1. Abstract Pheochromocytoma/ paraganglioma (FEO/PGL) may be developed on the basis of an inherited genetic mutation of different genes. They are associated with a high risk of developing of secondary hypertension, organ damage and metastatic disease that can be fatal. The aim was to focus on the possibility of genetic testing in patients with FEO/PGL, especially in patients with malignant tumors. The issue FEO/PGL, however, concerns not only the examination and assessment of risks arising therefrom, as well as other therapies and monitoring, including appropriate recommendations for clinical practice. We demonstrated a 20% incidence of cardiovascular (CV) complications before determining the final diagnosis of FEO/PGL, mainly arrhythmic, followed by complications of myocardial ischemia and accentuate atherosclerosis. Elevated levels of vitamin C and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) following the successful removal of the tumor demonstrated reduction of oxidative stress postoperatively. We found that early postoperative testing of levels of plasma metanephrines to confirm the success of surgical removal of FEO/PGL is already possible, since there was no significant correlation between plasma levels of metanephrines and postoperative examination interval. Distribution of frequency of metastatic...

Os feocromocitomas são tumores neuroendócrinos constituídos de células cromafins secretoras de catecolaminas e neuropeptídeos diversos, cuja manifestação clínica mais comum é a hipertensão. Doze a 24% dos tumores aparentemente esporádicos, apresentam mutações germinativas em genes até então associados a síndromes herdadas, como, RET, VHL, SDHB e SDHD. A doença de von Hippel-Lindau é causada por mutações no gene VHL. As proteínas codificadas pelos genes SDHB e SDHD fazem parte do complexo mitocondrial II e da cadeia aeróbica de transporte de elétrons. O objetivo deste projeto de pesquisa foi o rastreamento de mutações nos genes VHL, SDHB e SDHD em pacientes portadores de feocromocitoma ou, também, paraganglioma esporádicos acompanhados no Serviço de Endocrinologia do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP. Todos os exons dos três genes estudados foram amplificados por PCR e analisados por dHPLC. Os amplicons que apresentaram cromatogramas suspeitos ao dHPLC foram submetidos ao seqüenciamento automático. Nenhuma mutação foi encontrada no gene VHL, apenas dois polimorfismos previamente descritos no exon 1, c. -77 C>T em dois pacientes e c - 195 G>A em 58,6% do total de alelos dos pacientes estudados. No gene SDHB foram encontrados dois polimorfismos previamente descritos (c. 201-36 G>T e c.487 T>C) em quatro pacientes, uma mutação silenciosa não descrita (c.540 G>A) e uma mutação previamente descrita em portadores de feocromocitoma (c. 293 G>A). Um mesmo paciente apresentou a mutação silenciosa c.540 G>A e o polimorfismo c.201-36 G>T. No gene SDHD foram encontrados dois polimorfismos descritos (c.204 C>T e c.315-32 T>C) em um paciente cada, uma variante alélica descrita na literatura na região 3\' não codificante cuja freqüência nunca foi estudada em outras populações (c.*612 C>T) e duas substituições nunca descritas na região 3\' não codificante (c.*799 T>C e c.*803 A>G). As variantes c.*612 C>T e c.*799 T>C foram detectadas em apenas um paciente cada e não foram encontradas em 200 alelos de controles normais estudados. A variante c.*803 A>G foi encontrada em nove de 76 alelos dos 38 pacientes (11,8%) e em cinco de 200 alelos de 100 controles não afetados (2,5%), sendo, portanto, um polimorfismo significativamente mais freqüente entre os portadores de feocromocitoma ou paraganglioma. Dentre os sete pacientes portadores do polimorfismo c.*803 A>G, três pacientes heterozigotos para este polimorfismo apresentaram um segundo polimorfismo no gene SDHD, sendo que um desses pacientes também apresentava uma mutação no gene SDHB. Dentre os demais quatro pacientes, dois apresentavam o polimorfismo c.*803 A>G em homozigose. Este polimorfismo ocorre no nucleotídeo localizado na posição -1 imediatamente 5\' ao Sítio de Clivagem do pré-mRNA para que ocorra a inserção da cauda Poli(A), fundamental para a estabilidade do mRNA. A substituição da base A pela base G muito provavelmente apresenta uma repercussão funcional, pois a base A na posição -1 é considerada como a mais eficiente na promoção da clivagem do pré-mRNA, enquanto a base G é considerada a menos eficiente (ordem de eficiência de clivagem A > U > C > G). Desta forma, a possibilidade desse polimorfismo conferir susceptibilidade ao desenvolvimento do feocromocitoma e do paraganglioma não está descartada, sendo provável que outros eventos genéticos sejam necessários para promover a tumorigênese. Em conclusão, esse estudo evidenciou uma baixa freqüência de mutações nas regiões codificantes dos genes VHL (mutações não detectadas), SDHB (5,2%) e SDHD (mutações não detectadas) nessa série de pacientes com feocromocitomas e paragangliomas esporádicos, porém, encontrou um polimorfismo na região 3\' não codificante do gene SDHD significativamente mais freqüente nos portadores desses tumores que em indivíduos controles não afetados, e que, por suas características, pode estar relacionado à etiopatogenia do feocromocitoma e do paraganglioma. / Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors composed of chromaffin cells that produce and secrete catecholamines as well as a variety of neuropeptides, whose most common clinical manifestation is arterial hypertension. Twelve to 24% of the apparently sporadic pheochromocytomas, present germline mutations in genes previously associated to inherited familiar syndromes, such as, RET, VHL, SDHB e SDHD. The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease occurs upon the VHL gene mutation - a tumor suppressor gene whose product encodes complexes with other proteins leading proteic substracts to the proteolysis. The proteins encoded by the SDHD and SDHB genes are parts of the complex mitochondrial II, as well as the aerobic chain of the electron transport. The aim of the present study was the screening of mutations in the VHL, SDHB and SDHD genes in patients harboring sporadic pheochromocytoma and/or paraganglioma, followed by the Endocrinology Service of Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine. All the three studied gene exons were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were analyzed by dHPLC, which was the method used for screen mutations. The samples with altered eluting progress were directly sequenced. No mutations were found in the VHL gene, only two polymorphisms previously described in the exon 1, c. -77 C>T in two patients and c - 195 G> in 58.6% out of the total alleles of the studied patients. Two polymorphisms previously described (c. 201-36 G>T and c.487 T>C) in the SDHB gene were found in four patients, as well as silent mutation not yet described (c.540 G>A) and a mutation previously described in patients with pheochromocytoma (c. 293 G>A). A particular patient presented the silent mutation c.540 G>A and the polymorphism c.201-36 G>T. In the SDHD gene two polymorpfisms previously described (c.204 C>T and c.315-32 T>C) were found, one in each patient, as well as an allelic variant previously described in the 3\' non-coding region whose frequency has never been studied in other populations (c.*612 C>T) and two substitutions never described in the 3\' non-coding region (c.*799 T>C and c.*803 A>G). The variants c.*612 C>T and c.*799 T>C were detected in only one patient each and have not been found in 200 alleles of normal control subjects studied. The variant c.*803 A>G was found in nine out of 76 alleles from 38 patients (11.8%) and in five out of 200 alleles from 100 non-affected subjects (2.5%), being, then, a polymorphism significantly more frequent among patients with pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. Among those seven patients with the polymorphism c.*803 A>G, three patients heterozygotous for the polymorphism presented a second polymorphism in the SDHD gene and one of those patients also presented a mutation in the SDHB gene. Out of the other four patients, two presented the polymorphism c.*803 A>G in heterozygosis. This polymorphism occurs in the nucleotide localized in the position -1 immediately 5\' to the site where the pre-mRNA is cleaved for the insertion of the poly(A) tail, which is essencial to the mRNA stability. The substitution of the A to the G probably presents a functional repercussion, because the A in the position -1 is considered as the most efficient nucleotide in the pre-mRNA cleavage promotion, while the G is considered the least efficient one (scale of cleavage efficiency A > U > C > G). Therefore, the possibility of this polymorphism be associated with susceptibility to the development of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma is not discarded, being possible that other genetic events are necessary to promote tumorigenesis. In conclusion, this study evidenced a low frequency of mutations in the coding regions of the genes VHL (mutations not detected), SDHB (5,2%) and SDHD (mutations not detected) in this series of patients with sporadic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, however, a polymorphism significantly more frequent in patients harboring those tumors was found in the 3\' non-coding region of the SDHD gene and, for its specific characteristics, it can very well be related to the etiopathogenesis of the pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma

The effects of MF exposure on the chemically induced production of NPY mRNA in the rat pheochromocytoma, PC-12 cell line.

1. Abstract Pheochromocytoma/ paraganglioma (FEO/PGL) may be developed on the basis of an inherited genetic mutation of different genes. They are associated with a high risk of developing of secondary hypertension, organ damage and metastatic disease that can be fatal. The aim was to focus on the possibility of genetic testing in patients with FEO/PGL, especially in patients with malignant tumors. The issue FEO/PGL, however, concerns not only the examination and assessment of risks arising therefrom, as well as other therapies and monitoring, including appropriate recommendations for clinical practice. We demonstrated a 20% incidence of cardiovascular (CV) complications before determining the final diagnosis of FEO/PGL, mainly arrhythmic, followed by complications of myocardial ischemia and accentuate atherosclerosis. Elevated levels of vitamin C and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) following the successful removal of the tumor demonstrated reduction of oxidative stress postoperatively. We found that early postoperative testing of levels of plasma metanephrines to confirm the success of surgical removal of FEO/PGL is already possible, since there was no significant correlation between plasma levels of metanephrines and postoperative examination interval. Distribution of frequency of metastatic...

Phäochromozytome und Paragangliome (PPGL) sind seltene neuroendokrine Tumore, die von Chromaffinzellen im Nebennierenmark (Phäochromozytome, PCC) oder vom extra-adrenalen Paraganglion (Paragangliome, PGL) ausgehen. Patienten mit PPGL zeigen in der Regel Anzeichen und Symptome, die mit der Biosynthese, Speicherung und Sekretion von Katecholaminen (Dopamin, Noradrenalin, Adrenalin) zusammenhängen. Der Katecholamin-Stoffwechsel bei PPGLs wird durch den genetischen Hintergrund bestimmt. Tumoren, die auf pathogene Varianten (PVs) in Genen zurückzuführen sind, die zur Aktivierung von Hypoxie-Signalwegen führen, sind nicht in der Lage, Epinephrin zu synthetisieren, während solche, die auf PVs in Genen zurückzuführen sind, die Kinase-Signalwege aktivieren, zur Epinephrin-Synthese befähigt sind. Dieser genetisch-biochemisch-klinische Phänotyp wurde in der klinischen Forschung nachgewiesen. Der Mechanismus, der der Regulierung der Katecholamin-Biosynthese durch Tumoren aufgrund von PVs in Kinase-Signalisierungsgenen zugrunde liegt, ist jedoch nicht klar. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Mechanismus der Katecholamin-Biosynthese in PPGLs aufgrund von PVs in HRAS, einem mit Kinase-Signalwegen assoziierten Gen, zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus wurden klinische Merkmale wie Katecholamin-assoziierte Anzeichen und Symptome, die prächirurgische Diagnose und die Entwicklung einer wiederkehrenden Erkrankung bei Patienten mit PPGL untersucht. Um den Katecholamin-Stoffwechsel bei PPGL zu untersuchen, wurden Katecholamine und PNMT-Enzymaktivitäten in 251 PPGL-Geweben gemessen. Anschließend wurden zwei Hotspot-Varianten von Hras, G13R und Q61R, durch CRISPR/Cas9-basiertes Prime Editing in eine Phäochromozytom-Zelllinie (PC12) der Ratte eingeführt. Katecholamine und nachgeschaltete HRAS-Faktoren, die die Epinephrin-Biosynthese regulieren, wurden in den Zellen mit/ohne Hras-PVs gemessen. Wir fanden heraus, dass PPGLs, die auf HRAS-PVs zurückzuführen sind, einen signifikant höheren Epinephrin-Gehalt und PNMT-Enzymaktivitäten aufweisen als solche, die auf PVs in Genen zurückzuführen sind, die mit Hypoxie-Signalwegen in Verbindung stehen. In Zelllinienversuchen steigerten PVs in Hras die Pnmt-Expression zusammen mit einer erhöhten Epinephrin-Synthese. Weitere Experimente zeigten, dass Hras-PVs die Pnmt-Expression durch Phosphorylierung von SP1 über den MAPK-Signalweg hochregulieren. Darüber hinaus verringerten Hras-PVs die Glukokortikoidrezeptorspiegel, wodurch die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber der gGukokortikoid-induzierten Expression von Pnmt reduziert wurde. Drei separate klinische Projekte wurden durchgeführt, um die mit Katecholaminen verbundenen klinischen Merkmale zu verstehen. Das erste Projekt untersuchte die Unterschiede in der klinischen Behandlung und die perioperativen Komplikationen bei Patienten mit Harnblasen-Paragangliom (UBPGL), die vor der Operation diagnostiziert oder fehldiagnostiziert wurden. In diesem Projekt wurde mehr als die Hälfte (53,6 %) der Patienten mit UBPGL vor der Operation nicht diagnostiziert. Wie erwartet wurden Patienten, die vor der Operation fehldiagnostiziert wurden, kaum mit einer alpha-adrenergen Blockade behandelt, und mehr dieser Patienten erlitten während der Operation eine Bluthochdruckkrise und perioperative Komplikationen als Patienten, die vor der Operation richtig diagnostiziert wurden. Eine weitere Analyse ergab, dass bei 34,5 % der Patienten mit Katecholamin-assoziierten Symptomen und/oder Bluthochdruck vor der Operation keine UBPGL diagnostiziert wurde. Darüber hinaus wurde Bluthochdruck als unabhängiger Faktor identifiziert, der mit der präoperativen Diagnose von UBPGL assoziiert ist. Das zweite Projekt untersuchte die Unterschiede im Auftreten von Katecholamin-assoziierten Zeichen und Symptomen bei Patienten mit und ohne metastasiertem PPGL (mPPGL). Wir konnten zeigen, dass das Auftreten von Katecholamin-assoziierten Anzeichen und Symptomen bei Patienten mit mPPGL mit der Produktion von Noradrenalin verbunden war, während es bei Patienten ohne mPPGL mit Epinephrin zusammenhing. Allerdings unterschieden sich die Anzeichen und Symptome bei Patienten mit metastasiertem PPGL nicht signifikant von denen mit nicht-metastasiertem PPGL. Das dritte Projekt untersuchte das Wiederauftreten der Krankheit bei Patienten mit sporadischem PPGL. Wir konnten zeigen, dass ein noradrenerger/dopaminerger Phänotyp des Primärtumors bei Patienten mit sporadischem PPGL ein unabhängiger Prädiktor für ein Wiederauftreten der Erkrankung ist. Darüber hinaus zeigten wir, dass bei 14,7 % dieser Patienten ein Rezidiv auftrat, bei einigen sogar noch 10 oder 15 Jahre nach der Resektion des Primärtumors. Diese Arbeit zeigte anhand von klinischen Tumorgewebedaten und in vitro gentechnisch hergestellten Zellmodellen, dass die Epinephrinbiosynthese bei PPGL vorwiegend durch den genetischen Hintergrund aufgrund von PVs in HRAS reguliert wird. Klinische Studien haben gezeigt, dass das Auftreten von Anzeichen und Symptomen, die prächirurgische Diagnose und das Wiederauftreten der Erkrankung mit dem Katecholaminstoffwechsel bei Patienten mit PPGL in Zusammenhang stehen. Daher muss der Katecholaminstoffwechsel bei der klinischen Behandlung von Patienten mit PPGL unbedingt berücksichtigt werden.:Content III Abbreviations: V List of figures and tables VII Zusammenfassung 1 Summary 3 1 Introduction and outline of the thesis 5 1.1 Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas 5 1.2 Catecholamine metabolism in PPGLs 5 1.3 Pathogenic variants in the susceptibility genes of PPGLs 7 1.4 The association between genetic pathogenic variants and catecholamine metabolism in PPGLs 8 1.5 Catecholamine-associated clinical manifestations in patients with PPGLs 12 1.6 Catecholamine metabolite testing and diagnosis of PPGLs 12 1.7 Clinical treatment of patients with PPGLs 13 1.8 Follow-up for patients with PPGL 14 1.9 Outline of the thesis 15 2 Methods and results 17 2.1 Part 1: Regulation of epinephrine biosynthesis in HRAS-mutant paragangliomas 18 2.2 Part 2: Association of catecholamine metabolism and clinical management of patients with PPGL 67 2.2.1 Publication 1: 67 Differences in clinical presentation and management between pre- and postsurgical diagnoses of urinary bladder paraganglioma: is there clinical relevance? a systematic review 67 2.2.2 Publication 2: 74 Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Signs and Symptoms Related to Catecholamine Secretion 74 2.2.3 Publication 3: 86 Recurrent disease in patients with sporadic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma 86 3 General discussion 95 4 Conclusion 99 5 References 100 6 Acknowledgements 108 7 List of journal articles and invited presentations 109 8 Appendix 111 / Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from chromaffin cells within the adrenal medulla (pheochromocytomas, PCCs) or extra-adrenal paraganglia (paragangliomas, PGLs). Patients with PPGL normally present signs and symptoms that are associated with catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) biosynthesis, storage, and secretion. Catecholamine metabolism in PPGLs is influenced by the genetic background. Tumors resulting from pathogenic variants (PVs) in genes that lead to activation of hypoxia signaling pathways are unable to synthesize epinephrine, whereas those resulting from PVs in genes that activate kinase signaling are capable of epinephrine synthesis. This genetic-biochemical-clinical phenotype has been revealed in clinical research. However, the mechanism behind the regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis in tumors due to PVs in kinase signaling genes remains unclear. Thus, this thesis aimed to investigate the mechanism of catecholamine biosynthesis in PPGLs due to PVs in HRAS, a gene associated with kinase signaling pathways. In addition, clinical features such as catecholamine-associated signs and symptoms, a presurgical diagnosis, and the development of recurrent disease in patients with PPGL were studied. To investigate the catecholamine metabolism in PPGLs, catecholamines and PNMT enzyme activities of 251 PPGL tissues were measured. Subsequently, two hotspot variants of Hras, G13R and Q61R, were introduced into a rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) using CRISPR/Cas9-based prime editing. The levels of catecholamines and downstream factors of HRAS that regulate epinephrine biosynthesis were measured in the cells with/without Hras PVs. We found that PPGLs resulting from HRAS PVs had significantly higher epinephrine content and PNMT enzyme activities compared to those resulting from PVs in genes associated with hypoxia signaling pathways. Furthermore, in our cell line experiments, PVs in Hras increased Pnmt expression, along with increased epinephrine synthesis. Moreover, further experiments indicated that Hras PVs upregulated Pnmt expression through phosphorylation of SP1 via the MAPK pathway. In addition, Hras PVs decreased glucocorticoid receptor levels, thereby reducing sensitivity to glucocorticoid-induced expression of Pnmt. Three separate clinical projects were performed to better understand the clinical features associated with catecholamines. The first project investigated the differences in clinical management and per-operative complications between patients with urinary bladder paraganglioma (UBPGLs) who were correctly diagnosed and those who were misdiagnosed before surgery. In this project, more than half (53.6%) of the patients with UBPGL were not diagnosed before surgery. As expected, patients who were misdiagnosed before surgery received limited treatment with alpha-adrenergic blockade, resulting in a higher incidence of hypertension crisis during surgery and perioperative complications compared to patients diagnosed before surgery. Further analysis indicated that 34.5% of these patients presenting with catecholamine-associated symptoms and/or hypertension were not diagnosed with UBPGL before surgery. In addition, we identified hypertension as an independent factor associated with pre-surgical diagnosis of UBPGLs. The second project analyzed differences in the presentation of catecholamine-associated signs and symptoms in patients with and without metastatic PPGL (mPPGL). We showed that the presentation of catecholamine-associated signs and symptoms was associated with the production of norepinephrine in patients with mPPGL, whereas in non-mPPGL patients, it was associated with epinephrine. However, the signs and symptoms in patients with metastatic PPGLs did not significantly differ from those in patients with non-metastatic PPGL. The third project analyzed recurrent disease in patients with sporadic PPGL. We showed that a noradrenergic/dopaminergic phenotype of primary tumors was an independent predictor of recurrent disease among patients with sporadic PPGL. In addition, we showed that 14.7% of these patients experienced recurrent disease, with some cases occurring even 10 or 15 years after the resection of their primary tumors. This thesis, through the use of clinical tumor tissue data and in vitro genetically engineered cell models, indicated that epinephrine biosynthesis was predominantly regulated by the genetic background in PPGLs with PVs in HRAS. Additionally, clinical studies showed that the presentation of signs and symptoms, a pre-surgical diagnosis, and the presence of recurrent disease were associated with catecholamine metabolism in patients with PPGL. It is therefore imperative to consider catecholamine metabolism in the clinical management of patients with PPGL.:Content III Abbreviations: V List of figures and tables VII Zusammenfassung 1 Summary 3 1 Introduction and outline of the thesis 5 1.1 Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas 5 1.2 Catecholamine metabolism in PPGLs 5 1.3 Pathogenic variants in the susceptibility genes of PPGLs 7 1.4 The association between genetic pathogenic variants and catecholamine metabolism in PPGLs 8 1.5 Catecholamine-associated clinical manifestations in patients with PPGLs 12 1.6 Catecholamine metabolite testing and diagnosis of PPGLs 12 1.7 Clinical treatment of patients with PPGLs 13 1.8 Follow-up for patients with PPGL 14 1.9 Outline of the thesis 15 2 Methods and results 17 2.1 Part 1: Regulation of epinephrine biosynthesis in HRAS-mutant paragangliomas 18 2.2 Part 2: Association of catecholamine metabolism and clinical management of patients with PPGL 67 2.2.1 Publication 1: 67 Differences in clinical presentation and management between pre- and postsurgical diagnoses of urinary bladder paraganglioma: is there clinical relevance? a systematic review 67 2.2.2 Publication 2: 74 Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Signs and Symptoms Related to Catecholamine Secretion 74 2.2.3 Publication 3: 86 Recurrent disease in patients with sporadic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma 86 3 General discussion 95 4 Conclusion 99 5 References 100 6 Acknowledgements 108 7 List of journal articles and invited presentations 109 8 Appendix 111

9 ABSTRACT Tatiana Labudová: Genetic changes in neuroectodermal tumours detected by molecular biological methods. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics Thesis, 75 pages,8 supplements, 2012 This thesis is concerned to neuroectodermal tumours that make a major group of infant tumour diseases. Genetic material gained from patients with neuroectodermal tumours was examined using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and interphasic fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH). The aim of this Thesis is to prove chromosomal changes and to create the whole genetic profile. According to these profiles can be determined tumourgenetic cascade or specific genetic changes that lead to malignant tumours. In some cases (f.e. neuroblastoms) the genetic profile helps us to determine a subtype of disease and it's biological behaviour. Keywords: tumour diseases, neuroblastoma, CNS tumours, pheochromocytoma, Ewing's sarcoma, neuroectodermal tumour, comparative genomic hybridization, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization

Hoi, Chu Peng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-103). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.II / Abstract --- p.III / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.V / List of Abbreviations --- p.VI / List of Figures --- p.VIII / List of Tables --- p.X / Table of Contents --- p.XI / Chapter Chapter One --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Alzheimer's disease --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Epidemiology and risk factors --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Clinical manifestation and course --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Clinical diagnosis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Neuropathology and pathogenesis of AD --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Drug therapy of AD --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.5.1 --- Drugs for symptomatic treatment --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.5.2 --- Drugs based on epidemiology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.5.3 --- Drugs with potential disease-modifying effects --- p.14 / Chapter 1.1.5.4 --- Herbal supplements --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2 --- Models for drug discovery in Alzheimer Disease --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- In vivo (animal) models --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- In vitro (cellular) models --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3 --- Chinese herbs for the treatment of AD --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Ginkgo biloba L --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Magnolia officinalis --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Acori graminei Rhizoma (AGR) --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Gastrodia elata (G. elata) --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Rhodiola rosea L.( R. rosea) --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Scutellariae baicalensis --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3.7 --- Curcuma longa L.(Zingiberaceae) --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of the study --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Materials and Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals and reagents --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Materials for cell culture --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Instruments --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- MTT cell viability assay --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Characterization of the cytotoxicity of Aβ peptide in NGF-differentiated PC 12 cells --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Screening of the neuroprotective effect of major principles from selected herbs on PC 12 cells against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Measurement of intracellular calcium levels --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Measurement of caspase-3 activity --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Propidium iodide (PI) staining to evaluate apoptosis and necrosis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Statistics --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- NGF-differentiated PC 12 cells --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Determination of an appropriate cell density for the screening experiments --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Characterization of Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in NGF-differentiated PC 12 cells --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Cytotoxicity of Aβ-related fragments in NGF-differentiated PC 12 cells --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of Aβ on PC 12 cells --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Time-dependent effect of Aβ-induced toxicity on PC12 cells --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Protective effect of selected active principles against Aβ1-4-induced toxicity in PC 12 cells --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Measurement of ROS induced by H202 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Measurement of ROS induced by Aβ --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Measurement of Intracellular calcium levels --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4 --- Measurement of caspase-3 activity --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- AMC reference standard curve --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Measurement of caspase-3 activity --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- PI staining for evaluate apoptosis and necrosis --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in NGF-differentiated PC 12 cells as an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Cell line selection --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Characterization of Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in NGF-differentiated PC 12 cells --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2 --- Screening of the neuroprotective effects of selected active principles against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in NGF-differentiated PC 12 cells --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3 --- Neuroprotection via inhibition of the ROS generation --- p.71 / Chapter 4.4 --- Neuroprotection via suppression of calcium homeostasis --- p.73 / Chapter 4.5 --- Neuroprotective via inhibition of Aβ-induced apoptosis --- p.75 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Inhibition of caspase-3 activation --- p.75 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- PI staining for evaluation of apoptosis and necrosis --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusion and future work --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusion --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future work --- p.80 / References --- p.81

Arterial stiffness represented by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) is considered to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. This study was focused on large artery properties investigation in specific forms of hypertension using applanation tonometer Sphygmocor (Atcor Medical). PWV was significantly higher in resistant hypertension patients when compared to moderate essential hypertension (EH) patients. This difference appears to be independent of clinical blood pressure (BP). Night-time BP appears to be a more accurate predictor of PWV in EH. In another study we demonstrated that primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) (both hypertensive or non-hypertensive forms) might be associated with higher PWV when compared to EH patients or to normotensive controls and that this difference is independent of age and clinical BP. Neither calcium serum level, nor parathyroid hormone has been associated with PWV. Specific treatment by parathyroidectomy (PTX) seems to be beneficial for PWV decrease, which might be mainly determined by improved BP control after surgery. Since PTX indications for asymptomatic forms of PH have been discussed, our data suggest the potential benefit to the extent of subclinical organ damage after surgical treatment in these patients. Similarly, we prooved higher PWV in...

Les cellules souches pluripotentes induites (CSPi) permettent la modélisation de processus avec, en oncologie, un intérêt potentiel pour la modélisation de syndromes de prédisposition au cancer liés à des mutations germinales d’oncogènes. Nous avons généré des lignées de CSPi à partir de patients atteints de néoplasies endocriniennes multiples de type 2 (NEM2), porteurs de mutations germinales du gène RET : RETC620R, RETC634Y et RETM918T. Nous avons généré une CSPi RETY634C, contrôle isogénique, par correction de la mutation RETC634Y via CRSPR/Cas9. Ces CSPi présentent tous les critères de pluripotence avec un caryotype normal et expriment Ret. L’étude histologique approfondie des tératomes a mis en évidence le développement de cellules C en leur sein et également de cellules neuroendocrines exprimant la Chromogranine A mais sans aspect d’hyperplasie des cellules C ou de carcinome médullaire de la thyroïde ni de tumeur neuroendocrine réminiscente du phénotype des NEM2. L’analyse comparative de l’expression des gènes de ces CSPi a mis en évidence, dès le stade de pluripotence, une activation du réseau transcriptionnel du gène EGR1 qui pourrait constituer un des mécanismes moléculaires responsables de la mise en place du phénotype des NEM2. La différenciation en cellules souches de la crête neurale (CSCN), cellules d’origine cibles des tumeurs développées dans le cadre des NEM2, en particulier le phéochromocytome, était efficace et reproductible pour toutes nos lignées. Nous avons mis en évidence l’activation d’un programme commun invasif au niveau des CSCN avec mutation RETC634Y et RETM918T ainsi qu’une forte dérégulation du réseau des intégrines entraînant une forte dérégulation de l’adhésion cellulaire. Ceci était confirmé par une augmentation des capacités de migration CSCN avec mutation de RET par rapport aux CSCN témoins. Ainsi, la génération de CSPi avec mutation de RET a permis d’identifier des voies de signalisation potentiellement impliquées dans la physiopathologie des NEM2 et constitue une première étape vers la modélisation des NEM2 in vitro. / Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) offer major perspectives in disease modelling and, in the oncology field, can be used for modelling cancer predisposition syndromes. We generated IPSC lines from somatic cells of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) who harboured germline mutations in the RET gene: RETC620R, RETC634Y et RETM918T. We have also generated an isogenic RETY634C iPSC control line by genome engineering using CRSPR/Cas9-mediated method to "correct” C634Y mutation. All iPSC lines exhibited all markers of pluripotency with a normal karyotype and expressed Ret. A thorough histological study of teratomas from these iPSC highlighted the development of C cells and Chromogranin A-expressing neuroendocrine cells within them but without C-cell hyperplasia, medullary thyroid carcinoma or neuroendocrine tumours reminiscent of MEN2 phenotype. Comparative gene expression analysis revealed an activation of the EGR1 transcriptional network, at the pluripotent stem cell stage which could be one of the molecular effector of the phenotype. Neural crest stem cell (NCSC), the cell of origin of some of the tumoral features of MEN2, could be differentiated in vitro from all our RET-mutated iPSC lines effectively. Gene expression analysis revealed an activation of cell invasion program in RETC634Y and RETM918T–mutated NCSC and a deregulation of integrin network causing a strong deregulation of cell adhesion which was confirmed with increased migration capabilities in vitro. Thus, the generation of the first RET-mutated iPSCs allowed the identification of signalling pathways potentially implicated in the pathophysiology of MEN2 and constitute a first step in modelling these tumours in vitro.

Arterial stiffness represented by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) is considered to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. This study was focused on large artery properties investigation in specific forms of hypertension using applanation tonometer Sphygmocor (Atcor Medical). PWV was significantly higher in resistant hypertension patients when compared to moderate essential hypertension (EH) patients. This difference appears to be independent of clinical blood pressure (BP). Night-time BP appears to be a more accurate predictor of PWV in EH. In another study we demonstrated that primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) (both hypertensive or non-hypertensive forms) might be associated with higher PWV when compared to EH patients or to normotensive controls and that this difference is independent of age and clinical BP. Neither calcium serum level, nor parathyroid hormone has been associated with PWV. Specific treatment by parathyroidectomy (PTX) seems to be beneficial for PWV decrease, which might be mainly determined by improved BP control after surgery. Since PTX indications for asymptomatic forms of PH have been discussed, our data suggest the potential benefit to the extent of subclinical organ damage after surgical treatment in these patients. Similarly, we prooved higher PWV in...