This diploma thesis deals with the use of fluorescent probes for evaluation of photocatalytic activity of immobilized photocatalyst. To the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 were used three different fluorescent probes – terephthalic acid, coumarin and benzoic acid, wherein was monitored the increasing intensity of fluorescence of their oxidation products – hydroxyterephthalic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin and salicylic acid for the photochemical degradation of various fluorescent probes. To the evaluation of photocatalytic activity was used solid phase (photocatalyst) – liquid phase (probe) system and was used three sources of radiation. Fluorescence of oxidation products was monitored by the fiber spectrometer and a conventional cuvette fluorometer.

Converting solar energy to clean fuel has gained remarkable attention as an emerged renewable energy resource but optimum efficiency in photocatalytic applications has not yet been reached. One of the dominant factors is designing efficient photocatalytic semiconductors. The research reveals a theoretical investigation of optoelectronic properties of bismuth-based metal oxide and oxysulfide semiconductors using highly accurate first-principles quantum method based on density functional theory along with the range-separated hybrid HSE06 exchange-correlation functional. First, bismuth titanate compounds including Bi12TiO20, Bi4Ti3O12, and Bi2Ti2O7 were studied in a combined experimental and theoretical approach to prove its photocatalytic activity under UV light. They have unique bismuth layered structure, tunable electronic properties, high dielectric constant and low electron and effective masses in one crystallographic direction allowing for good charge separation and carrier diffusion properties. The accuracy of the investigation was determined by the good agreement between experimental and theoretical values. Next, BiVO4 with the highest efficiency for oxygen evolution was investigated. A discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical bandgap was reported and inspired a systematic study of all intrinsic defects of the material and the corresponding effect on the optical and transport properties. A candidate defective structure was proposed for an efficient photocatalytic performance. To overcome the carrier transport limitation, a mild hydrogen treatment was also introduced. Carrier lifetime was enhanced due to a significant reduction of trap-assisted recombination, either via passivation of deep trap states or reduction of trap state density. Finally, an accurate theoretical approach to design a new family of semiconductors with enhanced optoelectronic properties for water splitting was proposed. We simulated the solid solutions Bi1−xRExCuOS (RE = Y, La, Gd and Lu) from pure BiCuOS to pure RECuOS compositions. Starting from the thermodynamic stability of the solid solution, several properties were computed for each system including bandgaps, dielectric constants, effective masses and exciton binding energies. Several compositions with specific organization and density of Bi and RE atoms, were found to be appropriate for water splitting applications. In General, the presented results give further insights to the experimentalists and recommendations for appropriate future application and defect-design of each material.

In this study photocatalytic oxidation was investigated as a potential treatment method of VOC emissions from industrial plants. This was done by designing an experimental setup and a photocatalytic reactor for screening of photocatalysts (TiO2). The performance of commercial TiO2 and synthesized TiO2 (pure and Ni-doped) for degrading acetaldehyde when exposed to UV-C light was evaluated at fix reaction conditions. Also, procedure of coating TiO2 on aluminum and stainless steel as well as their stability performance was investigated in the study. For comparison of photocatalysts aluminum was chosen as support material since it showed highest stability at reaction conditions.  The results show that photocatalysts with a high anatase content and high specific surface area present enhanced photocatalytic performance. Commercial TiO2 show significantly higher photocatalytic performance than synthesized TiO2. This may be influenced by higher coating stability presented for commercial TiO2. For synthesized TiO2 non-doped samples present significantly higher performance than Ni-doped TiO2. However, because of coating instabilities it is difficult to determine if this was observed difference in performance was only caused by photocatalytic performance. / I detta arbete undersöktes fotokatalytisk oxidation som potentiell gasreningsteknik för industriella utsläpp av flyktiga organiska kolväten. En experimentell uppsättning konstruerades tillsammans med en fotokatalytisk reaktor designad för att jämföra olika fotokatalysatorers (TiO2) prestanda. Prestandan för både kommersiella fotokatalysatorer samt fotokatalysatorer syntetiserade i arbetet (TiO2 samt Ni-dopad TiO2) jämfördes för att bryta ned acetaldehyd under konstanta reaktionsförhållanden samt bestrålning av UV-C. Aluminum och rostfritt stål undersöktes som supportmaterial för TiO2. För undersökning av olika fotokatalytorers prestanda användes aluminum på grund av en högre stabilitet vid undersökta reaktionsförhållanden. Resultaten från jämförelsen av olika fotokatalysatorer visar att en hög andel anatas form av TiO2 samt en hög specifik ytarea ger en förbättrad fotokatalytisk prestanda. Kommersiell TiO2 visade signifikant högre fotokatalytisk effekt än syntetiserad TiO2. Detta kan bero på en högre stabilitet av TiO2-beläggning på aluminum för kommersiell TiO2 gentemot syntetiserad och inte nödvändigtvis bero av enbart fotokatalytisk aktivitet. För syntetiserad TiO2 visar dopning med Ni signifikant lägre aktivitet än för icke dopad TiO2. På grund av instabilitet i beläggningen av TiO2 på supportmaterialet kan en påverkan av detta inte uteslutas.

La tesis doctoral está dividida en una introducción general y cuatro capítulos. En la introducción general, se describen diferentes productos naturales y derivados sintéticos que contienen un núcleo de oxindol en su estructura junto a comentarios sobre sus actividades biológicas. Además, también están incluidas diversas metodologías de síntesis para la síntesis de estos derivados de oxindol junto a una explicación general sobre el proceso de alquilación desacetilativa. Los capítulos se han desarrollado con una breve introducción, una propuesta de objetivos, comentarios y discusión de los resultados obtenidos en las investigaciones finalizando con las conclusiones obtenidas. El Capítulo 1 trata sobre la síntesis de 2-oxindoles 3,3-disustitutidos a través de un proceso de alquilación desacetilativa utilizando halogenuros de alquilo. El Capítulo 2 describe la alilación y la alilación desacetilativa catalizada por paladio de los derivados de 2-oxindol utilizando alcoholes alílicos no activados. En el Capítulo 3 está incluida la síntesis de 3-fluoro-2-oxindoles combinando las metodologías descritas en los dos anteriores capítulos. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 4, se desarrolla la alquilación fotocatalizada de olefinas electrofílicas a través de sulfinatos de zinc bencílicos y alquílicos.

The use of a CO2 infrared (IR) laser and photocatalysis for water treatment microorganism disinfection purposes was investigated. During CO2 infrared (IR) laser treatment E. cloacae inactivation was comparable to inactivation via ultraviolet (UV) treatment; however no inactivation of the more resistant B. subtilis endospores occurred. Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy of the bacterial cells displayed increased polysaccharide contents after IR treatment. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy of simple carbohydrates before and after IR laser treatment displayed no spectral changes, with the exception of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG), which was partially attributed to sampling techniques. E. cloacae inactivation during IR treatment was attributed to localised and overall temperature increases within the water. Due to the inability to inactivate B. subtilis endospores this technique is not suitable for water treatment purposes. Photocatalytic water treatment using novel TiO2 colloids prepared via a postsynthetic microwave-modification process (MW-treated) was also examined. These colloids were characterised using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses and compared to Degussa P25 and convection hydrothermally-treated (HT-treated) TiO2. Slurry suspensions displayed comparable E. coli inactivation rates, so the colloids were examined in immobilised form using both a model organic degradant, oxalic acid, and E. coli. Oxalic acid degradation studies showed that the MW-treated colloids displayed similar inactivation rates to the HT-treated TiO2, due to their pure anatase composition, while Degussa P25 displayed higher inactivation rates. Investigations into the effect of shortening UV wavelength were also performed. Degussa P25 was the only catalyst which displayed higher apparent quantum yields upon shortening the UV wavelength, which was attributed to its mixed-phase anatase-rutile composition. As E. coli inactivation was observed using distilled water, photocatalysis in natural river water was trailed. It was discovered that the pH had to be lowered from 7.5 to 5.0 and the initial cell concentration must be approximately 1 x 103 colony forming units (CFU) per cm3 or less for inactivation to be observed during a 5 hour treatment period. At a catalyst loading of 1.0 mg per cm2, Degussa P25 absorbed all the applied UVA irradiation; however the MW- and HT-treated TiO2 colloids did not due to their smaller particle size. Therefore sandwich experiments were devised to evaluate the effect of unabsorbed UV irradiation within the system. Small colony variants were identified after photocatalytic and UV treatment, which pose a potential threat to public health. Further investigation of the different TiO2 colloids was performed using in situ FTIR, both with and without an applied potential and compared to a thermally prepared TiO2 catalyst. The latter displayed potential dependent photocatalysis, while the mesoporous TiO2 catalysts displayed potential independent photocatalysis. All catalyst types displayed increased degradation rates upon the application of a positive bias, which was followed in situ via the production of CO2. Sodium oxalate and NAG was examined for photocatalytic degradation, both of which were degraded to CO2, with proposed break-down products identified when using NAG.

The aim of this thesis was to measure the kinetics of photochemical degradation of hydrocortisone in heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction on immobilized TiO2 and in homogeneous photocatalytic reaction with Fe(III) using UV-VIS and HPLC for measuring the degradation kinetics.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23265号 / 人博第980号 / 新制||人||232(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||980(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 寿雄, 教授 田部 勢津久, 教授 中村 敏浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La fotocatálisis heterogénea ha enfocado su aplicación en superficies desinfectantes o esterilizantes. El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio de la aplicabilidad de esta tecnología para la degradación de la estructura del polen y sus alérgenos. Dada la elevada capacidad oxidativa de la fotocatálisis heterogénea, es razonable plantear que la aplicación de la tecnología fotocatalítica en materiales de construcción puede ser susceptible de implicar la destrucción de la capa externa protectora de los granos de polen, e incluso de poder inactivar su capacidad alergénica. Este objetivo global se abordará en base a los siguientes objetivos parciales: 1. Estudio de la viabilidad de la fotocatálisis heterogénea como tecnología de degradación/eliminación de granos de polen. 2. Evaluación del rendimiento y mecanismos de degradación/eliminación de los granos de polen en función del tipo de especie vegetal. 3. Estudio de la efectividad de la fotocatálisis heterogénea como tecnología de inactivación de los alérgenos del polen. 4. Análisis de la interacción química semiconductor TiO2-alérgeno y potenciales aplicaciones. El estudio se ha realizado usando granos de polen y alérgenos de siete especies vegetales diferentes. El estudio se ha realizado utilizando tres configuraciones de trabajo: (a) Suspensión de fotocatalizador en polvo en disolución acuosa b) fotocatalizador soportado en capa fina sobre vidrio o portador de aluminio, y (c) fotocatalizador embebido en material de base cemento. En una primera fase, se evaluó la viabilidad de la actividad fotocatalítica como tecnología viable para la reducción de granos de polen procedentes de dos especies vegetales diferentes. Las técnicas de caracterización como la difracción de rayos X (DRX), espectroscopía electrónica de rayos X(XPS), fluorescencia, espectroscopía infrarroja, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), evidenciaron que la fotocatálisis provoca cambios significativos en la estructura del polen y su viabilidad alergénica. Se observa que existe una modificación de las capas externas (intina y exina) que protegen el protoplasma de los granos de polen. Mediante SEM se demuestra que tras el tratamiento fotocatalítico se produce la degradación de los estratos exina e intina y por tanto los granos de polen sufren un deterioro claramente visible de su estructura reduciéndose el número de granos viables. Por otro lado, mediante la técnica de tinción por fluorescencia (FDA) se puede comprobar que existe una disminución de la viabilidad de los pólenes estudiados o inactivación de la alergenidad de los mismos. Los datos experimentales evidenciaron una reducción significativa de la intensidad de fluorescencia del polen tras la exposición al proceso fotocatalítico. Estos resultados son corroborados por los patrones de DRX. En una segunda fase, la evaluación de este proceso de degradación se estudió en detalle en un total de 7 especies de polen analizadas con iguales resultados. Las especies sufrían un claro deterioro de su capacidad alergénica, tal y como demuestran las imágenes del microscopio electrónico de barrido. En una tercera fase de esta tesis se realizó un análisis detallado de las fases de descomposición de los extractos de alérgenos de 7 las siete especies vegetales anteriores. En esta fases se confirmó que los extractos de alergeno sufren una descomposición casi completa dando lugar a productos volátiles de bajo peso molecular que concuerda con los mecanismos de fotodegradación de aminoácidos. En una cuarta fase se comprobó que la degradación de las proteínas del polen puede dar lugar a una modificación química superficial inusual del fotocatalizador que puede asociarse a un posible dopaje de TiO2 con C y N procedentes de los extractos de polen. Este último resultado abre un campo de investigación adicional en relación con la potenciación de la actividad fotocatalítica por acción de aminoácidos del polen en la modificación de la estructura de los fotocatalizadores. / [CA] La fotocatàlisi heterogènia ha enfocat la seva aplicació en superfícies desinfectants o esterilitzants. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és l'estudi de l'aplicabilitat d'aquesta tecnologia per a la degradació de l'estructura del pol·len i els al·lèrgens. Atesa l'elevada capacitat oxidativa de la fotocatàlisi heterogènia, és raonable plantejar que l'aplicació de la tecnologia fotocatalítica en materials de construcció pot ser susceptible d'implicar la destrucció de la capa externa protectora dels grans de pol·len, i fins i tot de poder inactivar-ne la capacitat al·lergènica . Aquest objectiu global s'abordarà sobre la base dels següents objectius parcials: 1. Estudi de la viabilitat de la fotocatàlisi heterogènia com a tecnologia de degradació/eliminació de grans de pol·len. 2. Avaluació del rendiment i mecanismes de degradació/eliminació dels grans de pol·len en funció del tipus d'espècie vegetal. 3. Estudi de l'efectivitat de la fotocatàlisi heterogènia com a tecnologia d'inactivació dels al·lèrgens del pol·len. 4. Anàlisi de la interacció química semiconductor TiO2-al·lergen i potencials aplicacions. L'estudi s'ha realitzat usant grans de pol·len i al·lèrgens de set espècies vegetals diferents. L'estudi s'ha fet utilitzant tres configuracions de treball: (a) Suspensió de fotocatalitzador en pols en dissolució aquosa b) fotocatalitzador suportat en capa fina sobre vidre o portador d'alumini, i (c) fotocatalitzador embegut en material de base ciment. En una primera fase, es va avaluar la viabilitat de l'activitat fotocatalítica com a tecnologia viable per a la reducció de grans de pol·len procedents de dues espècies vegetals diferents. Les tècniques de caracterització com la difracció de raigs X (DRX), espectroscòpia electrònica de raigs X(XPS), fluorescència, espectroscòpia infraroja, microscòpia electrònica d'escombrada (SEM), van evidenciar que la fotocatàlisi provoca canvis significatius en l'estructura del pol·len i la seva viabilitat al·lergènica. S'observa que hi ha una modificació de les capes externes (intina i exina) que protegeixen el protoplasma dels grans de pol·len. Mitjançant SEM es demostra que després del tractament fotocatalític es produeix la degradació dels estrats exina i intina i per tant els grans de pol·len pateixen un deteriorament clarament visible de la seva estructura reduint-se el nombre de grans viables. D'altra banda, mitjançant la tècnica de tinció per fluorescència (FDA) es pot comprovar que hi ha una disminució de la viabilitat dels pòl·lens estudiats o inactivació de la seva al·lergenitat. Les dades experimentals van evidenciar una reducció significativa de la intensitat de fluorescència del pol·len després de l'exposició al procés fotocatalític. Aquests resultats són corroborats pels patrons de DRX. En una segona fase, l'avaluació d'aquest procés de degradació es va estudiar detalladament en un total de 7 espècies de pol·len analitzades amb resultats iguals. Les espècies patien un clar deteriorament de la seva capacitat al·lergènica, tal com demostren les imatges del microscopi electrònic d'escombrada. En una tercera fase d'aquesta tesi es va fer una anàlisi detallada de les fases de descomposició dels extractes d'al·lèrgens de 7 les set espècies vegetals anteriors. En aquestes fases es va confirmar que els extractes d'al·lergen pateixen una descomposició gairebé completa donant lloc a productes volàtils de baix pes molecular que concorda amb els mecanismes de fotodegradació d'aminoàcids. En una quarta fase es va comprovar que la degradació de les proteïnes del pol·len pot donar lloc a una modificació química superficial inusual del fotocatalitzador que es pot associar a un possible dopatge de TiO2 amb C i N procedents dels extractes de pol·len. Aquest darrer resultat obre un camp de recerca addicional en relació amb la potenciació de l'activitat fotocatalítica per acció d'aminoàcids del pol·len en la modificació de l'estructura dels fotocatalitzadors. / [EN] Heterogeneous photocatalysis has focused its application on disinfecting or sterilizing surfaces. The objective of this thesis is the study of the applicability of this technology for the degradation of the structure of pollen and its allergens. Given the high oxidative capacity of heterogeneous photocatalysis, it is reasonable to suggest that the application of photocatalytic technology in construction materials may be likely to involve the destruction of the outer protective layer of pollen grains, and even to be able to inactivate their allergenic capacity. This global objective will be addressed based on the following partial objectives: 1. Study of the feasibility of heterogeneous photocatalysis as a technology for the degradation/elimination of pollen grains. 2. Evaluation of the yield and mechanisms of degradation/elimination of pollen grains depending on the type of plant species. 3. Study of the effectiveness of heterogeneous photocatalysis as a technology for the inactivation of pollen allergens. 4. Analysis of the semiconductor TiO2-allergen chemical interaction and potential applications. 5. The study has been carried out using pollen grains and allergens from seven different plant species. The study has been carried out using three working configurations: (a) Powder photocatalyst suspension in aqueous solution b) photocatalyst supported in a thin layer on glass or aluminum carrier, and (c) photocatalyst embedded in cement-based material. In a first phase, the feasibility of photocatalytic activity was evaluated as a viable technology for the reduction of pollen grains from two different plant species. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showed that photocatalysis causes significant changes in pollen structure and its allergenic viability. It is observed that there is a modification of the external layers (intine and exine) that protect the protoplasm of the pollen grains. Using SEM, it is shown that after the photocatalytic treatment, the degradation of the exine and intine strata occurs and therefore the pollen grains suffer a clearly visible deterioration of their structure, reducing the number of viable grains. On the other hand, using the fluorescence staining technique (FDA) it can be verified that there is a decrease in the viability of the pollens studied or inactivation of their allergenity. The experimental data showed a significant reduction in the fluorescence intensity of the pollen after exposure to the photocatalytic process. These results are corroborated by the XRD patterns. In a second phase, the evaluation of this degradation process was studied in detail in a total of 7 pollen species analyzed with the same results. The species suffered a clear deterioration in their allergenic capacity, as shown by the images of the scanning electron microscope. In a third phase of this thesis, a detailed analysis of the decomposition phases of the allergen extracts of 7 of the previous seven plant species was carried out. In these phases, it was confirmed that the allergen extracts undergo an almost complete decomposition, giving rise to low molecular weight volatile products that are consistent with the mechanisms of photodegradation of amino acids. In a fourth phase, it was found that the degradation of pollen proteins can give rise to an unusual surface chemical modification of the photocatalyst that can be associated with a possible doping of TiO2 with C and N from pollen extracts. This last result opens a field of additional research in relation to the potentiation of the photocatalytic activity by the action of pollen amino acids in the modification of the structure of the photocatalysts. / Sapiña Escrivá, M. (2022). Degradación fotocatalítica del polen y sus alérgenos en materiales de construcción [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183872 / TESIS / Compendio

Photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process, which has shown to possess an enhanced capability to remove a wide range of contaminants. It involves the use of a semiconductor photocatalyst and a photon source. Photocatalysis has several advantages such as mild reaction conditions like ambient temperature and pressure, good control over the reaction and faster reaction kinetics. Semiconductor photocatalysts such as TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, CdS, ZnS, etc. absorbs light of energy greater than or equal to its band gap and the electron in the valence band gets excited to conduction band leaving behind the hole in valence band. These charge carrier pair results in the formation of various reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl and superoxide radicals which results in the degradation of chemical contaminants and inactivation of microorganisms. TiO2 is the most widely used catalyst in photocatalytic studies because of its high photocatalytic activity, non-toxicity and wide availability. Anatase phase TiO2 has been reported to possess higher photocatalytic activity than the rutile phase. Although there are several methods to synthesize TiO2, solution combustion synthesis is a single step process to produce pure anatase phase TiO2. The catalyst produced by this method has been shown to be superior to the commercially available Degussa P-25 catalyst for the degradation of various chemical contaminants. The present investigation focuses on the use of combustion synthesized catalyst for the inactivation of microorganisms. The photocatalytic activity was compared with commercial Degussa P-25 catalyst. The various aspects of photocatalytic inactivation reactions studied in this dissertation are: i) photocatalytic inactivation of microorganisms in presence of UV light, ii) effect of various parameters on the inactivation, iii) photocatalytic inactivation in presence of visible light, iv) use of immobilized catalyst for the photocatalytic inactivation, v) understanding of mechanism and kinetics of inactivation. Combustion synthesized TiO2 (CS-TiO2), combustion synthesized 1% Ag substituted TiO2 (Ag/TiO2 (Sub)) and 1% Ag impregnated CS-TiO2 (Ag/TiO2 (Imp)) were used as photocatalysts. The catalysts were characterized by powder XRD, TEM, BET surface area, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TGA and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The photocatalytic inactivation experiments were carried out using E. coli (K-12 MG 1655), a bacterial strain and P. pastoris (X-33), a yeast strain, as model microorganisms. The results demonstrate higher photocatalytic activity of all the combustion synthesized catalysts than commercial Degussa P-25 catalyst. The optimum catalyst concentration was 0.25 g/L and the maximum inactivation was observed in the presence of Ag/TiO2 (Imp) catalyst. Rapid and complete inactivation of the microorganisms was observed at lower initial cell concentrations. A reduced photocatalytic inactivation was observed in presence of various anions (HCO3¯ , SO4 2¯ , Cl¯ and NO3¯ ) and cations (Na, K, Caand Mg). Even a small addition of H2O2 was observed to improve the photocatalytic inactivation. At higher dosage of H2O2, a 2 min exposure was sufficient to result in a complete inactivation. Changing the initial pH of the solution was observed to have no significant effect on the photocatalytic inactivation. All the combustion synthesized catalysts showed higher activity as compared to those obtained with commercial Degussa P-25 TiO2 in presence of visible light. The higher photocatalytic activity of combustion synthesized TiO2 can be attributed to the lesser crystallite size, higher surface area, large amount of hydroxyl groups and decreased band-gap energy of the catalyst. The present study demonstrates the potential use of catalyst immobilized thin films for the photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli in the presence of UV light. The CS-TiO2 catalyst was immobilized on glass substrate by LbL deposition technique. The performance of immobilized CS-TiO2 was compared to commercial Degussa Aeroxide TiO2 P-25 (Aeroxide) catalyst. The effect of various operating parameters like catalyst loading, surface area and number of bilayers on inactivation has been investigated. It was observed that increasing the number of bilayers and the concentration did not influence the inactivation but increased surface area led to an increase in inactivation. It was observed that the catalyst immobilized on glass slides can be used for repeated experimental cycles with the same efficiency. It was observed that the inactivation process can be studied in continuous mode by using catalyst immobilized on glass beads. The work also focused attention towards understanding the microorganism inactivation mechanism and kinetic aspects. Various microscopy techniques such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to study the inactivation mechanism. From the images obtained, it was suggested that the inactivation is caused due to rupture of cell wall. The mechanism was also examined by carrying out degradation experiments on cell component such as protein and media component such as dextrose. UV alone was observed to degrade protein and the presence of catalyst showed no additional effect. On the other hand, dextrose does not respond to photocatalytic degradation even at a lower concentration. The photocatalytic degradation of Orange G dye was reduced by addition of dextrose sugar or protein which shows a possibility of competitive degradation. The kinetics of inactivation was studied by various models available in literature such as the power-law model, Chick-Watson model, modified Hom model, GInaFIT tool and a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type model. It was observed that power-law based kinetic model showed good agreement with the experimental data. A mechanistic Langmuir-Hinshelwood type model was also observed to model the inactivation reactions with certain assumptions.

L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre au point une méthodologie de travail dédiée à la conception d’un réacteur photocatalytique pour la purification des eaux. Notre ambition étant de passer de la photocatalyse comme processus chimique à la photocatalyse comme procédé de dépollution. Pour cela il nous a paru nécessaire de répondre à deux questions, à savoir : - Dans un tel système, quels seront les phénomènes physico-chimiques majeurs mis en jeux ? -Y-a-t’il un moyen de prédire les performances de notre système ?Tout d’abord, nous avons essayé de travailler sur des photocatalyseurs en suspension, donc non immobilisés sur un support. Le but est d’éviter une étape de filtration couteuse et techniquement difficile. Ainsi différents types de dioxyde de titane ont été déposés sur des supports de différentes géométries.Le premier média obtenu était du dioxyde de titane commercial (P25 de Evonik et UV100 de Sachtleben) déposé sur des billes en verre de diamètre 2 et 4 mm, introduit dans un réacteur annulaire siège de la réaction de dégradation photocatalytique et éclairé par une seule source de lumière UV. La photoactivité de ce média a été testée sur du phénol, le polluant primaire modèle choisi dans cette étude. L’hydroquinone et la benzoquinone, deux de ses principaux intermédiaires de dégradation ont également été analysés. L’efficacité du dépôt a ainsi été calculée sur les différentes configurations obtenues. Les résultats ont été satisfaisants sans arriver à avoir un niveau de photoactivité comparable à celui du TiO2 en mode suspension. Nous avons donc cherché à améliorer les performances de notre système réactionnel en travaillant sur un support ayant une autre géométrie. Notre choix s’est porté sur des mousses en alumine épousant parfaitement le vide réactionnel. Le même protocole expérimental a été appliqué à ces dernières. Les résultats de photodégradation ont montrés une durabilité meilleure que celle obtenue sur les billes en verre, mais aussi une photoperformance dépassant celle réalisée sur du dioxyde de titane en mode suspension.Afin de mieux comprendre les différences de photoactivité entre les supports, nous avons tenté de simuler, par la méthode Monte Carlo, la propagation de la lumière à travers les photocatalyseurs, qu’ils soient en mode suspension ou déposés. Les résultats ont montrés que le dioxyde de titane en suspension avait le meilleur taux d’absorption de la lumière comparé au TiO2 fixé sur les supports. Néanmoins l’absorption se fait sur un volume très petit du réacteur et la meilleure répartition de l’énergie lumineuse se trouve dans les mousses en alumine.Les données issues de ces simulations notamment, la LVRPA pour « Local Volumetric Rate of Photon Absorption » nous ont permis d’entamer la dernière étape de notre travail à savoir la construction d’un modèle prédictif des performances photocatalytiques du système réactionnel. Nous avons pour cela introduit un terme qui traduit la probabilité qu’un photon absorbé par le photocatalyseur donne un radical hydroxyle. Les résultats obtenus par notre environnement mathématique ont montrés de bonnes corrélations avec les expériences et ont permis de tirer certaines conclusions quand à l’amélioration de notre système photocatalytique. / The objective of this work is to develop a methodology dedicated to the design of a photocatalytic reactor for water purification. The principle is to go from photocatalysis as chemical process to photocatalysis as remediation method.Iit necessary for that to respond to two questions: - In such a system, what are the major physico-chemical phenomena? - Is there a way to predict the performance of our system?First of all, we tried to work on suspended photocatalysts to avoid a costly filtration step and technical difficulties. Thus, different types of titanium dioxide were deposited on substrates of different geometries.The first obtained medium was commercial titanium dioxide (P25 from Evonik and UV100 from Sachtleben) deposited on glass beads of 2 and 4 mm, inserted into an annular reactor illuminated by a single UV light source. The photoactivity of this media has been tested on phenol, the primary pollutant model chosen in this study. Hydroquinone and benzoquinone, two of its main degradation intermediates were also analyzed. The deposition efficiency has been estimated on different configurations. The results were satisfactory but did not reach a level comparable to that of photoactivity of TiO2 in suspend mode. Thus, we sought to improve the performance of our reaction system working on a support having a different geometry. Our choice fell on alumina foams perfectly matching the vacuum in the reactor. The same experimental protocol was applied to the foam. The results have shown photodegradation durability better than that obtained on glass beads and also the photoperformance exceeding that of titanium dioxide in suspend mode.To understand better the photoactivity of our media, we simulated by the Monte Carlo method the propagation of the light through the different photocatalysts (suspend mode or deposited). The results showed that the titanium dioxide suspension had the best absorption of light compared to TiO2 fixed on media. Nevertheless, absorption was located on a very small volume of the reactor and a better distribution of the light energy occurs in the alumina foams.The data obtained from these simulations, including the LVRPA "Local Volumetric Rate of Photon Absorption", allowed us to achieve the final step of our work, which is the construction of a predictive model of photocatalytic performance of the reaction system. Thus, we have introduced a term that reflects the probability that a photon absorbed by the photocatalyst gives a hydroxyl radical. The results obtained by our mathematical environment have shown a good correlation with experiments and helped us to draw some conclusions for the improving of our photocatalytic system.