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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

A acidificação de dejetos líquidos de suínos afeta as emissões de amônia e gases de efeito estufa no processo de compostagem automatizada / The acidification of pig slurry affecting ammonia and greenhouse gas emission emissions in automated composting process

Doneda, Alexandre 28 February 2014 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Composting of pig slurry (DLS) is an important strategy to mitigate the environmental damage of intensive pig farms. Despite being a promising strategy, one of the problems from composting is still the losses of nitrogen (N) by volatilization of ammonia (NH3). Acidification of DLS before to addition to the piles, reducing the pH and thus, the piles, may be a possibility to circumvent this problem. However, little is known about the effect of acidification of DLS, not only on emissions of (NH3) as with respect to emissions of greenhouse gases (GEE) (CO2, CH4 e N2O) during the process, especially in automated systems where the addition of manure and mixing of piles are frequent. This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of acidification of pig slurry on ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions during an automated composting process. The study was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, during 154 days in compost piles containing the mixture of wood shavings and sawdust as substrate, with weekly additions of DLS, followed by two revolving piles during the first 106 days. Between 107 and 154 days were made only weekly turnings piles. Two treatments were tested, one with manure acidification with H3PO4 to pH around 6.0 and another without acidification. The evaluation of emissions of NH3 was carried out in semi-open static chambers, while the GEE was performed in static chambers. The pH of DLS was reduced on average 0.87 units with acidification compared to the original values and the average value of all applications was 5.84. In compost piles, the pH decreased from 8.11 to 6.72 on average during all period of the experiment. The concentrations of NH4+ at the end of the experiment were, on an average of two evaluated layers, 102.98 mg kg-1 in the pile without acidification and 398.81 mg kg-1 in the pile with acidification, while the levels of NO3- were 13.37 mg kg-1 in the pile without acidification and 1371.04 mg kg-1 in the pile with acidification. The cumulative emission of NH3 in the treatment with acidification was 32.6 g m-2, 70% lower than the treatment without acidification (107.8 g m-2). Acidification of DLS also reduced the cumulative CO2 emissions to the atmosphere of 91.65 kg m-2 to 69.05 kg m-2 (25%) and the CH4 of 639.97 g m-2 to 227.13 g m-2 (65%). On the other hand, acidification of DLS at the time of addition to the substrate increased the cumulative emission of N2O by 30.4 g N-N2O m-2 (130%) at 154 days of composting. / A compostagem de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) é uma importante estratégia para mitigar o passivo ambiental da suinocultura intensiva. Apesar de ser uma estratégia promissora, um dos problemas decorrentes da compostagem são, ainda, as perdas de nitrogênio (N) por volatilização de amônia (NH3). A acidificação dos DLS previamente a adição às pilhas, reduzindo seu pH e, consequentemente, das pilhas, pode ser uma possibilidade para contornar esse problema. Todavia, pouco se conhece sobre o efeito da acidificação dos DLS, não somente sobre as emissões de NH3 como no que tange às emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) (CO2, CH4 e N2O) durante o processo, sobretudo, em sistemas automatizados, onde a adição de dejetos e o revolvimento das pilhas são frequentes. Esse trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da acidificação de dejetos líquidos de suínos sobre as emissões de amônia e gases de efeito estufa durante um processo de compostagem automatizada. O trabalho foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, durante 154 dias, em pilhas de compostagem contendo a mistura de maravalha e serragem como substrato, com adições semanais de DLS, seguidas de dois revolvimentos das pilhas durante os primeiros 106 dias. No período entre 107 e 154 dias foram efetuados apenas revolvimentos semanais das pilhas. Foram testados dois tratamentos, sendo um com acidificação dos dejetos com H3PO4 até pH próximo a 6,0 e outro sem acidificação. A avaliação das emissões de NH3 foi realizada em câmaras estáticas semi-abertas, enquanto a de GEE foi realizada em câmaras estáticas. O pH dos DLS foi reduzido em média 0,87 unidades com a acidificação em relação aos valores originais, sendo o valor médio de todas as aplicações de 5,84. Nas pilhas de compostagem, o pH reduziu de 8,11 para 6,72 na média de todo período de condução do experimento. Os teores de NH4+ ao final do experimento foram, na média das duas camadas avaliadas, de 102,98 mg kg-1 na pilha sem acidificação e 398,81 mg kg-1 na pilha com acidificação, enquanto os teores de NO3- foram de 13,37 mg kg-1 na pilha sem acidificação e 1371,04 mg kg-1 na pilha com acidificação. A emissão acumulada de NH3 no tratamento com acidificação foi de 32,6 g m-2, 70% inferior ao tratamento sem acidificação (107,8 g m-2). A acidificação dos DLS reduziu, também, as emissões acumuladas de CO2 para a atmosfera de 91,65 kg m-2 para 69,05 kg m-2 (25%) e CH4 de 639,97 g m-2 para 227,13 g m-2 (65%). Por outro lado, a acidificação dos DLS no momento da sua adição ao substrato aumentou a emissão acumulada de N2O em 30,4 g N-N2O m-2 (130%) em 154 dias de compostagem.
92

Avaliacao, atraves de microscopia eletronica de varredura, do padrao de interacao dentina-resina em cavidades preparadas com laser de Er:YAG

SCHEIN, MARCELO T. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07438.pdf: 5655413 bytes, checksum: f397d4eeed4467ace8cd509f912632a0 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo
93

O papel do flúor sobre linhagens de células osteoblásticas de camundongos com densidades ósseas distintas: estudos em MC3T3-E1, C3H/HeJ e C57BL/6J / The role of fluoride on different osteoblastic cell line from different mice strains with distinct bone density: Study on MC3T3-E1, C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J

Kellen Cristina da Silva Gasque 01 November 2012 (has links)
Sabe-se que o flúor causa alterações químicas e celulares no osso, dependendo da dosagem e do tempo de exposição a esse elemento. Já foi demonstrado que alterações clínicas importantes, como a osteoporose, osteopetrose e esclerose óssea, podem ser geradas pela ingestão de flúor. Sabe-se que o flúor pode guiar os osteoblastos ao crescimento, sob doses e tempos de exposição específicos. A sensibilidade dos tecidos mineralizados ao fluoreto responde a mecanismos genéticos inerentes a cada população. Dentro de uma mesma espécie, diferentes linhagens apresentam um comportamento distinto frente a esse fármaco. Durante várias décadas, os estudos com fluoretos resumiram-se ao fluoreto de sódio, amplamente utilizado na prevenção das cáries dentárias. Recentemente, outras fontes de fluoretos como TiF4 e SnF2 têm sido buscadas, com intuito de potencializar as vantagens desse elemento. Porém não existem estudos ainda sobre o efeito do AlF3 sobre o tecido ósseo até a presente data. Desse modo, achamos oportuno investigar seu papel, quando administrado a células ósseas e para tal, investigamos a viabilidade e padrão de atividade das fosfatases desse sal (AlF3) quando administrado às células da linhagem pré-osteblástica MC3T3, em comparação ao NaF. Além disso, sabendo que diferentes células apresentam comportamento distinto ao tratamento com fluoretos, estudamos o papel do NaF quando administrado a duas linhagens celulares de camundongos com densidades ósseas distintas e com diferentes susceptibilidades ao fluoreto: C3H/HeJ e C57BL/6J (C3H e C57, alta e baixa densidades ósseas, respectivamente). As células também foram avaliadas quanto à viabilidade celular e ao perfil das fosfatases. Todos os resultados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância a três critérios e nos permitiu identificar que entre os sais de fluoreto, apenas o NaF promoveu alterações na viabilidade celular das células MC3T3. O AlF3 não exerceu influência na atividade da fosfatase alcalina quando consideramos as células pré-osteoblásticas, no entanto, o efeito desse fluoreto sobre a atividade das fosfatases ácidas totais e ácida resistente ao tartarato ocorre de modo dicotômico. Quando consideramos uma população celular heterogênea, coletada de calvária, como foi o caso das linhagens C3H e C57, verificamos que o NaF interferiu tanto sobre a proliferação, quanto a atividade das fosfatases de modo bastante distinto para ambas linhagens celulares. Assim concluimos que o NaF é capaz de exercer efeitos mais diversificados em diferentes tipos celulares, alterando viabilidade celular e atividade de enzimas; em contrapartida, o AlF3 produz efeitos mais especifícos e delimitados em pré-osteoblastos. / It is well known that fluoride causes chemical and cellular alteration on bone tissue, depending on the dosage and time of exposure to this element. Several studies have been conducted to show that some bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and esclerosis, can occur as a consequence of the excessive fluoride uptake. Fluoride can lead osteoblast to proliferate, under certain conditions as time and dosage. The same way, excessive dosages of fluoride can alter protein activity in osteoblasts, by changing the expression of retated genes. Sensitivity of mineralized tissues to fluoride depends on a genetic background inherent to each population. Within the same specie, different lineages present distint behavior to the ingestion of this íon. Over several decades, many researches focused on the study of NaF as the only source of fluoride, once it is wide spread used to the prevention of dental caries. More recently, different sources of fluoride have been assessed, like TiF4 e SnF2</sub, with the main aim to enhance biochemical and physical benefits of this element. Despite of this, none of these formulations have been tested to evaluate their effect on the bone tissue. Thus, we believe it is advisable to investigate viability and phosphatases activities of pre-osteoblast MC3T3 cells treated with Aluminium fluoride, compared to NaF treatments. Besides this, facing the knowledge that different cell lines have distinct behavior when treated with fluoride, we used two inbred strains of mice with distint mineral bone densities, C3H/HeJ (C3H, high bone density) and C57BL/6J (C57, low bone density), to assess the viability and phosphatases activities after the treatment with NaF. Overall results were tested by 3 way- Anova. AlF3 did not exibit influence over on alkaline phosphatase when pre-osteoblast cells are considered, but the effect of this fluoride salt on the activity of total and tartarate resistant acid phosphatases ocurrs on a dicotomic way. When we consider a mixed cell population, collected from calvária as for the C3H and C57 assays, NaF did interfered as with the proliferation rate as phosphatase activities on a very distinct fashion between the two lineages. Thus, it is possible to conclude that NaF is able to exert variable effects in different cell types and enzyme activities; on the other hand, AlF3 effects are more specific and surrounded in pre-osteblastic cells.
94

Pré-tratamento e hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar / Pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse

Gómez-Rueda, Sandra Marcela 16 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Aline Carvalho da Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T07:08:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomez-Rueda_SandraMarcela_M.pdf: 7950373 bytes, checksum: c7f5e37417de9cac03256c3918348b65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a produção de açúcares fermentescíveis a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado com os ácidos sulfúrico (H2SO4) e fosfórico (H3PO4) diluídos e deslignificado com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Planejamentos fatoriais 23 foram realizados para avaliar a influência do tempo de pré-tratamento (h), temperatura (°C) e concentração de H2SO4 ou H3PO4. Depois do pré-tratamento ácido, o bagaço foi deslignificado por 1h a 100°C com 1%p/v. Os resultados mostraram que ambos pré-tratamentos podem levar a altos rendimentos de glicose na hidrólise enzimática. Os melhores resultados para o ácido fosfórico foram obtidos quando o bagaço foi pré-tratado a 140°C, 120 min e 0,5%p/v H3PO4. Após deslignificação com NaOH e hidrólise enzimática com 15 FPU/g de bagaço pré-tratado e 7,5 CBU/g de bagaço pré-tratado houve liberação de 367 mg de glicose/g bagaço sem pré-tratar, que corresponde a um rendimento de 88%. Quando o ácido sulfúrico foi usado, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para pré-tratamentos a 100°C por 15 min e com 0,5%p/v de H2SO4. Após deslignificação e hidrólise enzimática nas mesmas condições usadas para o bagaço pré-tratado com ácido fosfórico, o bagaço apresentou liberação de 380,6 mg de glicose/g bagaço sem pré-tratar, que corresponde a rendimento de 92%. Devido aos bons resultados obtidos usando ácido fosfórico sendo este pré-tratamento menos estudado do que o pré-tratamento com ácido sulfúrico, o pré-tratamento com este ácido foi escolhido para a etapa posterior. Nesta etapa foram feitos ensaios para determinar a influência das concentrações das enzimas celulase e ?-glicosidase no rendimento de glicose. O bagaço foi pré-tratado com ácido fosfórico diluído nas melhores condições determinadas, deslignificado com NaOH e hidrolisado com concentrações de celulase e ?-glicosidase variando segundo um planejamento composto central. Trabalhando-se com concentrações de celulase de 30 FPU/g e de ?-glicosidade de 25 CBU/g foi possível obter rendimento de 97,1%. Rendimento de 95,10% apenas um pouco mais baixo, foi obtido com 25,85 FPU/g de celulase e 7,33 CBU/g de ?-glicosidade / Abstract: In this work the production of fermentable sugars from sugar cane bagasse pretreated with diluted sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid and delignified with NaOH was estudied. 23 Factorial designs were performed to evaluate the influence of pretreatment time (h), temperature (°C) and acid concentration (H2SO4 or H3PO4). After pretreatment bagasse was delignified for 1 hour at 100 ° C with 1% p/v NaOH. The results have shown that both pre-treatments can lead to high glucose yields at enzymatic hydrolysis. The best results for the pretreatment with phosphoric acid was when bagasse was pretreated at 140 ° C, 120 min and 0.5% p/v H3PO4. After delignification with NaOH and enzymatic hydrolysis with 15 FPU/g of cellulase and 7,5 CBU/g of ?-glicosidase, 367 mg glucose/g untreated bagasse were released, corresponding to a 88% yield. When sulfuric acid was used, the best results were obtained for pretreatment at 100°C, for 15 min and with 0,5%p/v of H2SO4. After delignification and hydrolysis at the same conditions used in the phosporic acid pretreatment, glucose release was of 380,6 mg glucose/g non pretreated bagasse, corresponding to a 92% yield. Due to the good results obtained using phosphoric acid and because pretreatment with this acid is less studied than with sulfuric acid, it was chosen for the posterior stages of the study. In this stage experimental assays were performed to determine the influence of cellulase and ?-glucosidase loads on glucose yield at hydrolysis. Bagasse was pretreated with diluted phosphoric acid at the best conditions, delignified with NaOH and hydrolysed with cellulase and ?-glucosidase loads varying according to a central composite factorial design. Yield of 97.17% was obtained with 30 FPU/g of cellulase and 25 CBU/g of ?- glucosidase. Yield of 95.10%, only a little lower, was obtained with 25.85 FPU/g of cellulase and 7.33 CBU/g of ?-glucosidase / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
95

Avaliacao, atraves de microscopia eletronica de varredura, do padrao de interacao dentina-resina em cavidades preparadas com laser de Er:YAG

SCHEIN, MARCELO T. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07438.pdf: 5655413 bytes, checksum: f397d4eeed4467ace8cd509f912632a0 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo
96

Les phosphates de calcium d'origine animale, matériaux pour la dépollution et source de phosphore / Calcium phosphate from animal bone meals, a phosphorus source and a material for soil remediation

Desport, Barthélémy 07 June 2011 (has links)
Ce travail vise à montrer l'intérêt de valoriser des phosphates d'origine animale, après une étape de calcination qui produit des cendres minérales constituées essentiellement d'hydroxyapatite : Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Elles constituent une matière première renouvelable, riche en phosphore. Plusieurs voies de valorisations sont examinées. La première est la fabrication d'un acide phosphorique très pur, de pureté supérieure à celui produit industriellement à partir de phosphates géologiques. Les propriétés des hydroxyapatites font que ces cendres pourraient être utilisées comme des barrières chimiques pour fixer des éléments polluants contenus dans un sol, un effluent ou une nappe. L'étude de la fixation de divers éléments polluants a montré les grandes capacités de fixation de ces matériaux. / Natural phosphorus sources are drastically decreasing, and it is necessary to find new phosphorus sources. Ashes obtained from calcination of bone meals are mainly hydroxyapatite: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Thus, they can be used as phosphorus-rich raw material. Several valorization ways were evaluated. Bone ashes can be used for the synthesis of a pure phosphoric acid without metallic elements, mainly cadmium and uranium. Hydroxyapatite properties suggest that bone meals ashes can be used for remediation of soils, sludge, effluents and groundwater. Experiments with different metallic elements (Cr, Pb, La...) showed the high sorption properties of this material.
97

Studium pojivového systému pro žárobetony na bázi kyseliny fosforečné a hlinitanového cementu / The study of the refractory concrete binding system based on phosphoric acid and aluminous cement

Pavlík, Tomáš January 2020 (has links)
This thesis deals with refractory concrete binding system based on aluminous cement and phosphoric acid. The prepared refractory concretes were fired at 1 000 °C. Various effects on compressive strength of refractory concrete were studied. The influence of aluminous cement content and phosphoric acid content, the influence of various admixtures, the influence of plasticizers and the influence of time and method of sample storage were studied. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis of the basic unfired sample were performed. Finally, selected refractory concretes were fired at 110, 200, 400, 600, 800, 900, 1 000 and 1 100 °C. The compressive strength of these samples was measured and powder X ray diffraction analysis was performed. The compressive strength of refractory concretes under intermediate temperatures (800–1 100 °C) was most increased in samples with metakaolin and gray microsilica.
98

Synthèse asymétrique de 1,2-diamines et développement de nouveaux organoiodanes chiraux pour des réactions d'oxygénation / Asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-diamines and development of new chiral organoiodanes for oxygenation reactions

Dumoulin, Audrey 25 November 2016 (has links)
Les 1,2-diamines sont présentes dans de nombreux produits biologiquement actifs, ce qui a poussé les chimistes organiciens à développer de nouvelles voies d’accès à ces motifs. Dans ce contexte, la maitrise de leur stéréochimie est essentielle puisque leur activité biologique en découle. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’une réaction d’amination électrophile de dérivés d’énamides catalysée par des acides phosphoriques chiraux. Ces catalyseurs interagissent avec les substrats via des liaisons hydrogènes permettant d’activer simultanément un nucléophile et un électrophile. Notre stratégie s’est révélée très efficace et a permis de synthétiser une gamme de 1,2-diamines extrêmement variée. De nombreux motifs d’intérêt biologique, incorporant notamment des hétérocycles, très employés en chimie pharmaceutique et cosmétique, ont été compatibles avec ce procédé. Dans un second projet, nous nous sommes intéressés au design de composés d’iode hypervalent chiraux. Ces composés ont connu un essor considérable ces dernières années en raison de leur stabilité à l’air et à l’humidité, leur faible toxicité et leur réactivité intéressante. Cependant, malgré ces développements, l’exploitation des dérivés d’iode hypervalent dans des versions catalytiques asymétriques mériterait d’être plus amplement étudiée. Dans ce contexte, de nouveaux précatalyseurs ont été élaborés au laboratoire puis employés dans des réactions d’oxygénations énantiosélectives. La structure particulière de ces composés a permis d’obtenir les meilleurs excès énantiomériques de la littérature à ce jour. / The 1,2- diamines can be found in many biologically active compounds, which pushed organic chemists to develop new methodologies to synthesize those molecules. In this context, the stereochemistry is essential because the biological activity ensues. Thus, we were interested in developing an enantioselective amination of enamide derivatives catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids. These catalysts interact with substrates via hydrogen bonds to activate a nucleophile and an electrophile simultaneously. Our strategy proved to be very effective and allowed us to synthesize a wide range of 1,2- diamine. Many compounds of biological interest, including heterocycles used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, were tolerated with this process. In another project, we looked at the design of chiral hypervalent iodine compounds. These compounds have recently gained considerable attention because of their stability to air and moisture, their low toxicity and their interesting reactivity. However, despite considerable development, the use of hypervalent iodine derivatives in catalytic asymmetric reactions deserves to be further studied. In this context, new pre-catalysts were developed in our laboratory and used in enantioselective oxygenation reactions. The special structure of these compounds yielded the best enantiomeric excesses of the literature to date.
99

The Fundamental Studies of Polybenzimidazole/Phosphoric Acid Polymer Electrolyte for Fuel Cells

Ma, Yulin 14 July 2004 (has links)
No description available.
100

CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE MOLECULES VIA HETEROATOM DETERMINATION USING CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

SHAH, MONIKA 17 July 2006 (has links)
No description available.

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