Six peripherally meso-modified Zn (II) porphyrin sensitizer dyes are designed and their J-V performance in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) evaluated. Electron-donating groups including phenothiazine, carbazole and pyrene are used to modify the porphyrin macrocycle at the meso-carbon position(s). To compare the effect of donor substitution on the performance of the cells in terms of short circuit current (Jsc), light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and power conversion efficiency (η), two sets of sensitizers with different degrees of substitution are synthesized. One set of dyes (mono-substituted) have one electron donor at trans-position to the acceptor, while the second set (tri-substituted) dyes have three of the same type electron donor groups at 5, 10 and 15 meso-carbon positions making all the six dyes push-pull type sensitizers incorporating 4'-carboxyphenyl as an electron-acceptor/anchor group. Different spectroscopic and electrochemical methods are used to study the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes, while the photovoltaic performance of their cells under 1.5 A.M is studied using solar simulator. Meso-substitution of Zinc (II) porphyrin with these small donor molecules is shown to improve the light harvesting character of the Zinc (II) porphyrin macrocycle in the UV-Vis absorption while at same time improving its fluorescence quantum yield, excited-state life time and electron donating potential. All these factors combined make these meso-modified dyes better sensitizers with suitable Δ0 Δ0, and much improved power conversion efficiencies (PCE) compared to unsubstituted Zn (II) porphyrin. In particular, as a result of the peripheral modification, a doubling in efficiency in the mono- substituted series (RA-200-Zn; η=^M 4.2%, Jsc= -13.13 mA cm-2, Voc=0.54 ) and tripling in the tri-substituted series ( tri-phenothiazine Zn (II) Porphyrin; η= 7.3%, Jsc= -18.15 mA cm-2, Voc= 0.55 ) compared to unsubstituted Zn (II) porphyrin (η= 2.11%, Jsc= -5.7 mA cm-2, Voc= 0.53 V) has been accomplished.

O gênero Neoscytalidium está crescentemente sendo associado às infecções superficiais e profundas causadas em pacientes imunocomprometidos e imunocompetentes. O fungo filamentoso Neoscytalidium dimidiatum é um microrganismo saprofítico e fitopatogênico, encontrado no solo e vegetação de regiões de clima tropical e subtropical. N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum e N. dimidiatum estão envolvidos em infecções superficiais de pele e unha sendo que a espécie produtora de melanina, N. dimidiatum, está associado preferencialmente a infecções profundas sugerindo que a espécie variante não produtora de melanina, N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum, pode ser menos virulenta que a pigmentada. Pouco é descrito na literatura sobre as variedades em questão tanto em relação à sensibilidade a drogas antifúngicas e ao tratamento fotodinâmico antimicrobiano (TFDA), bem como a características fisiológicas referentes à tolerância a variações de temperatura e pH. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de isolados clínicos de N. dimidiatum e N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum obtidos de infecções de pele e unha. Neste estudo foram realizadas a identificação molecular, a filogenia multilocus, a verificação in vitro do desenvolvimento em diferentes temperaturas e pHs e a caracterização in vitro do perfil de susceptibilidade a antifúngicos e TFDA com fotossensibilizadores (FSs) fenotiazínicos, bem como os efeitos do TFDA nas biomoléculas dos artroconídios das variedades estudadas. A filogenia multilocus foi realizada pelo sequenciamento de sete diferentes loci onde foi evidenciado polimorfismo na região Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1 e nos genes ?-Tubulina (TUB), Fator de Alongamento de cadeia 1? (EF1) e Histona H3 (HH3). O agrupamento dos isolados clínicos deste estudo em genótipos distintos permitiu a separação em 6 tipos de sequência (TSs), sendo que o TS5 foi composto apenas pela espécie variante N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum. A análise de desenvolvimento em diferentes temperaturas e pHs demonstrou um tamanho de colônia reduzido para todos os isolados de N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum. Anfotericina B, voriconazol e terbinafina foram os antifúngicos mais eficientes para ambas variedades. Os valores das concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIMs) encontrados para os derivados azólicos foram baixos para todos os isolados clínicos de N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum. Os isolados clínicos de N. dimidiatum mostraram ser menos sensível ao TFDA com os FSs azul de metileno (MB), novo azul de metileno N (NMBN), azul de toluidina O (TBO) e novo derivado sintético (S137) quando comparado à variedade hialina. NMBN e S137 mostraram maior eficiência para inativação de Neoscytalidium spp. Adicionalmente, no TFDA todos os FSs apresentaram efeito de permeabilidade de membrana plasmática, embora somente NMBN e S137 apresentaram a produção de Malondialdeido (MDA), isto é, causaram a peroxidação lipídica nos artroconídios de N. dimidiatum e da variedade hialina / Neoscytalidium sp. is increasingly being associated with superficial and deep infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. The filamentous fungus Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is a saprophytic and plant pathogenic microorganism that is found in soil and vegetation of tropical and subtropical regions. N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum and N. dimidiatum are involved in superficial skin and nail infections. The melanin producer N. dimidiatum is preferably associated with deep infections suggesting that the clinical isolate without melanin, N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum, may be less virulent than the pigmented variety. Little is described in the literature regarding the varieties N. dimidiatum and N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum about the sensitivity to antifungal drugs and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), and the physiological characteristics related to the growth at different temperature and pH. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate clinical isolates of N. dimidiatum and N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum obtained from skin and nail infections. Here in this study were performed the molecular identification, multilocus phylogeny, the in vitro characterization of development at different temperatures and pHs, and the characterization of in vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents and PACT with phenotiazinium photosensitizers (PSs), as well the PACT effects on the biomolecules of the Neoscytalidium spp. arthroconidia. The multilocus phylogeny was performed by sequencing seven different loci where polymorphism were identified in the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1 region of rDNA and in the genes ?-tubulin (TUB), elongation factor 1? (EF1) and Histone H3 (HH3). The grouping of the clinical isolates from this study in different genotypes allowed the clustering in 6 sequence types (ST), in which the ST5 was composed exclusively by all N dimidiatum var. hyalinum isolates from this study. The analysis of development at different temperatures and pHs showed a reduced colony size for all N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum isolates. Amphotericin B, voriconazole and terbinafine were the most effective antifungal for both varieties. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values found for the azoles derivatives were low for all N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum isolates. N. dimidiatum clinical isolates have shown to be less sensitive to PACT with the PS methylene blue (MB), new methylene blue (NMBN), toluidine blue O (TBO) and new synthetic derivative (S137) when compared to hyaline variety. NMBN and S137 have shown more effectiveness for the inactivation of Neoscytalidium spp. Additionally, all PS in PACT have caused plasma membrane permeability, although only NMBN and S137 showed the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), i.e., caused lipid peroxidation in both N. dimidiatum and hyaline variety

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta do tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de camundongos isogênicos após o uso da Terapia Fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT), utilizando dois fotossensibilizadores, Derivado fenotiazínico (Helbo Blue) e Curcumina, em diferentes tempos de aplicação de lasers (30 segundos, 1 minuto ou 2 minutos). Foram utilizados 141 camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c cujo tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo foi exposto aos dois fotossensibilizadores, e em seguida irradiado com laser diodo no grupo do Derivado Fenotiazínico e ao LED no grupo da Curcumina. Para cada fotossensibilizador foram utilizados três tempos de irradiação: 30 segundos, 1 minuto e 2 minutos. Ao final de cada um dos períodos experimentais (7, 21 e 63 dias), uma porção do tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo da área do centro da área em que foi aplicada a aPDT foi removida e submetida ao processamento histotécnico de rotina. Foi realizada a descrição do processo inflamatório de forma qualitativa e semi-quantitativa (por meio de escores). Adicionalmente, foi realizada a marcação imunohistoquímica para neutrófilos e macrófagos. Os dados numéricos foram analisados por meio do programa estatístico Sigma Plot 12.0®, utilizando o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo Pós-teste de Dunn, quando houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Foi possível observar que, com relação aos parâmetros fibrosamento, espessura e infiltrado inflamatório, no período inicial de 7 dias, as alterações teciduais foram pequena magnitude. No período de 21 dias, apenas o parâmetro infiltrado inflamatório apresentou pequenas variações entre os grupos. No período final de 63 dias, a compatibilidade tecidual foi observada para os dois fotossensibilizadores (Derivado Fenotiazínico e Curcumina) que não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, independentemente do tempo de aplicação do laser. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of subcutaneous connective tissue of isogenic mice after Antimicrobial Therapy (aPDT), using two photosensitizers, Phenothiazine Derivative (Helbo Blue) and Curcumin, at different laser application times (30 seconds, 1 minute or 2 minutes). One hundred and forty one (141) BALB/c isogenic mice were used, which had the subcutaneous connective tissue exposed to the two photosensitizers, followed by irradiation with laser diode to the Phenothiazine derivatives group, and LED to the Curcumin group. Three irradiation times were used to each photosensitizer: 30 seconds, 1 minute and 2 minutes. At the end of each experimental period (7, 21 and 63 days), a sample of the subcutaneous connective tissue, was collected and histotechnical processing was performed. Inflammatory process was described by qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis, using scores. Additionally, immunohistochemical technique was performed to identify neutrophils and macrophages. Data obtained was analyzed by the statistical program Sigma Plot 12.0®, using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn\'s post-test, when significant difference was found between groups. The significance level adopted was 5%. It was also possible to observe that, in relation with the parameters: fiber collagen formation, tissue thickness and inflammatory infiltrate, at the initial period of 7 days, the tissue alteration were of small significance (p<0.05). At 21-days period, only the inflammatory infiltrate parameter presented variation between groups (p<0.05). In the later time point of 63 days, it was observed tissue compatibility regarding the two photosensitizers (Phenothiazine Derivative and Curcumin) with no differences in the evaluated parameters or the laser application times.

Si les antibiotiques ont amélioré le pronostic des maladies infectieuses, l’apparition de résistances importantes et les manipulations génétiques volontaires peuvent faire craindre l’émergence de pathogènes très virulents et résistants aux antibiotiques recommandés. Aussi, la multidrug résistance (MDR) est devenue un problème majeur pour traiter des infections impliquant des bactéries à Gram-négatif. La surexpression des mécanismes d’efflux contribue largement au phénotype de multi-résistance aux antibiotiques et l’inhibition de ces mécanismes intéresse donc de plus en plus le monde de la recherche.Les phénothiazines font partie des molécules les plus prometteuses du 20e siècle. La présence d’un substituant en position C-2 sur le noyau tricyclique et celle d’une chaine alkyl aminée en position N-10 se sont révélées être critiques pour des activités de type neuroleptique, antihistaminique et anthelminthique. Une activité anti-MDR a également été mise en évidence, notamment contre les cancers et la tuberculose. Le mécanisme par lequel ces molécules inhiberaient l’efflux est cependant encore mal connu. Différents dérivés de la phénothiazine ont été synthétisés afin de comprendre ce mécanisme et de dégager les propriétés physico-chimiques mises en jeu chez Burkholderia pseudomallei. Cette bactérie à Gram-négatif, responsable de la mélioïdose, est classée parmi les agents potentiels du bioterrorisme. Elle est en effet extrêmement pathogène et présente une sensibilité très réduite à une majorité de classes d’antibiotiques. L’activité des phénothiazines a été évaluée par la technique Etest® sur Burkholderia thailandensis, modèle d’étude non-pathogène. / If antibiotic drugs improved the prognosis of infectious diseases, the appearance of antimicrobial resistance and deliberate genetic modifications could be followed by the worrying emergence of highly virulent pathogens resistant to usual antibiotics. Thus, Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) became a major problem to treat infections involving Gram negative bacteria. The overexpression of efflux mechanisms contributes to a great extent to antibiotic resistance and the inhibition of these mechanisms increasingly interest research areas.Phenothiazines are the most promising molecules of the 20th century. The presence of substituent in C-2 position on the tricyclic structure and the one of alkyl amino chain in N-10 position proved their critical activity as neuroleptic, antihistaminic and antihelmintic drugs. An anti-MDR activity has also been put into evidence against cancers and tuberculosis, but the mechanism by which molecules would inhibit efflux is not well known yet. Different phenothiazine derivatives have been synthesized in order to better understand this mechanism and to draw the physicochemical properties involved in Burkholderia pseudomallei. This Gram negative bacterium is responsible of melioidosis and classified as potential bioterrorism infectious agent. This bacterium is indeed extremely pathogenic and has a very low susceptibility to most classes of antibiotics. The activity of phenothiazine derivatives was evaluated using the Etest® method in Burkholderia thailandensis, the non-pathogenic study model.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des matériaux organiques rédox à base de phénothiazine pour être utilisés à l’électrode positive des batteries lithium. Les matériaux organiques s’inscrivent en rupture des matériaux inorganiques coûteux et toxiques. Dans ce but, des matériaux rédox contenant l’unité phénothiazine ont été synthétisés, caractérisés. Leurs propriétés électrochimiques ont été analysées par dépôt sur électrode et par microélectrode à cavité, puis les plus prometteurs ont été testés en cellule lithium et sodium. La cible rédox choisie, la phénothiazine, a été polymérisée et substituée à un squelette phosphazène. Les tests en cellules ont mis en évidence la dissolution systématique du matériau et la nécessité d’empêcher ce phénomène rédhibitoire pour l’application batterie. Dans ce but, l’utilisation de polymères insolubles et de copolymères dotés d’une fonction post-réticulable ont permis d’augmenter significativement la cyclabilité et les performances énergétiques des cellules lithium. De plus, l’utilisation du sodium à l’électrode négative et d’anions peu lipophiles ont également permis de limiter cette contribution de dissolution. Une fonctionnalisation du carbone par la phénothiazine a également été investiguée par deux stratégies différentes. Dans les deux cas, un greffage a été réalisé avec succès. Les analyses électrochimiques ont permis de confirmer des propriétés électrochimiques très prometteuses de ces carbones modifiés. / The aim of this work is to develop phenothiazine-based redox organic materials for lithium positive electrode. Comparatively to inorganic materials, organic ones can constitute clear break by decreasing the cost, toxicity and security issues while keeping good performances. In that purpose, redox materials involving phenothiazine moieties have been synthesized, characterized, then, their electrochemical properties have been analyzed electrochemically, the most promising ones have been tested in lithium and sodium cells. The redox target chosen, the phenothiazine, has been polymerized and functionalized onto phosphazene backbone. Cell tests showed material dissolution contribution has to be avoided. In this context, insoluble polyphenothiazine and cross-linkable copolymers were able to upgrade significantly the cyclability and the energetic performances of lithium cells. Moreover, sodium cells with a poor lipophilic anion showed lower dissolution contribution. Carbon grafting by phenothiazine has also been investigated. It has been performed by electrochemical and chemical means and has led to promising electrochemical performances.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta do tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de camundongos isogênicos após o uso da Terapia Fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT), utilizando dois fotossensibilizadores, Derivado fenotiazínico (Helbo Blue) e Curcumina, em diferentes tempos de aplicação de lasers (30 segundos, 1 minuto ou 2 minutos). Foram utilizados 141 camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c cujo tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo foi exposto aos dois fotossensibilizadores, e em seguida irradiado com laser diodo no grupo do Derivado Fenotiazínico e ao LED no grupo da Curcumina. Para cada fotossensibilizador foram utilizados três tempos de irradiação: 30 segundos, 1 minuto e 2 minutos. Ao final de cada um dos períodos experimentais (7, 21 e 63 dias), uma porção do tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo da área do centro da área em que foi aplicada a aPDT foi removida e submetida ao processamento histotécnico de rotina. Foi realizada a descrição do processo inflamatório de forma qualitativa e semi-quantitativa (por meio de escores). Adicionalmente, foi realizada a marcação imunohistoquímica para neutrófilos e macrófagos. Os dados numéricos foram analisados por meio do programa estatístico Sigma Plot 12.0®, utilizando o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo Pós-teste de Dunn, quando houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Foi possível observar que, com relação aos parâmetros fibrosamento, espessura e infiltrado inflamatório, no período inicial de 7 dias, as alterações teciduais foram pequena magnitude. No período de 21 dias, apenas o parâmetro infiltrado inflamatório apresentou pequenas variações entre os grupos. No período final de 63 dias, a compatibilidade tecidual foi observada para os dois fotossensibilizadores (Derivado Fenotiazínico e Curcumina) que não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, independentemente do tempo de aplicação do laser. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of subcutaneous connective tissue of isogenic mice after Antimicrobial Therapy (aPDT), using two photosensitizers, Phenothiazine Derivative (Helbo Blue) and Curcumin, at different laser application times (30 seconds, 1 minute or 2 minutes). One hundred and forty one (141) BALB/c isogenic mice were used, which had the subcutaneous connective tissue exposed to the two photosensitizers, followed by irradiation with laser diode to the Phenothiazine derivatives group, and LED to the Curcumin group. Three irradiation times were used to each photosensitizer: 30 seconds, 1 minute and 2 minutes. At the end of each experimental period (7, 21 and 63 days), a sample of the subcutaneous connective tissue, was collected and histotechnical processing was performed. Inflammatory process was described by qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis, using scores. Additionally, immunohistochemical technique was performed to identify neutrophils and macrophages. Data obtained was analyzed by the statistical program Sigma Plot 12.0®, using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn\'s post-test, when significant difference was found between groups. The significance level adopted was 5%. It was also possible to observe that, in relation with the parameters: fiber collagen formation, tissue thickness and inflammatory infiltrate, at the initial period of 7 days, the tissue alteration were of small significance (p<0.05). At 21-days period, only the inflammatory infiltrate parameter presented variation between groups (p<0.05). In the later time point of 63 days, it was observed tissue compatibility regarding the two photosensitizers (Phenothiazine Derivative and Curcumin) with no differences in the evaluated parameters or the laser application times.

This thesis was focused on a determination of nadroparin using sequential injection analysis and flow injection analysis with fluorimetric and spectrophotometric detection. The principle of determination was based on the interaction of nadroparin with phenothiazine dye. Methylene blue was used as phenothiazine dye. The determination was performed on a laboratory made FIA instrument and on the commercial SIA instrument. Optimal conditions for SIA were concentration of dye 6 ∙ 10-5 mol dm-3 , injected volume 100 µl, flowrate 1,5 ml min-1 , for FIA: concentration of dye 3 ∙10-5 mol dm-3 flowrate 2 ml ∙ min-1 , injected volume= 100 µl, for fluorimetric detection was sensivity of the detector 1000 V, Emission was measured by 2 nm and excitation wavelenght 621 nm. For spectrophotometric detection, absorbance was detected at the absorption maximum wavelength. Repeatability ranged from 2.01 to 2.85%. The limit of detection for FIA was 0.05-0.09 IU ml-1 , for SIA were limits of detection in range 0,25 - 1,63 IU ml-1 , limits of quantification in range 0,83 - 5,44 and linear range was from 0,5 - 20 IU ml-1 . The limits of detection, limits of determination and the linear range could be corrected for the SIA by the injected volume of phenothiazine dye.

O gênero Neoscytalidium está crescentemente sendo associado às infecções superficiais e profundas causadas em pacientes imunocomprometidos e imunocompetentes. O fungo filamentoso Neoscytalidium dimidiatum é um microrganismo saprofítico e fitopatogênico, encontrado no solo e vegetação de regiões de clima tropical e subtropical. N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum e N. dimidiatum estão envolvidos em infecções superficiais de pele e unha sendo que a espécie produtora de melanina, N. dimidiatum, está associado preferencialmente a infecções profundas sugerindo que a espécie variante não produtora de melanina, N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum, pode ser menos virulenta que a pigmentada. Pouco é descrito na literatura sobre as variedades em questão tanto em relação à sensibilidade a drogas antifúngicas e ao tratamento fotodinâmico antimicrobiano (TFDA), bem como a características fisiológicas referentes à tolerância a variações de temperatura e pH. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de isolados clínicos de N. dimidiatum e N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum obtidos de infecções de pele e unha. Neste estudo foram realizadas a identificação molecular, a filogenia multilocus, a verificação in vitro do desenvolvimento em diferentes temperaturas e pHs e a caracterização in vitro do perfil de susceptibilidade a antifúngicos e TFDA com fotossensibilizadores (FSs) fenotiazínicos, bem como os efeitos do TFDA nas biomoléculas dos artroconídios das variedades estudadas. A filogenia multilocus foi realizada pelo sequenciamento de sete diferentes loci onde foi evidenciado polimorfismo na região Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1 e nos genes ?-Tubulina (TUB), Fator de Alongamento de cadeia 1? (EF1) e Histona H3 (HH3). O agrupamento dos isolados clínicos deste estudo em genótipos distintos permitiu a separação em 6 tipos de sequência (TSs), sendo que o TS5 foi composto apenas pela espécie variante N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum. A análise de desenvolvimento em diferentes temperaturas e pHs demonstrou um tamanho de colônia reduzido para todos os isolados de N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum. Anfotericina B, voriconazol e terbinafina foram os antifúngicos mais eficientes para ambas variedades. Os valores das concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIMs) encontrados para os derivados azólicos foram baixos para todos os isolados clínicos de N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum. Os isolados clínicos de N. dimidiatum mostraram ser menos sensível ao TFDA com os FSs azul de metileno (MB), novo azul de metileno N (NMBN), azul de toluidina O (TBO) e novo derivado sintético (S137) quando comparado à variedade hialina. NMBN e S137 mostraram maior eficiência para inativação de Neoscytalidium spp. Adicionalmente, no TFDA todos os FSs apresentaram efeito de permeabilidade de membrana plasmática, embora somente NMBN e S137 apresentaram a produção de Malondialdeido (MDA), isto é, causaram a peroxidação lipídica nos artroconídios de N. dimidiatum e da variedade hialina / Neoscytalidium sp. is increasingly being associated with superficial and deep infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. The filamentous fungus Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is a saprophytic and plant pathogenic microorganism that is found in soil and vegetation of tropical and subtropical regions. N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum and N. dimidiatum are involved in superficial skin and nail infections. The melanin producer N. dimidiatum is preferably associated with deep infections suggesting that the clinical isolate without melanin, N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum, may be less virulent than the pigmented variety. Little is described in the literature regarding the varieties N. dimidiatum and N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum about the sensitivity to antifungal drugs and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), and the physiological characteristics related to the growth at different temperature and pH. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate clinical isolates of N. dimidiatum and N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum obtained from skin and nail infections. Here in this study were performed the molecular identification, multilocus phylogeny, the in vitro characterization of development at different temperatures and pHs, and the characterization of in vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents and PACT with phenotiazinium photosensitizers (PSs), as well the PACT effects on the biomolecules of the Neoscytalidium spp. arthroconidia. The multilocus phylogeny was performed by sequencing seven different loci where polymorphism were identified in the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1 region of rDNA and in the genes ?-tubulin (TUB), elongation factor 1? (EF1) and Histone H3 (HH3). The grouping of the clinical isolates from this study in different genotypes allowed the clustering in 6 sequence types (ST), in which the ST5 was composed exclusively by all N dimidiatum var. hyalinum isolates from this study. The analysis of development at different temperatures and pHs showed a reduced colony size for all N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum isolates. Amphotericin B, voriconazole and terbinafine were the most effective antifungal for both varieties. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values found for the azoles derivatives were low for all N. dimidiatum var. hyalinum isolates. N. dimidiatum clinical isolates have shown to be less sensitive to PACT with the PS methylene blue (MB), new methylene blue (NMBN), toluidine blue O (TBO) and new synthetic derivative (S137) when compared to hyaline variety. NMBN and S137 have shown more effectiveness for the inactivation of Neoscytalidium spp. Additionally, all PS in PACT have caused plasma membrane permeability, although only NMBN and S137 showed the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), i.e., caused lipid peroxidation in both N. dimidiatum and hyaline variety

This thesis was focused on a determination of heparin using sequential injection analysis with spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric detection. The principle of determination was based on the interaction of heparin with phenothiazine dye. A decrease of fluorescence intensity of dye in its emission maximum was detected. In the case of spectrophotometric detection a decrease of the absorbance of dye was measured. Azure A, azure B and methylene blue were used as representantive selection of phenothiazine dyes. The determination was performed on a laboratory made SIA apparatus, for which a control software in LabVIEW 7.1 graphical programming was created. Two types of flow configuration for spectrofluorimetric detection were implemented. Type 1: For deionized water as a carrier stream with a injection of heparin and dye zones there were found the following optimal conditions: cdye = 1×10-5 mol dm-3 ; vflow = 2500 µl min-1 ; reaction coil length of 0 cm; injected volume of dye 150 µl and injected volume of sample 150 µl. Dynamic range of calibration curves with an exponential course for the individual dyes in the range of LOQ - 1200, eventually up 1500 IU dm-3 were detected. Limits of detection between 7.6 - 39.1 and the limits of quantification between 58.8 - 124.5 IU dm-3 were found. Type 2: For...

Donor-acceptor systems exhibit distinctive attributes rendering them highly promising for the emulation of natural photosynthesis and the efficient capture of solar energy. This dissertation is primarily devoted to the investigation of these unique features within diverse donor-acceptor system typologies, encompassing categories such as closely covalently linked, push-pull, supramolecular, and multi-modular donor- acceptor conjugates. The research encompasses an examination of photosynthetic analogs involving compounds such as chelated azadipyromethene (AzaBODIPY), N,N-dimethylaminophenyl (NND), phenothiazine (PTZ), triphenylamine (TPA), phenothiazine sulfone (PTZSO2), tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD), and expanded tetracyanobutadiene (exTCBD). The strategic configuration of the donor (D), acceptor (A), and spacer elements within these constructs serves to promote intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), which are crucial for efficient charge and electron transfer. The employment of cutting-edge analytical techniques, such as ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, is integral to the study. Furthermore, a comprehensive suite of analytical methodologies including steady-state UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopies, electrochemical techniques (including cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry), spectroelectrochemistry, and density functional theory calculation (DFT), collectively contribute to the comprehensive characterization of push-pull donor-acceptor systems, with a particular emphasis on their potential as highly effective solar energy harvesting application.