Background: Photoageing is due to the cumulative effects of sun exposure superimposed on chronological cutaneous ageing. Clinically, amongst Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV, it is thought that two main phenotypes of facial photoageing may exist: atrophic smooth telangiectactic skin (AP) and hypertrophic coarse wrinkled skin (HP). AP is more prone to the development of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). Aim: To investigate the morphological and histological differences in photoexposed facial skin and photoprotected buttock skin from prototypic subjects with atrophic skin and hypertrophic phenotypes. Patients and Methods: Subjects with atrophic and hypertrophic skin were pre-selected based on their phenotype from the general population (n=40; n=20, hypertrophic phenotype, 10 males, 10 females; n=20, atrophic phenotype, 10 males, 10 females). All subjects had a 4mm punch biopsy taken from their UV exposed facial skin (cheek) and a 6mm punch biopsy taken from their UV-protected buttock skin. All selected participants were: ex- or non-smokers, had no history of inflammatory skin disease, and aged > 50 years (mean ± SE); [AP (78.7y ±2.02) and HP (74.6y ±2.08)]. Staining for elastic fibres, fibrillin-rich microfibrils (FRMs), collagen VII and Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) as well as morphometric measurements including dermal-epidermal convolution and epidermal thickness were performed. Demographic data and VISIA® photoassessments were additionally compiled. Analysis using ImageJ software and SPSS (Statistics 20; IBM) was performed. Results: We found that AP epidermis was thicker than HP (p < 0.0001) but there were no significant differences in dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) convolution between phenotypes (p > 0.05). The percentage of dermis occupied by mature elastin fibres was significantly greater in HP than AP (p < 0.0001), but the dermis of HP was less enriched in fibrillin-rich microfibrils than AP (p < 0.05). AP was found to be collagen VII-poor compared to HP (p < 0.05) but, as expected, was more vascular with a greater number of blood vessels (p < 0.001 & p < 0.0001, respectively). No differences were found in any of these biomarkers in sun-protected buttock skin obtained from the same patients. Conclusion: This is a novel, exploratory study which demonstrates that the stroma in AP facial skin is characterised by less solar elastosis and collagen VII expression and more fibrillin-rich microfibrils, increased vascularisation compared to the HP phenotype. HP and AP appear to be distinct clinical and histological entities.

The geriatric population (65 years or older) represents a large portion of dermatology patients and is growing rapidly. This population is hypothesized to face several exacerbated barriers to dermatological healthcare, often resulting in the deferral of necessary dermatological healthcare. This avoidance behavior unnecessarily increases morbidity and mortality of this population due to dermatological diseases. The behaviors of this group towards their dermatological healthcare must be assessed for public policy to help fix the disparity seen in their dermatologic care. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out among a randomly selected sample of 609 registered SurveyMonkey® users aged 65 years or older across the continental United States. Multiple linear regression analysis of the data revealed a negative relationship between perceived barriers to care and self-reported usability of telemedicine (p=0.01). This analysis also revealed several gender differences; females were more likely to be concerned with “cosmetic/aging” (p<0.0001) and males reported both higher prevalence of skin cancer (p<0.005) and higher concern for developing skin cancer (p=0.05).

No description available.

Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Context: Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) results in the risk of acquiring long-term harmful effects such as photoaging, which is characterised by deep wrinkles, roughness, dyspigmentation and an increased loss in elasticity. As a result, the detection of photoaging at an early stage is crucial to improving morbidity, whilst preventing the advancement of skin cancer. Aim: The aim of the study was to develop and to validate a diagnostic real-time PCR method in order to establish the gene expression profiles of potential biomarkers in the skin so as to quantify the degree of photoaging: this was conducted by retrieving total RNA from cells adherent to tape strips from sun exposed and non-exposed skin areas. Materials and methods: Twenty healthy volunteers consisting of seven males and thirteen females aged 25 to 67 years were included in this study. Tape stripping was performed using pre-cut D-Squame® 22 mm adhesive discs. Samples were collected on the right medial thigh area 20 cm above the patella and 2 cm below the lateral canthus of the right eye. Total RNA was extracted and relative standard curve method of gene expression was performed. TGF-β, MMP 9, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA transcripts were selected as representative cytokines to determine the relative fold-change in sun exposed and non-exposed areas of the skin so as to determine extent of photoaging. Results: Repeatability and reproducibility was determined by the coefficient of variation (CV) was within an acceptable range. Thirty five percent (n=7) samples displayed down-regulatory effects for TGF-β. Down regulation of MMP 9 was observed within 30% (n=6) of samples, while 15% (n=3) showed marked up regulation. Only two samples showed measurable levels of TNF-α in the assay, of which one showed significant up regulation. Furthermore, we were unable to detect any IL-6 expression in any of the samples prepared. Conclusion: we have shown that epidermal cytokines can be retrieved from tape stripped samples and can be quantified via real-time PCR. However, the choices of cytokine biomarkers reveal that they are as important as the concentration of starting material. In this study cytokines such as IL-6 is not as informative in determining the extent of photoaging without high doses of ultraviolet radiation before sample collection as opposed to the other explored cytokines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Konteks: Oormatige blootstelling aan ultraviolet (UV) bestraling kan tot ‘n risiko van skadelike en lantermynse nagevolge lei wat gekenmerk word deur foto-veroudering. Dit sluit in diep plooie, growwe vel en ‘n toenemende verlies in elastisiteit. Die ontdekking van foto-veroudering op ‘n vroeë stadium is van kardinale belang vir die verbetering van morbiditeit en die voorkoming van velkanker bevordering. Doelstelling: Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n diagnostiese polimerase kettings reaksie (PKR) metode te ontwikkel om geen uitdrukkings profiele van potensiële bio-merkers te vestig in die vel, om so die graad van foto-veroudering in areas van vel wat blootgestel word aan die son en beskermde van die son te bepaal deur totale RNS te versamel van kleeflintskyfies. Materiale en metodes: Twintig gesonde vrywilligers (sewe mans en dertien vroue), tussen die ouderdom van 25 en 67 jaar, was ingesluit in hiedie studie. Vel monsters was versamel deur gebruik te maak van Dsquame® 22 mm kleeflintskyfies 20 cm bokant die patella van die regterkanste mediale heup en 2 cm onder die regter oog. Totale RNS was geisoleer en die relatiewe vlak van geen uitdrukking was bepaal deur gebruik te maak van die kurwe model. Die boodskapper ribonukleiosier transkripsies van die sitokiene TGF- β, MMP 9, TNF-α en IL-6 was gekies as verteenwoordigers van foto-veroudering om die relatiewe verandering van foto-veroudering in die vel te bepaal. Resultate: Validering metodes was aanvaarbaar. ‘n Afwaarts reguleringseffek in TGF-β en MMP 9 merker uitdrukking is gevind in vyf en dertig persent (n=7) en dertig persent (n=6) van monsters, onderskuidelik. In vyftien persent (n=3) van monsters is ‘n opwaarts reguleringseffek in die laasgenoemde gevind. Slegs twee monsters het meetbare vlakke van TNF-α getoon in die eksperiment, waarvan slegs een ‘n noemenswaardige opwaartse regulering getoon het. IL-6 uitdrukking is nie gevind in enige van die monsters. Gevolgtrekkings: Hierdie studie het bepaal dat sitokiene van die vel geisoleer van kleeflint monsters en gekwantifiseer deer relatiewe PKR uitdrukking bepaal kan word. Die keuse van bio-merkers is egter net so belangrik as konsentrasie bepaling van die monsters. Die IL-6 sitokien, in vergelyking met ander, is slegs informaliet tydens hoë ultraviolet bestraling aan die vel blootgestel is.

A exposição excessiva à radiação Ultravioleta (UV) resulta em manifestações clínicas à pele humana como queimaduras, fotoenvelhecimento e câncer. A radiação UVA, preferencialmente, induz à formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio, enquanto que a radiação UVB é absorvida diretamente pelo DNA. Apesar de mecanismos endógenos auxiliarem na prevenção/reparação dos danos causados pela radiação UV, quando o dano excede a capacidade de reparação celular, diversos efeitos lesivos ocorrem na pele como alterações da matriz dérmica, resposta inflamatória e desidratação do estrato córneo. O uso de compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante pode auxiliar na prevenção das consequências patológicas da exposição à radiação UV. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar em cultura de células da pele (HaCaT -queratinócito humano imortalizado e FHPD - fibroblasto humano primário dermal) exposta às radiações UVA e UVB a atividade fotoprotetora de 3 compostos fenólicos, ácido cafeico (AC), clorogênico (ACG) e rosmarínico (AR). Inicialmente, células HaCaT e FHPD cultivadas em monocamada foram expostas às doses crescentes de radiação UVA ou UVB e, após 24 horas, foram analisadas quanto a viabilidade, marcadores de morte celular, mediadores inflamatórios, presença de aquaporina e lesões de DNA. HaCaT quando exposta às radiações UVA e UVB são conduzidas à morte por apoptose, com aumento de Caspases 3 e 9, p53 e redução de PARP. Após a exposição à radiação UVA, HaCaT responde com aumento na liberação de IL-6, TNF-&#945; e COX-2, internalização/redução de AQP3 da membrana, redução na liberação de MMP-2 e 9, aumento na liberação de MMP-1 e na produção de ERO. Quando expostos à radiação UVB, HaCaT aumenta a liberação de IL-6 e COX-2, promove internalização/redução de AQP3 na membrana e redução na liberação de MMP-2 e 9. FHPD são menos sensíveis à exposição a ambas as radiações, mostrando redução de viabilidade com parada de ciclo apenas frente à radiação UVA. Além disto, FHPD exposto a radiação UVA responde com aumento na liberação de IL-6 e danos no DNA do tipo 8-oxo-dG. Dentre os compostos, o ACG apresentou melhor atividade fotoquimioprotetora perante ambas as radiações UVA e UVB, pois foi capaz de reverter em HaCaT a morte celular induzida por ambas as radiações e de reverter a parada de ciclo em FHPD expostos à radiação UVA. HaCaT tratado com ACG e exposto à radiação UVA responde com aumento na expressão de AQP3 e PARP, aumento na expressão gênica de AQP3, redução na expressão gênica de CDKN1A e na liberação de MMP-1, 2 e 9. Após a radiação UVB, o tratamento com ACG aumenta a expressão gênica de AQP3, reduz a expressão gênica de CDKN1A, reduz a produção de COX-2 e aumenta a liberação de MMP-2 e 9. O tratamento com o AR apresentou atividade fotoquimioprotetora frente à radiação UVA, com HaCaT respondendo a radiação com aumento na população de células viáveis, aumento na expressão de AQP3 e PARP e na expressão gênica de AQP3, redução na liberação de MMP-1 e 9 e redução na produção de COX-2. FHPD tratados com AR apresentaram aumento na população em fase G1, na expressão de p21, e redução de danos de DNA tipo 8-oxo-dG. O tratamento de HaCaT com AC foi capaz de reverter a morte celular, aumentar a expressão de p53 e aumentar a liberação de MMP-2 e 9 frente à radiação UVB e de reduzir a produção de ERO, a expressão de p21 e a liberação de MMP-1, 2 e 9 frente à radiação UVA. Para FHPD, o tratamento com AC foi capaz apenas de reduzir a formação de danos de DNA tipo 8-oxo-dG. Os resultados indicam que o modelo proposto foi capaz de discriminar a atividade fotoprotetora dos compostos frente à radiação UVA e UVB. Além disto, foi possível demonstrar que os compostos antioxidantes se comportam de maneira distinta enquanto fotoprotetores no modelo empregado. / Excessive exposure to Ultraviolet radiation (UV) results in clinical manifestations in human skin such as burns, photo-aging and cancer. UVA radiation preferentially induces formation of reactive oxygen species, while UVB radiation is absorbed directly by the DNA. Although endogenous mechanisms are able to prevent/repair cellular damages caused by UV radiation, excess cellular damage retains cells repair capacity and also results on diverse harmful effects on skin, such as, changes in the dermal matrix, inflammatory response and dehydration of the stratum corneum. The use of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity may help preventing pathological conditions caused by UV radiation. This work aimed to study the photoprotective activity of three phenolic compounds, caffeic (CA), chlorogenic (CGA) and rosmarinic acid (RA) in human skin cells (HaCaT - immortalized human keratinocytes and HDSF - human dermal skin fibroblast) exposed to UVA and UVB radiation. Initially, HDSF and HaCaT cells were exposed to increasing doses of UVA and UVB radiation. After 24 hours of exposure, we evaluated cell viability, cell death, inflammatory mediators, aquaporin and DNA damage. Exposure to UVA and UVB radiation in HaCaT cells results on apoptotic cell death, with an increase of caspases 3 and 9, p53 and reduction of PARP. HaCaT cells when exposed to UVA radiation resulted on increased levels of IL-6, TNF-&#945; and COX-2, internalization of the membrane AQP3, reduction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 release, increase of MMP-1 and ROS production. After UVB radiation, HaCaT cells resulted on an increase of IL-6 and COX-2 production, it also promoted internalization of membrane AQP3 and reduced release of MMP-2 and 9. HDSF were less sensitive to both radiations. Moreover, HDSF resulted in cell viability decrease and cell cycle arrest only after UVA radiation. Furthermore, HDSF when exposed to UVA radiation resulted on an increase of IL-6 production and in DNA damage (8-oxo-dG). Among the studied compounds, CGA presented better photochemiprotective activity towards UVA and UVB radiation. Also, this compound was able to reverse cell death in HaCaT after exposure to both radiations and inhibited cell cycle arrest in HDSF after UVA radiation exposure. HaCaT cells treated with CGA and exposed to UVA radiation resulted on an increase in AQP3 and PARP expression, increased in AQP3 gene expression, reduction in CDKN1A gene expression and reduction in MMP-1, 2 and 9 release. After UVB radiation, GCA treatment increases AQP3 gene expression, reduces CDKN1A gene expression, reduces COX-2 production and increase MMP-2 and 9 releases. The AR treatment showed photochemiprotective activity towards the effects of UVA radiation, with HaCaT responding with an increase on cells viability, increased in PARP and AQP3 expression and in AQP3 gene expression, decreased MMP-1 and 9 releases and reduced COX-2c production. HDSF when treated with AR showed an increase in G1 phase population, in p21 expression and reduced DNA damage-type 8-oxo-dG. HaCaT cells treated with AC reversed cell death, increased p53 expression and increased MMP-2 and 9 releases after UVB radiation and reduced ROS production, p21 expression and MMP -1, 2, 9 release after UVA radiation. HDSF treated with AC was only able to reduce the formation of 8-oxodG DNA damage. These results indicated that the proposed model was able to discriminate the photochemiprotective activity of the studied compounds against the UVA and UVB radiation. In addition, it was demonstrated that the each studied antioxidant have different photoprotective mode of action.

O fotoenvelhecimento é uma condição dérmica decorrente da sobreposição do envelhecimento cronológico e dos efeitos da exposição crônica à radiação ultravioleta (UV) solar. A pele fotodanificada é um local propício para o desenvolvimento de lesões pré-cancerosas que podem evoluir para casos de câncer de pele. Logo, o tratamento dessa condição não é apenas de cunho estético, mas também preventivo. A Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma técnica que se baseia na fotoativação de uma molécula fotossensível, que na presença de oxigênio, produz espécies citotóxicas que levam à morte da célula e tecido alvo. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada em estudos clínicos para o tratamento da pele fotoenvelhecida, e tem apresentado bons resultados funcionais e cosméticos. São muitas as variações em parâmetros como fonte de luz, dose e tipo de fotossensibilizador. A TFD fracionada utiliza um tempo de escuro entre frações da dose total e mostra-se mais eficiente que a iluminação em uma única dose, porém seu efeito no tratamento da pele fotoenvelhecida ainda é desconhecido. Neste trabalho, um protocolo de TFD foi desenvolvido para comparar o resultado da terapia com iluminação dose única e fracionada aplicada no fotoenvelhecimento. A avaliação foi através de histologia e espectroscopia de fluorescência e tempo de vida de fluorescência. Camundongos hairless foram fotoenvelhecidos e tratados com luz LED violeta (404 nm) e creme 20% ALA (1h de incubação) com dose única (1 J.cm-2) e fracionada (duas frações de 0,5 J.cm-2 e 10 min de escuro). O efeito da TFD fracionada foi mais intenso, causando ulcerações na pele e alterações histológicas características. Esse resultado mostrou que a TFD com iluminação fracionada não foi adequada para o tratamento da pele fotoenvelhecida. A análise por tempo de vida de fluorescência foi capaz de mostrar alterações durante as semanas de recuperação. Acredita-se que essa informação venha da epiderme devido ao remodelamento observado nessa camada. / Photoaging is a skin condition resulting from the overlap of chronological aging and the effects of chronic exposure to sunlight ultraviolet (UV). Photodamaged skin is more susceptible for the development of pre-cancerous lesions, which can become skin cancer. Therefore, the treatment of this condition is not only of aesthetic concern but it is also of preventive nature. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique based on the photoactivation of a light-sensitive molecule, which, in the presence of oxygen produce cytotoxic species that lead to cell death and tissue destruction. This technique has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of photoaged skin, and it has presented good functional and cosmetic results. There are many variations on PDT parameters such as the light source, dose and type of photosensitizer. Fractionated PDT is one these variations which uses a dark interval between light fractions. Studies show that this illumination scheme enhances the therapeutic efficacy, although its effects in the treatment of photoaged skin are still unknown. In this work, a protocol was developed to compare the outcome of PDT with single and fractionated illumination applied in photoaging. The assessments were made by histology and by the optical technics: steady state and lifetime fluorescence spectroscopy. Photoaging was induced in hailess mice skin which were then treated with violet LED (404 nm) and 20% ALA cream (1h of incubation) with either single (1 J.cm-2) or fractionated (2 fractions of 0.5 J.cm-2 and 10 min of dark interval) doses. The effect of fractionated PDT was more intense, causing ulcerations on the skin and distinctive histological changes. This result shows that PDT with fractionated illumination was not suitable for the treatment of photoaged skin. The analysis by fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy was able to reveal changes during the recovery weeks. It is believed that this information comes from the epidermis due to the remodeling observed in this layer.

A poiquilodermia de Civatte (PC) é uma alteração dermatológica caracterizada por atrofia, pigmentação macular ou reticulada e telangiectasias na face, pescoço e tórax anterior. Várias tentativas de tratamentos não foram bem sucedidas por se mostrarem ineficazes e/ou com efeitos colaterais indesejáveis. Estudos clínicos mostram bons resultados clínicos no tratamento da PC com luz intensa pulsada (LIP). A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma modalidade terapêutica que envolve a administração tópica de um composto fotossensibilizante seguido de irradiação seletiva da lesão com luz visível. O propósito deste trabalho consiste na avaliação clínica e histopatológica da pele com PC, no tórax anterior, em 12 pacientes do sexo feminino, antes e após o tratamento com a TFD. Foram realizadas 3 sessões de tratamento com intervalos de 30 dias entre as sessões. A TFD foi realizada com a utilização prévia de cloridrato de aminolevulinato de metila 16% em creme (Metivix) 1h e 30min (oclusivo) antes da aplicação da LIP (Lime light). A avaliação clínica mostrou melhora em 84,6% no componente vascular, 80,8% no componente melanodérmico, 82,9% na textura, 77,1% nas rítides e 58,3% na flacidez de pele. Na histopatologia notou-se após o tratamento aumento estatisticamente significativo da espessura epidérmica, diminuição estatisticamente significativa do pigmento melânico e da área dos vasos marcados pelo fator VIII. Não houve nenhum efeito colateral permanente, mostrando que a TFD-MAL é uma nova opção terapêutica segura e eficaz para o tratamento da PC no tórax anterior / Poikiloderma of Civatte (PC) is the dermatological modification characterized by atrophy, macular or reticulate pigmentation and telangiectasias on the face, neck and anterior thorax. Several treatment attempts were unsuccessful, revealing to be ineffective and/or causing adverse effects. Clinical studies indicate good clinical results in the treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte with intense pulsed light (IPL). Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that involves the topical administration of a photosensitizing compound, followed by a selective irradiation of the lesion with visible light. The objective of this study consisted in the clinical and histopathologic evaluations of the skin with poikiloderma of Civatte (PC) on the anterior thorax of 12 female patients, before and after being treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Three treatment sessions were given at 30-day intervals. Photodynamic therapy was performed with methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride 16% (Metivix) cream applied 1h and 30min under occlusion prior to LIP (Lime light) exposure. The clinical evaluation indicated an 84.6% improvement of vascular component, 80.8% of melanodermic component, 82.9% of texture, 77.1% of wrinkles and 58.3% of skin laxity. In the histopathology, a statistically significant increase of epidermal thickness was observed after the treatment, as well as a statistically significant reduction in the number of melanin pigment and of blood vessels area marked for Factor VIII. There were no permanent side effects, showing that the PDT-MAL is a new, safe and effective technic for treating PC on the anterior thorax

A exposição excessiva à radiação Ultravioleta (UV) resulta em manifestações clínicas à pele humana como queimaduras, fotoenvelhecimento e câncer. A radiação UVA, preferencialmente, induz à formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio, enquanto que a radiação UVB é absorvida diretamente pelo DNA. Apesar de mecanismos endógenos auxiliarem na prevenção/reparação dos danos causados pela radiação UV, quando o dano excede a capacidade de reparação celular, diversos efeitos lesivos ocorrem na pele como alterações da matriz dérmica, resposta inflamatória e desidratação do estrato córneo. O uso de compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante pode auxiliar na prevenção das consequências patológicas da exposição à radiação UV. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar em cultura de células da pele (HaCaT -queratinócito humano imortalizado e FHPD - fibroblasto humano primário dermal) exposta às radiações UVA e UVB a atividade fotoprotetora de 3 compostos fenólicos, ácido cafeico (AC), clorogênico (ACG) e rosmarínico (AR). Inicialmente, células HaCaT e FHPD cultivadas em monocamada foram expostas às doses crescentes de radiação UVA ou UVB e, após 24 horas, foram analisadas quanto a viabilidade, marcadores de morte celular, mediadores inflamatórios, presença de aquaporina e lesões de DNA. HaCaT quando exposta às radiações UVA e UVB são conduzidas à morte por apoptose, com aumento de Caspases 3 e 9, p53 e redução de PARP. Após a exposição à radiação UVA, HaCaT responde com aumento na liberação de IL-6, TNF-&#945; e COX-2, internalização/redução de AQP3 da membrana, redução na liberação de MMP-2 e 9, aumento na liberação de MMP-1 e na produção de ERO. Quando expostos à radiação UVB, HaCaT aumenta a liberação de IL-6 e COX-2, promove internalização/redução de AQP3 na membrana e redução na liberação de MMP-2 e 9. FHPD são menos sensíveis à exposição a ambas as radiações, mostrando redução de viabilidade com parada de ciclo apenas frente à radiação UVA. Além disto, FHPD exposto a radiação UVA responde com aumento na liberação de IL-6 e danos no DNA do tipo 8-oxo-dG. Dentre os compostos, o ACG apresentou melhor atividade fotoquimioprotetora perante ambas as radiações UVA e UVB, pois foi capaz de reverter em HaCaT a morte celular induzida por ambas as radiações e de reverter a parada de ciclo em FHPD expostos à radiação UVA. HaCaT tratado com ACG e exposto à radiação UVA responde com aumento na expressão de AQP3 e PARP, aumento na expressão gênica de AQP3, redução na expressão gênica de CDKN1A e na liberação de MMP-1, 2 e 9. Após a radiação UVB, o tratamento com ACG aumenta a expressão gênica de AQP3, reduz a expressão gênica de CDKN1A, reduz a produção de COX-2 e aumenta a liberação de MMP-2 e 9. O tratamento com o AR apresentou atividade fotoquimioprotetora frente à radiação UVA, com HaCaT respondendo a radiação com aumento na população de células viáveis, aumento na expressão de AQP3 e PARP e na expressão gênica de AQP3, redução na liberação de MMP-1 e 9 e redução na produção de COX-2. FHPD tratados com AR apresentaram aumento na população em fase G1, na expressão de p21, e redução de danos de DNA tipo 8-oxo-dG. O tratamento de HaCaT com AC foi capaz de reverter a morte celular, aumentar a expressão de p53 e aumentar a liberação de MMP-2 e 9 frente à radiação UVB e de reduzir a produção de ERO, a expressão de p21 e a liberação de MMP-1, 2 e 9 frente à radiação UVA. Para FHPD, o tratamento com AC foi capaz apenas de reduzir a formação de danos de DNA tipo 8-oxo-dG. Os resultados indicam que o modelo proposto foi capaz de discriminar a atividade fotoprotetora dos compostos frente à radiação UVA e UVB. Além disto, foi possível demonstrar que os compostos antioxidantes se comportam de maneira distinta enquanto fotoprotetores no modelo empregado. / Excessive exposure to Ultraviolet radiation (UV) results in clinical manifestations in human skin such as burns, photo-aging and cancer. UVA radiation preferentially induces formation of reactive oxygen species, while UVB radiation is absorbed directly by the DNA. Although endogenous mechanisms are able to prevent/repair cellular damages caused by UV radiation, excess cellular damage retains cells repair capacity and also results on diverse harmful effects on skin, such as, changes in the dermal matrix, inflammatory response and dehydration of the stratum corneum. The use of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity may help preventing pathological conditions caused by UV radiation. This work aimed to study the photoprotective activity of three phenolic compounds, caffeic (CA), chlorogenic (CGA) and rosmarinic acid (RA) in human skin cells (HaCaT - immortalized human keratinocytes and HDSF - human dermal skin fibroblast) exposed to UVA and UVB radiation. Initially, HDSF and HaCaT cells were exposed to increasing doses of UVA and UVB radiation. After 24 hours of exposure, we evaluated cell viability, cell death, inflammatory mediators, aquaporin and DNA damage. Exposure to UVA and UVB radiation in HaCaT cells results on apoptotic cell death, with an increase of caspases 3 and 9, p53 and reduction of PARP. HaCaT cells when exposed to UVA radiation resulted on increased levels of IL-6, TNF-&#945; and COX-2, internalization of the membrane AQP3, reduction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 release, increase of MMP-1 and ROS production. After UVB radiation, HaCaT cells resulted on an increase of IL-6 and COX-2 production, it also promoted internalization of membrane AQP3 and reduced release of MMP-2 and 9. HDSF were less sensitive to both radiations. Moreover, HDSF resulted in cell viability decrease and cell cycle arrest only after UVA radiation. Furthermore, HDSF when exposed to UVA radiation resulted on an increase of IL-6 production and in DNA damage (8-oxo-dG). Among the studied compounds, CGA presented better photochemiprotective activity towards UVA and UVB radiation. Also, this compound was able to reverse cell death in HaCaT after exposure to both radiations and inhibited cell cycle arrest in HDSF after UVA radiation exposure. HaCaT cells treated with CGA and exposed to UVA radiation resulted on an increase in AQP3 and PARP expression, increased in AQP3 gene expression, reduction in CDKN1A gene expression and reduction in MMP-1, 2 and 9 release. After UVB radiation, GCA treatment increases AQP3 gene expression, reduces CDKN1A gene expression, reduces COX-2 production and increase MMP-2 and 9 releases. The AR treatment showed photochemiprotective activity towards the effects of UVA radiation, with HaCaT responding with an increase on cells viability, increased in PARP and AQP3 expression and in AQP3 gene expression, decreased MMP-1 and 9 releases and reduced COX-2c production. HDSF when treated with AR showed an increase in G1 phase population, in p21 expression and reduced DNA damage-type 8-oxo-dG. HaCaT cells treated with AC reversed cell death, increased p53 expression and increased MMP-2 and 9 releases after UVB radiation and reduced ROS production, p21 expression and MMP -1, 2, 9 release after UVA radiation. HDSF treated with AC was only able to reduce the formation of 8-oxodG DNA damage. These results indicated that the proposed model was able to discriminate the photochemiprotective activity of the studied compounds against the UVA and UVB radiation. In addition, it was demonstrated that the each studied antioxidant have different photoprotective mode of action.

L’éventuel effet photo-protecteur sur la peau des lipides a été jusqu’à présent peu examiné. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le lien entre l’apport alimentaire en acides gras mono-insaturés (AGMI) et en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 et le photo-vieillissement cutané du visage chez une large population d’hommes et de femmes âgés entre 45 et 60 ans. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence un lien inverse entre les apports en en huile d’olive et la sévérité du photo-vieillissement. Lors de l’étude des AGPI n-3, un lien inverse a été mis en évidence entre la sévérité du photo-vieillissement et les apports en acide α-linolénique (ALA) des huiles végétales et des fruits et légumes chez les hommes. Chez les femmes un lien inverse a été trouvé avec les apports en acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) et une tendance avec les ALA des huiles végétales. Ces travaux soutiennent les recommandations en faveur d’un régime riche en huile d’olive et en AGPI n-3 comme celui du régime méditerranéen. / The possible effect of dietary lipids on the photoprotection of the skin has been few investigated so far. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the links between dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on facial skin photoaging in a large population of men and women aged between 45 and 60 years old. An inverse association was found between intakes of olive oil and the severity of photoaging. Concerning n-3 PUFAs, severe photoaging was inversely associated in men with intake of -linolenic acid (ALA) from both vegetable oil and fruits & vegetable. In women, an inverse relationship was found with the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and a tendency with ALA from vegetable oil. These findings support the recommendations for a diet rich in olive oil and n-3 PUFAs such as the Mediterranean diet.

O fotoenvelhecimento é uma condição dérmica decorrente da sobreposição do envelhecimento cronológico e dos efeitos da exposição crônica à radiação ultravioleta (UV) solar. A pele fotodanificada é um local propício para o desenvolvimento de lesões pré-cancerosas que podem evoluir para casos de câncer de pele. Logo, o tratamento dessa condição não é apenas de cunho estético, mas também preventivo. A Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma técnica que se baseia na fotoativação de uma molécula fotossensível, que na presença de oxigênio, produz espécies citotóxicas que levam à morte da célula e tecido alvo. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada em estudos clínicos para o tratamento da pele fotoenvelhecida, e tem apresentado bons resultados funcionais e cosméticos. São muitas as variações em parâmetros como fonte de luz, dose e tipo de fotossensibilizador. A TFD fracionada utiliza um tempo de escuro entre frações da dose total e mostra-se mais eficiente que a iluminação em uma única dose, porém seu efeito no tratamento da pele fotoenvelhecida ainda é desconhecido. Neste trabalho, um protocolo de TFD foi desenvolvido para comparar o resultado da terapia com iluminação dose única e fracionada aplicada no fotoenvelhecimento. A avaliação foi através de histologia e espectroscopia de fluorescência e tempo de vida de fluorescência. Camundongos hairless foram fotoenvelhecidos e tratados com luz LED violeta (404 nm) e creme 20% ALA (1h de incubação) com dose única (1 J.cm-2) e fracionada (duas frações de 0,5 J.cm-2 e 10 min de escuro). O efeito da TFD fracionada foi mais intenso, causando ulcerações na pele e alterações histológicas características. Esse resultado mostrou que a TFD com iluminação fracionada não foi adequada para o tratamento da pele fotoenvelhecida. A análise por tempo de vida de fluorescência foi capaz de mostrar alterações durante as semanas de recuperação. Acredita-se que essa informação venha da epiderme devido ao remodelamento observado nessa camada. / Photoaging is a skin condition resulting from the overlap of chronological aging and the effects of chronic exposure to sunlight ultraviolet (UV). Photodamaged skin is more susceptible for the development of pre-cancerous lesions, which can become skin cancer. Therefore, the treatment of this condition is not only of aesthetic concern but it is also of preventive nature. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique based on the photoactivation of a light-sensitive molecule, which, in the presence of oxygen produce cytotoxic species that lead to cell death and tissue destruction. This technique has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of photoaged skin, and it has presented good functional and cosmetic results. There are many variations on PDT parameters such as the light source, dose and type of photosensitizer. Fractionated PDT is one these variations which uses a dark interval between light fractions. Studies show that this illumination scheme enhances the therapeutic efficacy, although its effects in the treatment of photoaged skin are still unknown. In this work, a protocol was developed to compare the outcome of PDT with single and fractionated illumination applied in photoaging. The assessments were made by histology and by the optical technics: steady state and lifetime fluorescence spectroscopy. Photoaging was induced in hailess mice skin which were then treated with violet LED (404 nm) and 20% ALA cream (1h of incubation) with either single (1 J.cm-2) or fractionated (2 fractions of 0.5 J.cm-2 and 10 min of dark interval) doses. The effect of fractionated PDT was more intense, causing ulcerations on the skin and distinctive histological changes. This result shows that PDT with fractionated illumination was not suitable for the treatment of photoaged skin. The analysis by fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy was able to reveal changes during the recovery weeks. It is believed that this information comes from the epidermis due to the remodeling observed in this layer.