljarica i njihovih nusproizvoda.</p> / <p>Within the thesis, the possibility of by-products (formed during the process of cold oil pressing) exploitation as a source of natural phenolic acids was examined. Selection of the samples included pumpkin, black cumin, flax and pomegranate. For the purpose of bonded phenolic acids release and for the total phenolic acids content and distribution (in the solid samples) assessment, the alkaline hydrolysis with the addition of L-ascorbic acid and EDTA was employed. The results show that all analyzed cakes can be used to obtain valuable phenolic acids, while the distribution of phenolic acids depends on the type of oil cakes. The concentration of free phenolic acids proved to be significant for a pumpkin oil cake, ester for pomegranate and flax oil cakes, and insoluble-bound for black cumin and pomegranate oil cakes. Of all analyzed samples, pomegranate hull contains the highest content of ester-linked phenolic acids, due to a very high content of gallic acid. After phenolic acids determination in the by-products, principal components analysis (PCA) allowed the separation of plant samples in groups according to origin and reduced the number of phenolic acids necessary for their characterization, which may have potential application in the screening of phenolic acids and determining the quality/authenticity oilseeds and their by-products.</p>

R-(-)-Phenylephrine (PE) is the most commonly used nonprescription oral nasal decongestant in the United States. It is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist and has many years of safe usage. However, the efficacy of PE is controversial, due to its extensive pre-systemic metabolism, which leads to low and variable oral bioavailability (38 ± 9%, mean ± SD). Sulfation plays a very important role in pre-systemic metabolism of PE. The sulfation of PE occurs at its phenolic group, which is the preferred structural feature of many sulfotransferase (SULT) substrates. Compounds with phenolic groups have similar structures to PE, which may share the same SULT isoforms with PE and have the potential to inhibit PE sulfation. Co-administration of the phenolic compounds from the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS) list, Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS), or dietary supplements along with PE could be an effective strategy to inhibit the pre-systemic sulfation of PE. The primary side effect of PE is hypertension. Since monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors may increase the risk of hypertension, they should not be taken with PE. In order to increase the oral bioavailability and eventually improve the efficacy of PE, this research project aimed to investigate the feasibility of inhibiting the pre-systemic sulfation of PE with phenolic dietary compounds. Considering the safety issue, this research project also aimed to investigate whether these phenolic dietary compounds have inhibitory effects on MAO-A/B. A human colon adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (LS180), which shows sulfation activity, was used as a model to test the effect of these phenolic compounds on the sulfation of PE. The extent of disappearance of PE was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased to the following (mean ± SEM, as % of control) when incubated with phenolic dietary compounds in LS180 cells for 14 - 19 hrs: curcumin 24.5 ± 14.0%, guaiacol 51.3 ± 8.0%, isoeugenol 73.9 ± 4.3%, pterostilbene 70.6 ± 4.2%, resveratrol 14.2 ± 28.0%, zingerone 52.4 ± 14.6%, and the combinations eugenol + propylparaben 42.6 ± 8.4%, vanillin + propylparaben 37.0 ± 11.2%, eugenol + propylparaben + vanillin + ascorbic acid 31.1 ± 10.9%, eugenol + vanillin 57.5 ± 20.6%, and pterostilbene + zingerone 36.5 ± 7.0%. The combinations of curcumin + resveratrol and curcumin + pterostilbene + resveratrol + zingerone almost completely inhibited PE disappearance. PE sulfate formation was inhibited 67.0 ± 4.2% (mean ± SEM, as % of control) by guaiacol and 71.7 ± 2.6% by pterostilbene + zingerone. The combinations of curcumin + resveratrol and curcumin + pterostilbene + resveratrol + zingerone inhibited ≥ 99% of PE sulfate formation. These results were consistent with those from analysis of the disappearance of PE in LS180 cells. These phenolic inhibitors for sulfation were also tested to see whether they have any inhibitory effects on MAO-A or B. Significant inhibition was found with curcumin, guaiacol, isoeugenol, pterostilbene, resveratrol, and zingerone on both MAO-A and B. Further kinetic studies were conducted to investigate the concentration of an inhibitor at which the enzyme activity is reduced by half (IC50) (mean ± SEM) of these inhibitors. The most potent inhibitor for MAO-A was resveratrol (0.313 ± 0.008 μM) followed by isoeugenol (3.72 ± 0.20 μM), curcumin (12.9 ± 1.3 μM), pterostilbene (13.4 ± 1.5 μM), zingerone (16.3 ± 1.1 μM), and guaiacol (131 ± 6 μM). The most potent inhibitor for MAO-B was pterostilbene (0.138 ± 0.013 μM), followed by curcumin (6.30 ± 0.11 μM), resveratrol (15.8 ± 1.3 μM), isoeugenol (102 ± 5 μM), and guaiacol (322 ± 27 μM). Since these phenolic compounds all have relatively low oral bioavailability, any MAO inhibition which could occur systemically is expected to be limited. Most inhibitory effects on MAO-A and B if any would be limited to the GI tract and liver. In conclusion, several compounds and combinations showed inhibition on PE sulfation in LS180 cell model, which may have potential to inhibit the pre-systemic sulfation of PE to improve its oral bioavailability. These compounds also showed the unexpected inhibition on human MAO-A and B with different potency, which could guide the selection of phenolic dietary compounds for further studies, along with the sulfation inhibition results and their pharmacokinetic (PK) properties such as bioavailability.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Kadri Koppel / Pomegranate fruits have grown in popularity due to their known beneficial health properties. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine if flavor differences existed among and within fruits, 2) understand appropriate numbers of replications needed for products that are naturally variable, and 3) compare individual and consensus scores for descriptive sensory analysis over 10 replications of the same product to determine whether differences are found between the methods. Three different sections of the pomegranate fruit were individually evaluated (top, middle and bottom) to determine if flavor differences existed among the fruit sections. Furthermore, the number of repetitions needed in order to obtain small differences in a descriptive panel was calculated. Results showed that pomegranate fruits have natural variation of flavor in the different sections, as well as differences among fruits of the same cultivar. The number of repetitions increased as the differences that wanted to be detected became smaller, and they decreased, as these differences increased. After each sections of fruit were individually evaluated, the panel discussed results and set consensus scores for each attribute. Analysis on mean individual scores and consensus data, along with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that both, individual and consensus methods, provided the same reliable and reproducible information. However, this was evaluated using highly trained panelists. Besides pomegranate juice (PJ), green tea (GT) is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, and has the highest polyphenol content of all teas. Six PJ and GT blends were prepared at different ratios: 90-10, 80-20, 70-30, 60-40, 50-50, 40-60 vol/vol. Lipton GT and Wonderful pomegranates were used to prepare the samples. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine sensory differences in the samples, 2) consumer acceptance before and after antioxidant information of the samples was provided, and 3) determine their total phenolic content (TPC). Results showed that samples with lower PJ were higher in attributes intensities for Green, and Tea like flavor, while attributes like Berry, Cranberry, Cherry and Sweetness were lower. Consumers liked samples higher in PJ, and sample 40-60 was the least liked. However, overall liking of all samples increased when antioxidant information was given. TPC results showed that pure PJ had the highest content, and as it was mixed with GT, TPC was the sum of the individual percentages of each component. Addition of claims in beverage labels might be a good strategy for consumers to purchase these type of products high in antioxidant content.

M.Sc. / In this study, natural and modified clinoptilolite (CLI) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites possessing improved mechanical and adsorptive properties were prepared through melt-mixing. Determination of morphological, structural and thermal properties was achieved by means of different techniques (FTIR, TGA, DSC, electron microscopy and x-ray spectroscopy). Electron microscopy revealed that increasing filler loading beyond 20% leads to agglomeration of clinoptilolite particles reducing their dispersion within the matrix. Thermal studies showed that the reinforced composites had a lower thermal stability than the neat PP polymer, suggesting that the clinoptilolite interfered with polymer chain arrangement and bonding. It also showed that percentage crystallinity increased with increasing filler loading indicating that the filler particles acted as nucleating agents within the polymeric matrix during composite synthesis. Prior to the ion-exchange studies, water sorption behaviour of fabricated composites was evaluated because ion-exchange/adsorption studies were to be performed in aqueous media. It was therefore observed that the hydrophobic polymer, PP attained the property of water sorption mainly due to the porous structure of the composites created by mixing and extrusion and also by the addition of the hydrophilic filler material.

A iminente escassez de recursos naturais e de fontes energéticas não renováveis são forças motrizes para a adoção de práticas sustentáveis. Dentre os processos industriais que fazem uso intensivo de recursos naturais, estão os que utilizam processos de usinagem baseados em ferramentas abrasivas para desbaste, esmerilhamento, corte, entre outros. A partir deste panorama geral, é possível enxergar a necessidade de estudar os processos de usinagem com ferramentas abrasivas a fim de aumentar a compreensão sobre eles e de torná-los sustentáveis. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, por meio do comportamento mecânico de compósitos abrasivos resinoides, o potencial de reciclagem de grãos de alumina oriundos de ferramentas abrasivas. No presente trabalho, foi estudada a preparação e caracterização de compósitos abrasivos resinoides reforçados com grãos alumina reciclada e virgem. Uma das aluminas recicladas é oriunda de rebolos e discos de corte resinoides, outra alumina é oriunda de rebolos vitrificados, e a última, composta por alumina branca, é recuperada de rebolos vitrificados refugados ou usados. As amostras de grãos de alumina reciclada e a de grãos de alumina marrom virgem foram caracterizadas por meio das técnicas de fluorescência de raios X (FRX), difratometria de raios X (DRX), microscopias óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Corpos de prova de compósitos utilizando os quatro tipos de alumina foram preparados por meio da mistura, prensagem e tratamento térmico de grãos de alumina e resinas fenólicas resol e novolaca. Por fim, os compósitos foram caracterizados por meio das técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), módulo elástico por excitação por impulso, impacto Izod, flexão em quatro pontos, análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA), dureza por Sand Blasting Penetration (SBP), porosidade pelo método de Arquimedes e microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos mostraram que os compósitos de alumina reciclada apresentaram depreciação em todas as propriedades estudadas em relação ao compósito de alumina virgem, exceto a resistência ao impacto Izod, no qual todas as amostras apresentaram baixa resistência. A razão desta baixa resistência ao impacto deveu-se à estrutura formada pelo grão de alumina, ligante (resina fenólica) e porosidade, na qual a baixa proporção de resina fenólica (10% m.) foi a responsável pelo resultado. Por outro lado, a causa da depreciação nas propriedades mecânicas apresentadas pelos compósitos de alumina reciclada foi a menor concentração em alumina e a presença de impurezas oriundas da produção das ferramentas abrasivas. Neste caso, o compósito de alumina branca reciclada apresentou melhores resultados das propriedades mecânicas em relação aos compósitos de alumina oriunda de rebolos vitrificados e os de alumina oriunda de rebolos e discos resinoides. Concluindo, o potencial de reciclagem dos grãos de alumina oriundos de ferramentas abrasivas visando o seu reaproveitamento no processo de fabricação destas ferramentas é limitado pela sua pureza, de modo que se no processo de reciclagem dos grãos for aumentada a concentração de alumina haverá possibilidade de seu reaproveitamento. / The imminent scarcity of natural resources and nonrenewable energy sources are driving forces for the adoption of sustainable practices. Among the industrial processes that make intensive use of natural resources, there are those that use machining processes based on abrasive tools for roughing, grinding, cutting, among others. From this general panorama, it is possible to see the need to study the machining processes with abrasive tools in order to increase the understanding about them. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate, through the mechanical behavior of resin-bound abrasive composites, the recycling potential of alumina grits from abrasive tools. In the present work, the preparation and characterization of resinoid abrasive composites reinforced with recycled and virgin alumina grits was studied. One of the recycled aluminas comes from resin-bound grinding wheels and thin wheel cut-off discs, another alumina comes from vitrified grinding wheels, and the latter, composed of white alumina, is recovered from scrapped or used glazed grinding wheels. The samples of recycled alumina grits and virgin brown alumina grits were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composite test bodies using the four types of alumina were prepared by mixing, pressing and heat treatment of alumina grits and resol and novolak phenolic resins. Finally, the composites were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impulse excitation elastic modulus, Izod impact, four-point flexing, dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), Sand Blasting Penetration hardness (SBP), porosity by the Archimedes method and optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the mechanical tests showed that the recycled alumina composites presented depreciation in all the studied properties in relation to the virgin alumina composite, except the Izod impact resistance, in which all the samples presented low resistance. The reason for this low impact strength was due to the structure formed by the alumina grit, binder (phenolic resin) and porosity, in which the low proportion of phenolic resin (10% m) was responsible for the result. On the other hand, the reason for the depreciation in the mechanical properties presented by the recycled alumina composites was the lower concentration in alumina and the presence of impurities from the production of the abrasive tools. In this case, the recycled white alumina composite presented better mechanical properties in relation to alumina composites from vitrified grinding wheels and those from alumina from grinding wheels and resinoid disks. In conclusion, the recycling potential of the alumina grits from abrasive tools aiming at their reuse in the process of manufacturing these tools is limited by their purity, so that if in the grit recycling process the alumina concentration increases it will make possible its reuse.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do silício aplicado em diferentes cultivares de cana-de-açúcar sobre alguns aspectos biológicos e comportamentais da cigarrinha (Mahanarva fimbriolata) e sobre a produtividade e a qualidade da cana-de-açúcar, em condições de laboratório e campo. Em laboratório, as cultivares SP79-1011 e SP80-1816 (resistentes à cigarrinha) e SP81-3250 (suscetível) foram cultivadas em solo arenoso ou argiloso sem e com adubação silicatada (800 kg·ha-1 de silicato de potássio). Em outro experimento, as cultivares SP81-3250 e SP79-1011, mantidas em vasos com e sem adição de silício, foram expostas a adultos da cigarrinha e, após diferentes períodos (0, 12, 24 e 36h), foi determinada a concentração de compostos fenólicos solúveis totais (CFST) nas plantas. Nesses dois experimentos, os insetos foram provenientes de criação mantida em laboratório. O experimento de campo foi realizado na Usina Guaíra, em Guaíra, SP e os tratamentos foram constituídos de 16 cultivares com e sem aplicação de silício (800 kg·ha-1 de silicato de cálcio e magnésio). A avaliação da infestação de cigarrinhas (ninfas e adultos) foi realizada quinzenalmente. Na época da colheita da cana, plantas foram coletadas para a análise dos parâmetros tecnológicos. Em laboratório, o silício absorvido e acumulado na planta causou um acréscimo na mortalidade de ninfas e, dependendo da cultivar, este elemento também proporcionou aumento na duração da fase ninfal e decréscimo na longevidade de machos e fêmeas. A cultivar SP79-1011 foi a que teve o melhor desempenho na maioria dos parâmetros analisados, tendo apresentado maior teor de silício foliar e causado maior mortalidade de ninfas e menor longevidade de fêmeas. O período de pré-oviposição, a fecundidade e a viabilidade dos ovos não foram afetados pelo silício nas plantas ou pela cultivar utilizada. O valor de CFST não diferiu entre plantas tratadas e não tratadas com silício. Após as primeiras horas de exposição à cigarrinha, a cultivar resistente não só produziu maior concentração de compostos fenólicos, mas, quando tratada com silício, respondeu mais rapidamente ao ataque. A adubação silicatada, no campo, diminuiu o número de ninfas, não interferiu na população de adultos e aumentou os valores de Brix% e Pol do caldo, assim como o teor de Fibra% cana. Por outro lado, houve variação na produtividade em função das cultivares, constatando-se os maiores valores nas cultivares SP84-1431 e SP80-3280. / The present work aimed to study the effect of silicon applied in different cultivars of sugarcanes in biological and behavioral aspects of the spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata) and in the yield and quality of the cane. Studies were conducted in the laboratory and on the field. In laboratory the cultivars SP79-1011 and SP80-1816 (resistant to spittlebug) and SP81-3250 (susceptible) were grown in sandy or clay soil with and without silicon fertilization (800 kg·ha-1 of potassium silicate). In another experiment, the cultivars SP81-3250 and SP79-1011 were kept in pots with and without silicon addition, and were exposed to spittlebug adults throughout different periods (0, 12, 24 and 36h), and the concentration of soluble phenolic compounds in plants were quantified. In both experiments the insects were obtained from a laboratory rearing. The field experiment was conducted at Guaíra Sugarcane Mill, in Guaíra, São Paulo. Treatments consisted of 16 cultivars with and without silicon application (800 kg·ha-1 of calcium and magnesium silicate). The evaluation of spittlebug infestation (nymphs and adults) was performed fortnightly. At the time of sugarcane harvest, plants were collected to carry out the analysis of technological parameters. In the laboratory experiment, the silicon absorbed and accumulated in the plant caused an increase in nymphs mortality and, depending on variety, this element also provided an increase in the duration of the nymphal stage and decreased longevity of males and females. The SP79-1011 cultivar showed the best performance in most parameters, presenting higher silicon content in leaves and causing increased mortality of nymphs and shorter female longevity. The pre-oviposition period, fecundity and egg viability were not affected by the silicon in plants or the cultivar used. The value of soluble phenolic compounds did not differ between plants treated and not treated with silicon. After the first hours of exposure to spittlebug, the resistant cultivar not only produced a higher concentration of phenolic compounds, but when treated with silicon responded more quickly to the attack. Silicon fertilization in the field reduced the number of nymphs but did not affect the adult population and increased values of Brix% and Pol% from cane juice, and the sugarcane fiber content. Moreover, there was change in yield among cultivars with the highest values for SP84-1431 and SP80-3280.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização de amostras comerciais de óleo de pinho com o intuito de identificar outros componentes que apresentem ação antimicrobiana, além do &#945;-terpineol. Também, visa avaliar a influência de três tensoativos distintos na ação antimicrobiana do o-fenil fenol, do o-benzil p-clorofenol e do p-cloro m-cresol. Os tensoativos selecionados foram o linear alquilbenzeno sulfonato de sódio (NaLAS), uma mistura de laurato de trietanolamina e de sódio (laurato de Na/Tea) e alfa olefina sulfonada (AOS). Amostras comerciais de óleo de pinho e 61 frações, isoladas por destilação a pressão reduzida de uma amostra de óleo de pinho bruto, foram avaliadas a partir de medidas de índice de refração, curvas TG/DTG, espectroscopia no infravermelho, CG-DIC e CG-EM, características organolépticas e atividade antimicrobiana com a determinação do halo de inibição (contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 e Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708). Observou-se que as amostras comerciais apresentaram composições distintas, conforme procedência. O perfil das curvas TG/DTG permitiu uma avaliação comparativa do comportamento térmico das frações isoladas na destilação. A composição do óleo de pinho apresenta diversidade de componentes com atividade antimicrobiana inibitória. Todas as amostras de óleo de pinho apresentaram atividade bacteriostática para ambos os microrganismos e as frações, na composição em que foram separadas, apresentaram melhor atividade bacteriostática para S. aureus. Foram preparadas 42 formulações considerando teores de biocida de 0, 0,7 e 1,0% (p/p) e de tensoativo a 1,5 e 5% (p/p). As amostras foram acondicionadas em frascos de PET de 30 mL e avaliadas quanto ao pH, cor, odor, aparência nas 2ª, 4ª, 8ª e 12ª semanas do teste de estabilidade, conduzido a 4, 25 o e 45o C. O sistema tensoativo empregando o laurato de Na/TEA apresentou melhor estabilidade. Os tensoativos estudados (AOS, NaLAS e laurato de Na/TEA), apresentaram ação antimicrobiana e influenciaram positivamente na atividade dos ativos fenólicos. Pôde- se identificar a influência do teor de tensoativo na estabilização do derivado fenólico em um o sistema exposto a alta temperatura (45o C) armazenado em embalagem de PET. Os teores de ativos fenólicos foram determinados por CLAE empregando detector UV. / This work aims at characterizing commercial samples of pine oil with a view at identifying other components that present antimicrobial action besides its o -terpineol. It also aims at evaluating how three different surfactants influence the antimicrobial action of the o-phenyl-phenol, of the o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol and p-chloro-m-cresol. The selected surfactants were the sodium linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (NaLAS), a mixture of triethanolamine and sodium laurate, in addition to sodium alpha-olefins sulfonate (AOS). Pine oil commercial samples and 61 fractions, which were isolated by reduced pressure distillation of a raw pine oil sample, were analyzed based on measures of index of refraction, TG/DTG curves, infrared spectroscopy, GC-FID and GC-MS, odour characterization and antimicrobial activity with the determination of the inhibition disc (against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708). It was observed that commercial samples presented marked different compositions according to their origin. TG/DTG curves profile allowed a comparative evaluation of the thermal behavior of those fractions isolated during distillation. Pine oil composition presents a diversity of components with antimicrobial activity. All pine oil samples presented bacteriostatic activity when tested against the two microorganisms mentioned above, and fractions in the composition in which they were inserted presented better bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus. Forty two formulations were prepared taking into consideration the content of biocide of 0, 0.7 and 1.0% (w/w) levels and surfactant of 1.5 e 5% (w/w) levels. Samples were stored into PET nd th th bottles of 30 mL and evaluated as per the pH, color, odour, appearance during 2nd , 4th , 8th and 12th weeks of the stability test, which was carried out at 4, 25 e 45o C. When using Na/TEA laurate, the surfactant system presented better stability. Studied surfactants - AOS, NaLAS and Na/TEA laurate - presented antimicrobial action and positively influenced in active phenolics activity. It was possible to identify the influence of content of surfactant in o stabilizing the phenolic derivative while under a system exposed to high temperature (45 C) inside a PET packaging. Active phenolics content was determined by HPLC using UV detection.

O cubiuzeiro (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) é uma planta nativa da Amazônia, utilizada na medicina popular no tratamento de queimaduras e no controle da glicemia e colesterolemia. Análises fitoquímicas da polpa dos frutos do cubiuzeiro, conhecidos como maná-cubiu, revelaram que este apresenta em sua constituição carotenoides, compostos fenólicos e vitaminas. Devido aos poucos estudos sobre a atividade biológica do fruto e à presença de compostos com propriedades antioxidantes, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos da polpa do maná-cubiu sobre a estabilidade genômica, parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, expressão de genes pró-inflamatórios (iNos e COX-2) em ratos Wistar e determinar a presença de elementos químicos na polpa liofilizada por ICP-MS. Os animais receberam, por gavagem, a polpa liofilizada do maná-cubiu (125, 250, 375 ou 500 mg/kg p.c.) durante 14 dias. No último dia de tratamento foi administrada intraperitonealmente salina ou doxorrubicina (DXR, 16 mg/kg p.c.), usada como agente indutor de danos, e após 24 horas os animais foram eutanasiados. O sangue periférico e a medula óssea foram usados no teste do micronúcleo. No ensaio do cometa foram analisados fígado, coração e sangue periférico. Fígado e coração foram utilizados nas análises das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) e na avaliação da expressão de RNAm dos genes COX-2 e iNos. Os resultados mostraram que a polpa do maná-cubiu não foi mutagênica nem citotóxica à medula óssea e ao sangue periférico dos animais. Nas doses 250 e 375 mg/kg p.c., a polpa do maná-cubiu reduziu o número de células micronucleadas induzidas pela DXR no sangue periférico, enquanto que na medula óssea somente a dose de 375 mg/kg p.c. foi antimutagênica. A polpa do maná-cubiu não foi genotóxica no fígado, coração e sangue periférico, e os animais tratados com a associação da polpa do maná-cubiu e DXR apresentaram uma redução de danos ao DNA. Nas doses de 250, 375 e 500 mg/kg p.c., a polpa do maná-cubiu foi capaz de reduzir a peroxidação lipídica induzida pela DXR em células hepáticas, mas não alterou as concentrações de GSH no fígado e no coração. Os dados obtidos da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real referentes ao gene COX-2 mostraram que a polpa do maná-cubiu não modulou a transcrição deste gene. Ainda, a polpa liofilizada do maná-cubiu apresentou em sua composição a presença de elementos-traço como zinco, manganês, selênio, cobre e crômio, mas não em quantidades significativas. Os compostos bioativos presentes na polpa do maná-cubiu, como carotenoides e compostos fenólicos, podem estar relacionados com os efeitos protetores em certos tecidos e doses de maná-cubiu observados neste estudo. / Cubiuzeiro (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) is a native plant from Amazonian Forest, used in folk medicine to treat burns and to control cholesterol and blood glucose levels. Phytochemical analysis of the cubiuzeiro fruit, known as maná-cubiu, revealed that its composition exhibits carotenoids, phenolic compounds and vitamins. Due to the few studies that have assessed the biological activity and the presence of compounds with antioxidant properties in this fruit, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of maná-cubiu pulp on genomic stability, oxidative stress parameters and expression of pro-inflammatory genes (iNos and COX-2) in Wistar rats and to determine the presence of chemical elements in the lyophilized pulp by ICP-MS. The animals received lyophilized maná-cubiu pulp (125, 250, 375 or 500 mg/kg b.w.) by gavage for 14 days. On the last day of treatment, saline or doxorubicin (DXR, 16 mg/kg b.w.), used as a genotoxic agent, were administered intraperitoneally, and after 24 hours the animals were euthanized. Peripheral blood and bone marrow were used in the micronucleus test. In the comet assay, liver, heart and peripheral blood cells were analyzed. Liver and heart tissues were used to analyze the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reduced glutathione (GSH) and to evaluate the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNos genes. The results showed that maná-cubiu pulp was not mutagenic or cytotoxic in bone marrow and peripheral blood of the animals. At 250 and 375 mg/kg b.w. doses, the maná-cubiu pulp reduced the number of micronucleated cells induced by DXR in peripheral blood, while only the 375 mg/kg b.w. dose was antimutagenic in bone marrow cells. The maná-cubiu pulp was not genotoxic on liver, heart and peripheral blood cells, and the animals treated with maná-cubiu and DXR exhibited lower levels of DNA damage. At 250, 375 and 500 mg/kg b.w. doses, maná-cubiu pulp was able to reduce lipidic peroxidation induced by DXR on liver cells, however did not change the GSH levels on heart and liver cells. The data obtained by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) from COX-2 gene showed that maná-cubiu pulp did not alter the expression of this gene. Also, the maná-cubiu pulp presented trace elements as zinc, manganese, selenium, copper and chromium, but not in significant amounts. Bioactive compounds in the maná-cubiu pulp as carotenoids and phenolic compounds may be associated with the protective effect in certain tissues and doses of maná-cubiu shown in this study.