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Neste trabalho investigamos o transporte eletrônico em dispositivos com estrutura ITO(óxido de estanho dopado com índio)/TiO2(dióxido de titânio)/RRP3HT(poli(3-hexiltiofeno)-regiorregular)/Al através de medidas de resposta espectral de fotocorrente, iluminando os dispositivos ora pelo eletrodo de ITO ora pelo de alumínio. O polímero RRP3HT é um politiofeno regiorregular e exibe uma atividade fotovoltaica relativamente alta. Os filmes de TiO2 e RRP3HT foram obtidos por spin-coating, sendo o óxido depositado a partir de uma dispersão coloidal de nanopartículas e o polímero a partir de uma solução de clorofórmio. O eletrodo de Al foi evaporado termicamente sobre o filme de polímero. As medidas de fotocorrente foram realizadas com o uso de uma lâmpada de Xe de 450W e de um monocromador e, depois de diversas medidas tendo a temperatura e a voltagem aplicada como parâmetros, obtivemos uma grande quantidade de importantes dados elétricos sobre os dispositivos. Dependendo das condições experimentais observamos diferentes respostas de fotocorrente: simbática ou antibática. Um modelo baseado em mecanismos de recombinação e na fotogeração de cargas, incluindo o perfil de absorção do RRP3HT, permitiu a obtenção de parâmetros elétricos importante em aplicações desse polímero a dispositivos fotodetectores e células solares. / In this work we investigated electronic transport phenomena in an ITO/TiO2/RRP3HT/Al structure using photoconductivity spectral response when devices were illuminated either by the ITO electrode or by the aluminum. RRP3HT is the regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), a polymer that exhibits a relatively strong photovoltaic activity. RRP3HT were dissolved in a solution of chloroform and nanoparticles of TiO2 were used in a colloidal dispersion. Both thin films of TiO2 and P3HT were deposited by spin coating technique over a commercial glass covered with ITO, and Al electrode was vacuum evaporated. Photoconductivity measurements were carried out making use of a Xenon lamp of 450 W and a monochromator to produce a single spectral line. After several measurements, having temperature and constant applied voltage as parameters, we obtained a great amount of important electrical data for the devices. Depending on the experimental conditions we obtained different photocurrent response, i. e. symbatic or antibatic. A model based on recombination mechanisms and photogenerated charges, including the absorption profile of the RRP3HT, allowed us to get some electrical parameters that are important for photovoltaic and photoconductive applications.

Neste trabalho investigamos o transporte eletrônico em dispositivos com estrutura ITO(óxido de estanho dopado com índio)/TiO2(dióxido de titânio)/RRP3HT(poli(3-hexiltiofeno)-regiorregular)/Al através de medidas de resposta espectral de fotocorrente, iluminando os dispositivos ora pelo eletrodo de ITO ora pelo de alumínio. O polímero RRP3HT é um politiofeno regiorregular e exibe uma atividade fotovoltaica relativamente alta. Os filmes de TiO2 e RRP3HT foram obtidos por spin-coating, sendo o óxido depositado a partir de uma dispersão coloidal de nanopartículas e o polímero a partir de uma solução de clorofórmio. O eletrodo de Al foi evaporado termicamente sobre o filme de polímero. As medidas de fotocorrente foram realizadas com o uso de uma lâmpada de Xe de 450W e de um monocromador e, depois de diversas medidas tendo a temperatura e a voltagem aplicada como parâmetros, obtivemos uma grande quantidade de importantes dados elétricos sobre os dispositivos. Dependendo das condições experimentais observamos diferentes respostas de fotocorrente: simbática ou antibática. Um modelo baseado em mecanismos de recombinação e na fotogeração de cargas, incluindo o perfil de absorção do RRP3HT, permitiu a obtenção de parâmetros elétricos importante em aplicações desse polímero a dispositivos fotodetectores e células solares. / In this work we investigated electronic transport phenomena in an ITO/TiO2/RRP3HT/Al structure using photoconductivity spectral response when devices were illuminated either by the ITO electrode or by the aluminum. RRP3HT is the regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), a polymer that exhibits a relatively strong photovoltaic activity. RRP3HT were dissolved in a solution of chloroform and nanoparticles of TiO2 were used in a colloidal dispersion. Both thin films of TiO2 and P3HT were deposited by spin coating technique over a commercial glass covered with ITO, and Al electrode was vacuum evaporated. Photoconductivity measurements were carried out making use of a Xenon lamp of 450 W and a monochromator to produce a single spectral line. After several measurements, having temperature and constant applied voltage as parameters, we obtained a great amount of important electrical data for the devices. Depending on the experimental conditions we obtained different photocurrent response, i. e. symbatic or antibatic. A model based on recombination mechanisms and photogenerated charges, including the absorption profile of the RRP3HT, allowed us to get some electrical parameters that are important for photovoltaic and photoconductive applications.

<p>In this work we investigated fabrication of semiconductor nanomaterials and evaluated their potential for photo-chemical and photovoltaic applications. We investigated two different II-VI semiconductor nanomaterial systems; (i) ZnO oriented nanowire arrays non-epitaxially grown from a substrate; and (ii) colloidal CdTe nanotetrapods synthesized by solution-based thermal decomposition of organo-metallic precursors. In both the cases our main focus has been optimizing material synthesis for improving potential applications based on photon-electron interactions.</p><p>We have studied the synthesis of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays (NWA), by a wet chemical process on various substrates. The synthesis is based on epitaxial growth of ZnO seed-layer on a substrate in a chemical bath consisting of an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). We have suggested an additional role played by HMT during the synthesis of ZnO nanowire arrays. We have also extended this synthesis method to fabricate hierarchical nanostructures of nanofibers of poly-L-lactide acting as a substrate for the radially oriented growth of ZnO nanowires. The combination of high surface area of the nanofibrous substrate with the flexibility of the PLLA-ZnO hierarchical nanostructure enabled the proof-of-principle demonstration of a ‘continuous-flow’ water treatment system that could effectively decompose single and combination of known organic pollutants in water, as well as render common waterborne bacteria nonviable.</p><p>We have studied another chemical synthesis that is commonly used for size controlled synthesis of colloidal quantum dots, which was modified to obtain anisotropic nanocrystals mainly for CdE (E=S, Se, Te) compositions. In this work we demonstrate by use of oleic acid (instead of alkylphosphonic acids) it is possible to synthesize CdTe and CdSe nanotetrapods at much lower temperatures (~180 ºC) than what is commonly reported in the literature, with significantly different  formation mechanism in the low-temperature reaction.</p><p>Finally, we have performed preliminary photoconduction measurements with CdTe nanotetrapods using gold ‘nanogap’ electrodes fabricated in-house, and obtain up to 100 times enhancement in current levels in the <em>I–V </em>measurements under illumination with a white light source.</p> / QC20100607

Par leur fréquence d'horloge pouvant atteindre plusieurs dizaines de GHz et leur très faible dissipation, les circuits numériques supraconducteurs, fondés sur la logique à quantum de flux (RSFQ: Rapid Single-Flux Quantum), sont envisagés pour diverses applications spécifiques du fait de leurs performances exceptionnelles, très au delà de celles des filières électroniques classiques. Ces circuits RSFQ traitent l'information numérique sous forme d'impulsions de tension picoseconde avec une aire quantifiée de 2,07mV.ps, correspondant à un quantum de flux h/2e. L'électronique numérique supraconductrice ouvre ainsi la voie de l'électronique ultra-rapide en associant une large bande passante à une très faible dissipation.<br /><br />L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les interfaces optoélectroniques permettant de détecter et échantillonner les impulsions quantifiées résultant de la commutation des jonctions Josephson shuntées qui composent les circuits RSFQ. Nous avons développé une approche théorique et expérimentale de la sensibilité des photocommutateurs destinés à la détection d'impulsions RSFQ. Nous avons utilisé des photocommutateurs MSM (Métal-Semiconducteur-Métal) rapides de structure planaire à base d'Arséniure de Gallium épitaxié à basse température (AsGa-BT). Les caractéristiques physiques du matériau semi-conducteur telles que la résistance d'obscurité, la mobilité des porteurs libres et la durée de vie sont les paramètres clé pour obtenir des impulsions ultracourtes. La bonne résolution temporelle est donc assurée par les propriétés physiques du matériau. Un modèle basé sur un circuit hyperfréquence équivalent, a permis de prédire le comportement hyperfréquence du photocommutateur, éclairé ou non éclairé, lors du passage d'une impulsion RSFQ. De plus, ce modèle permet d'étudier l'influence des paramètres géométriques du photocommutateur sur la sensibilité de ce dernier. Nous avons déduit que le photocommutateur à gap à base d'AsGa-BT est bien adapté pour la détection des signaux subpicosecondes de faible amplitude.

In today's "silicon age" in which we live, field-effect transistors (FET) are the workhorse of virtually all modern-day electronic gadgets. Although silicon currently dominates most of these electronics, layered 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have great potential in low power optoelectronic applications due to their indirect-to-direct band gap transition from bulk to few-layer and high on/off switching ratios. TMDC WSe2 is studied here, mechanically exfoliated from CVT-grown bulk WSe2 crystals, to create a few-layered ambipolar FET, which transitions from dominant p-type behavior to n-type behavior dominating as temperature decreases. A high electron mobility μ>150 cm2V-1s-1 was found in the low temperature region near 50 K. Temperature-dependent photoconduction measurements were also taken, revealing that both the application of negative gate bias and decreasing the temperature resulted in an increase of the responsivity of the WSe2 sample. Besides TMDCs, Group III-VI van der Waals structures also show promising anisotropic optical, electronic, and mechanical properties. In particular, mechanically exfoliated few-layered InSe is studied here for its indirect band gap of 1.4 eV, which should offer a broad spectral response. It was found that the steady state photoconduction slightly decreased with the application of positive gate bias, likely due to the desorption of adsorbates on the surface of the sample. A room temperature responsivity near 5 AW-1 and external quantum efficiency of 207% was found for the InSe FET. Both TMDC’s and group III-VI chalcogenides continue to be studied for their remarkably diverse properties that depend on their thickness and composition for their applications as transistors, sensors, and composite materials in photovoltaics and optoelectronics.

In this work we investigated fabrication of semiconductor nanomaterials and evaluated their potential for photo-chemical and photovoltaic applications. We investigated two different II-VI semiconductor nanomaterial systems; (i) ZnO oriented nanowire arrays non-epitaxially grown from a substrate; and (ii) colloidal CdTe nanotetrapods synthesized by solution-based thermal decomposition of organo-metallic precursors. In both the cases our main focus has been optimizing material synthesis for improving potential applications based on photon-electron interactions. We have studied the synthesis of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays (NWA), by a wet chemical process on various substrates. The synthesis is based on epitaxial growth of ZnO seed-layer on a substrate in a chemical bath consisting of an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). We have suggested an additional role played by HMT during the synthesis of ZnO nanowire arrays. We have also extended this synthesis method to fabricate hierarchical nanostructures of nanofibers of poly-L-lactide acting as a substrate for the radially oriented growth of ZnO nanowires. The combination of high surface area of the nanofibrous substrate with the flexibility of the PLLA-ZnO hierarchical nanostructure enabled the proof-of-principle demonstration of a ‘continuous-flow’ water treatment system that could effectively decompose single and combination of known organic pollutants in water, as well as render common waterborne bacteria nonviable. We have studied another chemical synthesis that is commonly used for size controlled synthesis of colloidal quantum dots, which was modified to obtain anisotropic nanocrystals mainly for CdE (E=S, Se, Te) compositions. In this work we demonstrate by use of oleic acid (instead of alkylphosphonic acids) it is possible to synthesize CdTe and CdSe nanotetrapods at much lower temperatures (~180 ºC) than what is commonly reported in the literature, with significantly different  formation mechanism in the low-temperature reaction. Finally, we have performed preliminary photoconduction measurements with CdTe nanotetrapods using gold ‘nanogap’ electrodes fabricated in-house, and obtain up to 100 times enhancement in current levels in the I–V measurements under illumination with a white light source. / QC20100607

In this work we investigated fabrication of semiconductor nanomaterials and evaluated their potential for photo-chemical and photovoltaic applications. We investigated different II-VI semiconductor nanomaterial systems; (i) ZnO oriented nanowire arrays non-epitaxially grown from a substrate; and (ii) colloidal CdE (E=Te,Se,S) quantum structures synthesized by solution-based thermal decomposition of organo-metallic precursors. We have studied the synthesis of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays (NWA), by a wet chemical process on various substrates. We have extended this method wherein nanofibers of poly-L-lactide act as a substrate for the radially oriented growth of ZnO nanowires. By combining the large surface area and the flexibility of the PLLA-ZnO hierarchical nanostructure we have shown the proof-of-principle demonstration of a ‘continuous-flow’ water treatment system to decompose known organic pollutants in water, as well as render common waterborne bacteria non-viable. We have studied synthesis of colloidal quantum dots (QD), and show size, morphology and composition tailored nanocrystals for CdE (E=S, Se, Te) compositions. We have studied the influence of crystal growth habits of the nanocrtsyals on the final morphology. Furthermore we have synthesized core-shell, CdSe-CdS QDs with spherical and tetrahedral morphologies by varying the reaction conditions. We show that these core-shell quantum dots show quasi-type II characteristics, and demonstrate with I-V measurements, the spatial localization of the charge carriers in these hetero-nanocrystals. For this purpose, we developed hybrid materials consisting of the core-shell quantum dots with electron acceptors (ZnO nanowires) and hole acceptors (polymeric P3HT nanofibers). In addition we have also compared the synthesis reaction when carried out with conventional heating and microwave-mediated heating. We find that the reaction is enhanced, and the yield is qualitatively better when using microwave induced heating. / QC 20120525

Les phases cristal-liquides minérales se situent à l'interface de la chimie colloïdale, de la physique de la matière molle et de la physique du solide. Largement utilisées dans l'industrie, les nanoparticules de TiO2 de variété rutile sont des candidates de choix à une étude visant à relier propriétés du matériau massif et propriétés d'une assemblée orientée de petits objets anisotropes.<br />Le travail présenté montrera comment il est possible d'élaborer par Chimie Douce des nanoparticules anisotropes afin d'obtenir en milieu aqueux une mésophase, de nature nématique, et de la caractériser. De plus, des suspensions de bâtonnets, même relativement diluées, s'orientent sous cisaillement, ce qui permet de produire par spin-coating des films anisotropes. Ces films sont des échantillons de choix pour effectuer des mesures, sous irradiation ultraviolette, de photocatalyse d'espèces organiques dissoutes ou encore de photoconduction. Ces mesures peuvent être comparées avec les résultats obtenus à l'aide d'un monocristal de TiO2 présentant les mêmes facettes cristallographique [110] que les nanoparticules.<br />Un film orienté de bâtonnets de rutile présente naturellement des propriétés anisotropes. En outre, nous avons mis en évidence une forte dépendance des propriétés catalytiques et de la conductivité électronique avec la polarisation de l'irradiation ultra-violette. Nous montrerons dans quelle mesure la théorie des bandes permet d'expliquer ces effets.

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