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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Approche des squelettes ladderanes par photocycloaddition [2+2] multiples / Ladderane skeleton approach by multiple [2+2] photocycloaddition

Guelen, Simon 18 November 2016 (has links)
Ces travaux de thèse ont pour but de synthétiser des squelettes ladderanes en une seule étape de photocycloaddition [2+2] multiple. Le produit naturel acide pentacycloanammoxique est la molécule visée au terme de ce projet. Dans une première partie, nous avons développé une méthode originale de photocycloaddition [2+2] intramoléculaire à partir de précurseurs polyéniques soufrés. Ainsi, quatre types de composés cycliques ont été obtenus et caractérisés. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée à des composés mono, di et triènes, sulfures et sulfone, par irradiation au sein d’un photoréacteur Rayonet, ou dans des conditions plus douces avec des LED bleues. Différentes stratégies ont été testées dans le but de former des ladderanes, comme la modification des extrémités des chaînes polyéniques, les catalyses au cuivre (I) et photoredox, ou encore la photosensibilisation, mais aucune n’a permis la formation de plus d’un cyclobutane. La technique de l’encapsulation supramoléculaire au sein de cavités cyclodextrines et cucurbituriles a permis de préparer quantitativement un composé cyclobutanique de configuration syn-trans-syn sur petite échelle. Ce résultat étudié en photochimie de flux, représente une perspective encourageante pour la synthèse de ladderanes. Nous avons également étudié la synthèse d’un modèle de métabolite de l’acide pentacycloanammoxique, qui représenterait un étalon analytique. Dans ce contexte, une cétone tricyclique a été dans un premier temps préparée en sept étapes avec un rendement de 67% par le biais de la cycloisomérisation catalysée au platine (II) d’un précurseur énynylester. Puis l’intermédiaire alcool le plus avancé de la synthèse a été obtenu après six étapes supplémentaires avec un rendement de 7,4%. Enfin, une méthodologie de synthèse a été développée autour de l’intermédiaire cétone tricyclique de structure originale, permettant des transformations hautement régio et diastéréosélectives. Des réactions d’additions nucléophiles ou d’extensions de cycles telles que l’homologation de Bayer-Villiger ou le réarrangement de Beckmann ont été étudiées. / The aim of this PhD work was to synthesize ladderane skeletons in one multiple [2+2] photocycloaddition step. The natural product pentacycloanammoxic acid is the target molecule of the project. In a first part, we developped an original method of intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition from sulfide polyenic precursors. Thus, four kind of cyclic compounds were obtained and characterized. This metodology has been applied to mono, di, and triene compounds, either sulfide or sulfone, by irradiation in a Rayonet photoreactor or in milder conditions with blue LEDs. Different strategies have been tested in order to create ladderanes, such as modification of polyene chain end, copper(I) and photoredox catalysis, or photosensitization, but none allowed the formation of more than one cyclobutane. Supramolecular encapsulation in cyclodextrins and cucurbiturils have provided quantitatively cyclobutane compound with syn-trans-syn configuration on small scale. This result studied in flow photochemistry is an encouraging perspective for ladderane preparation. We have also studied the synthesis of a pentacycloanammoxic acid metabolite model. In this context, a tricyclic ketone has been prepared first in seven steps with a gobal yield of 67%, based on a platinum(II) catalysed cycloisomerization as a key step. Then, the most advanced alcohol intermediaite has been obtained after six more steps in a 7.4% yield. Finally, a synthesis methodology has been developped around the tricyclic ketone intermediaite, of novel structure, allowing highly regio and diastereoselective transformations. Nucleophilic additions or ring expansion reactions such as Bayer-Villiger homologation or Beckmann rearrangement have been studied.
12

Light as a Reagent for Chemical Reactions-Excited State Manipulation to Discover New Reactivity

Kandappa, Sunil Kumar 03 December 2019 (has links)
No description available.
13

Synthèse sélective de γ-amino acides cyclobutaniques : préparation de nouveaux organogélateurs peptidiques / Selective Synthesis of cyclobutanic γ-amino acids : preparation of new peptidic organogelators

Awada, Hawraà 05 December 2014 (has links)
L’acide γ-aminobutyrique ou GABA est le principal neurotransmetteur inhibiteur présent dans le système nerveux central (CNS). Afin d’obtenir un nouveau dérivé cyclobutanique du GABA, le cis-3,4CB-GABA, sous forme énantiomériquement pure, deux stratégies de synthèses efficaces et reproductibles ont été mises au point. Ces deux voies de synthèse impliquent toutes les deux une étape-clé de photocycloaddition [2+2] qui permet de créer le cycle à 4 chaînons. La première consiste en une homologation de l’acide cis-2-aminocyclobutanique (cis-ACBC), et la deuxième est une synthèse multi-étape qui utilise le caprolactame comme composé de départ.D’autre part, grâce à une synthèse stéréosélective du (1R,2S)-cis-2,3CB-GABA, quelques oligomères C- et N-protégés – di, tri, et tétra-peptides – de cet aminoacide ont été préparés. Ceux-ci ont été caractérisés par les techniques de RMN 1D et 2D, IR, RX. Les analyses ont montré qu’il n’existe pas d’interactions non-covalentes (liaisons hydrogène) inter-résidu au sein de ces structures moléculaires. En revanche, la propriété de gélification de ces oligomères dans différents solvants organiques a été mise en évidence. Des solutions et des gels formés à partir de ces peptides ont été analysés par microscope électronique à balayage et des clichés ont été obtenus montrant une organisation du dipeptide et du tetrapeptide en fibrilles. Le tripeptide lui n’a présenté aucun assemblage intermoléculaire régulier. / The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). In order to obtain new enantiomerically pure cyclobutanic derivative of GABA, the cis-3,4CB-GABA, two efficient synthetic strategies have been established. Both synthetic routes employed a photocycloaddition [2 +2] protocol, which provided the cyclobutanic ring. The first route involved the homolgation of the cis-2-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (cis-ACBC), whereas the second route is a multi-step synthesis using caprolactam as starting material.On the other hand, the (1R,2S)-cis-GABA-2,3CB was synthetized, and a series of N- and C-protected oligomers of di, tri, and tetrapeptides of this amino acid were prepared. These oligomers were characterized by NMR (1D and 2D) techniques, IR, and X-ray. The analyses have shown that there are no non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonds) between the residues of each oligomers. However, the gelation property of these oligomers in various organic solvents was demonstrated. Solutions and gels formed from these peptides were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and the obtained images showed a fibrous organization of the di- and tetrapeptide, while the tripeptide showed no regular intermolecular assembly.
14

On the way to molecular optical switches a solid-state NMR study of trans-cinnamic acids

Fonseca, Isa Alexandra Queiroz da January 2008 (has links)
Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2008
15

Studies towards the syntheses of rocaglate natural products and synthetic analogues via ESIPT photocycloaddition

Wang, Wenyu 07 November 2018 (has links)
The total syntheses of isomeric aglain natural products (±)-foveoglin A and (±)-perviridisin B have been achieved via ESIPT (excited states intramolecular proton transfer)-mediated selective (3+2) photocycloaddition of 3-hydroxyflavone with trans,trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (DPBD). Using TADDOLs or Pirkle’s alcohol as chiral hydrogen-bonding additives, enantioselective ESIPT photocycloaddition was performed providing access to (+)-foveoglin A which also enabled confirmation of its absolute configuration. Photophysical studies have been conducted for ESIPT photocycloadditions revealing the possibility for exergonic electron transfer from the excited triplet state of 3-hydroxyflavones to dipolarophiles with appropriate redox potentials, which also provided a rationale for the observed selectivity. Further application of ESIPT photocycloaddition using 1-alkyl-2-aryl-3-hydroxyquinolinones (3-HQ’s) to synthesize nitrogen-containing analogues of flavaglines, aza-rocaglates, will be described. Differential photoreactivity between 2-aryl-3-hydroxyquinolinones (N-H-3-HQ’s) and 1-alkyl-2-aryl-3-hydroxyquinolinones (N-alkyl-3-HQ’s) was observed. A rationale for this observation was also provided based on photophysical measurements. A novel method to synthesize N-alkyl-3-hydroxyquinolinones using sodium hydride as base was discovered to overcome limited access to photoreaction substrates. A recirculating photoflow reactor was applied to the ESIPT photocycloaddition to increase the efficiency of the reaction. Initial biological testing indicates that aza-rocaglates do not possess activity in comparison to related rocaglates which also provides further information on the SAR of the natural product scaffold. Computational studies were conducted in collaboration with Prof. David Coker’s group using Metadynamics simulation to study tetrakis-9-phenanthrenyl TADDOL-mediated asymmetric ESIPT photocycloadditions. With a choice of collective variables based on hydrogen-bonding interactions between TADDOL and 3-hydroxyflavone, the free energy surfaces associated with formation of the hydrogen-bonding complexes between TADDOL and the 3-hydroxyflavone/methyl cinnamate or 3-hydroxyflavone/stilebene pairs were obtained. The representative three-component model from the obtained free energy minimum indicate that in addition to hydrogen-bonding interactions, π-π stacking between the phenanthren-9-yl groups of TADDOL and the 3-hydroxyflavone substrate also facilitate the asymmetric photocycloaddition which has provided information for future asymmetric catalyst designs. / 2020-11-06T00:00:00Z
16

Development of flow methodologies for the [2+2] photocycloaddition of cinnamic acid derivatives and biological exploration of truxinic acid derived scaffolds

Telmesani, Reem 16 February 2019 (has links)
Cinnamic acids and their derivatives are building blocks for cyclobutanes in many natural products. In nature, dimerization of these derivatives is thought to occur through a [2+2] photocycloaddition. Experimentally, efficient dimerization of these substrates using UV irradiation has predominantly been achieved in the solid state and is thought to be a result of stringent requirements for distance and orientation of the participating olefins. In the following pages a new strategy is presented which achieves [2+2] dimerization of these substrates in solution through the use of a bis-thiourea catalyst that induces proximity via hydrogen bonding while exploiting novel flow technology. Using these platforms, we demonstrate the ability to perform the [2+2] photocycloaddition on a variety of electron rich and poor cinnamates to yield two major truxinic ester products in good yields and regioselectivity. The methodology is also readily scalable to a decagram scale and has enabled access to large quantities of a variety of truxinic ester products. Using a liquid-liquid slug flow strategy greatly accelerated reactivity by nearly four-fold in most cases and has allowed for an expansion of the substrate scope to include historically unreactive substrates such as cinnamamide dimers. This rate increase is attributed to improved mixing and an organic thin film known to occur within these systems. More recently, this flow methodology has been further developed to enable access to various heterodimers similar to those found in various bioactive natural products in a simple and efficient manner by using a cinnamic acid monomer in combination with an excess of cinnamic ester or amide monomer. The heterodimer can be easily separated from the homodimers and unreacted ester or amide monomers through an acid-base workup. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of these methodologies for biological exploration, a small library of truxinic amides was synthesized and underwent biological testing in breast cancer cell lines. Single dose inhibition data showed promising anti-cancer activity. Lastly, this methodology has also been applied to the synthesis of two interesting bioactive natural products, eucommicin A and piperarborenine D in an efficient modular fashion in both cases. These syntheses open the doors to future SAR studies which have yet to be performed on these and most truxinic and truxillic acid derived natural products. / 2020-02-15T00:00:00Z
17

PYRIDONE PHOTOCYCLOADDITION IN SYNTHESIS OF DIVERSE NATURAL AND UNNATURAL PRODUCTS

Kulyk, Svitlana January 2014 (has links)
2-Pyridones are known to undergo a facile [4+4] photocycloaddition with themselves and other conjugated molecules. These transformations provide an access to complex molecular structures such as highly substituted cyclooctanoid derivatives, which normally represent a significant synthetic challenge. Moreover, the 2-pyridone photoadducts can be further elaborated into various biologically relevant products. The work presented here broadens the horizons of the [4+4] photocycloaddition in two distinct directions: 1) by utilizing [4+4] photocycloaddition in a total synthesis of crinipellin natural products possessing antibiotic and antitumor activity and 2) by developing a novel type of [4+4] photocycloaddition that employs a conjugated enyne as a partner of 2- pyridone. Our approach to the tetraquinane core of the crinipellins features intramolecular [4+4] photocycloaddition of a tethered furan-pyridone molecule followed by a four-step transannular ring closure. The sequence allows for a rapid assembly of a molecular framework by installing 19 of the 20 required carbon atoms and all but two stereogenic centers. The described synthesis represents an interesting new approach to these polycyclic molecules and a way to access crinipellin analogues. The enyne-pyridone [4+4] photocycloaddition led to formation of intriguing 1,2,5-cyclooctatriene-based products. Presence of the allene functionality was used as a lever in exploring the possibilities for derivatization of these photoadducts. Our investigations of enyne-pyridone photocycloaddition have come a long way: from the first proof-of-concept intermolecular trials producing complex mixtures, through the initial investigations of the intramolecular variant that taught us how to direct the reaction to the necessary mode ([2+2] vs. [4+4] photocycloaddition), and eventually to the controlled formation of stable allenic photoadducts and their further transformation into a diverse set of functionalized molecular scaffolds. We found that the inherent kinetic instability of 1,2,5-cyclooctatrienes facilitates several pathways of strain relief: allene-allene [2+2] dimerization, photooxidative decarbonylation when the irradiation is conducted in presence of air, isomerization of the 1,2-diene fragment into a 1,3-diene and the acid-promoted Cope rearrangement. Additionally, enyne-pyridone photoadducts can undergo transannular ring closure when treated with bromine and also be transformed into valuable bicyclo [5.1.0] octane structures that incorporate a rare example of a stable cyclopropanone by a fast and selective epoxidation-rearrangement process. Several important goals were achieved in the described research study. First, strategic incorporation of [4+4] photocycloaddition as one of the key steps in targeted synthesis of natural products has demonstrated the potential of this powerful reaction. Second, an efficient new approach to a tetraquinane skeleton was developed and successfully executed. Third, the fundamental basis for the novel photochemical transformation (enyne-pyridone cycloaddition) was set and major trends for this reaction were established resulting in obtaining stable allenic photoadducts. Finally, chemical properties and reactivity of stabilized amide-bridged 1,2,5-cyclooctatriene photoproducts were investigated breaking the ground for future involvement of these intermediates in synthetic strategies towards biologically active natural products and their analogues. / Chemistry
18

β-PEPTIDES CYCLOBUTANIQUES

Fernandez, Carlos 31 October 2008 (has links) (PDF)
La synthèse de β-aminoacides, analogues structurels des -aminoacides, constitue un enjeu essentiel dans le développement d'oligopeptides. Un long travail a été mené sur le comportement des β-peptides (enchaînement de β-aminoacides) ainsi que les peptides mixtes (mélange d'β- et β- aminoacides). Il en résulte que la préférence conformationnelle des β-aminoacides va induire l'apparition d'une structure tridimensionnelle ordonnée de l'oligopeptide. Ainsi, plusieurs types d'hélices, des feuillets et des coudes ont été observés sur des β-oligopeptides. En plus de cette fascinante particularité, les β-peptides et les peptides mixtes ont montré une grande stabilité vis-à-vis des enzymes digestives. Ces caractéristiques sont importantes dans le développement de nouveaux médicaments, mimes de structures protéiques. Au laboratoire, nous travaillons sur le β-aminoacide cyclobutanique comme bloc de construction de structures moléculaires élaborées dont les β-peptides. La partie bibliographique, scindée en deux parties, décrit la synthèse deβ-aminoacides carbocycliques puis les différents types de structures secondaires obtenus à partir de peptides composés de β-aminoacides. Des travaux ont été menés sur les β-aminoacides cycliques à 6, 5 et à 4 chaînons. Cependant, aucuns travaux n'ont été décris sur le trans-β-aminoacide cyclobutanique " trans-ACBC ". Nous avons entrepris d'accéder au cis- et trans-ACBC optiquement enrichis et nous avons mis au point deux voies de synthèse à l'échelle multigramme. L'étape clé, commune aux deux synthèses et la photocycloaddition [2+2] entre l'éthylène et un partenaire ènone pour créer le cyclobutane. A l'aide de méthodes de couplages peptidiques, nous avons préparé le dimère, le tétramère, l'hexamère et l'octamère du 1R,2R- trans-ACBC. Grâce à plusieurs techniques de caractérisation couramment utilisées dans l'étude conformationnelle de polypeptides, nous avons pu déterminer avec certitude l'existence d'une hélice- 12 dès l'hexamère. En parallèle, nous avons mené une étude complète de modélisation moléculaire qui nous a conduits à un résultat identique. Ce travail sur la synthèse des ACBC optiquement pures et sur le comportement des β-peptides cyclobutaniques complète le tableau des β-peptides carbocycliques. Nous envisageons de préparer des β-aminoacides cyclobutaniques fonctionnalisés, afin de construire des β-peptides structurés, destinés à une application en chimie médicinale.
19

Tandem intramolecular photocycloaddition-retro-Mannich fragmentation as a route to indole and oxindole

Li, Yang 22 February 2012 (has links)
Irradiation of a tryptamine linked through its side-chain nitrogen to an alkylidene malonate residue results in an intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition to the indole 2,3-double bond. The resultant cyclobutane undergoes spontaneous retro-Mannich fission to produce a spiro[indoline-3,3-pyrrolenine] with relative configuration defined by the orientation of substituents in the transient cyclobutane. The novel tandem intramolecular photocycloaddition- retro-Mannich (TIPCARM) sequence leads to a spiropyrrolidine which is poised to undergo a second retro-Mannich fragmentation [TIPCA(RM)₂] that expels the malonate unit present in the photo substrate and generates transiently an indolenine. The indolenine undergoes rearrangement to a β-carboline which can undergo further rearrangement under oxidizing conditions to an oxindole. Three oxindole natural products, coerulescine, horsfiline and elacomine, were synthesized using this strategy. The TIPCARM strategy was extended to an approach that would encompass the Vinca alkaloids vindorosine and minovine. In this case, the TIPCARM sequence was followed by an intramolecular cyclization that provided tetracyclic ketone 5.86 containing rings A, B, C and D of vindorosine. A tetracyclic intermediate was synthesized which could also provided access to the Vinca alkaloid minovine. / Graduation date: 2012
20

L'acide N-aminoazétidine-2-carboxylique : une nouvelle brique constitutive de foldamères / N-aminoazetidine-2-carboxylic acid : a new building block for foldamers

Altmayer-Henzien, Amandine 29 October 2013 (has links)
Les travaux rapportés dans ce manuscrit ont porté sur la synthèse et l’étude structurale d’oligopeptides contenant l’acide N-aminoazétidine-2-carboxylique AAzC, dans le but de caractériser un nouveau foldamère.Nous avons dans un premier temps préparé les quatre stéréoisomères de l’acide 2 aminocyclobutane carboxylique ACBC et les deux stéréoisomères de l’AAzC. Ces synthèses ont été réalisées en employant deux méthodes similaires, rapportées par notre laboratoire, comportant une étape-clé de photocycloaddition [2 + 2] entre l’éthylène et l’uracile ou l’aza-uracile. L’étude de l’AAzC dans des couplages peptidiques a ensuite révélé une réactivité difficile à maîtriser à cause d’une forte propension à l’ouverture du cycle azétidine, ce qui nous a conduit à ne pouvoir synthétiser que des oligopeptides contenant un unique résidu AAzC, qui plus est en position N terminale. Trois cyclobutylamides du cis-ACBC, du trans-ACBC et de l’AAzC ainsi qu’un cyclobutylester de l’AAzC ont alors été préparés avec de bons rendements. Le couplage du (S) AAzC avec chacun des stéréoisomères de l’ACBC a fourni quatre dipeptides mixtes Boc−AAzC−ACBC−OMe avec de bons rendements également. Enfin, nous avons synthétisé des tétrapeptides, hexapeptides et octapeptides homochiraux du cis-ACBC ou du trans ACBC comportant un unique résidu (S)-AAzC en position N-terminale. Les composés de la série cis ont présenté une forte tendance à la gélification, entraînant une chute du rendement et augmentant la difficulté pour la caractérisation et l’analyse structurale.Enfin, nous avons analysé la structuration de ces différents composés par spectroscopie IR en solution, RMN, dichroïsme circulaire, modélisation moléculaire et diffraction des rayons X. Deux techniques de RMN plus poussées, l’IMPACT HMBC 1H-15N et la SOFAST HMBC 1H-13C ont été utilisées afin de détecter des liaisons H intramoléculaires. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence la formation d’un hydrazino turn en solution et à l’état solide pour le cyclobutylamide du (S)-AAzC. Cette structuration en hydrazino turn a également été observée pour les quatre dipeptides Boc−AAzC−ACBC−OMe, cependant en présence d'un second conformère pour les dérivés du cis ACBC. Les différentes analyses nous ont permis de conclure que le tétrapeptide Boc−AAzC−[t ACBC]3−OMe et l’hexapeptide Boc−AAzC−[t ACBC]5−OMe adoptent une structuration en hélice 8 dans le chloroforme, avec la formation d’un hydrazino turn dans la partie N-terminale. L’octapeptide Boc−AAzC−[t ACBC]7−OMe adopte quant à lui une structure chimère dans la pyridine, comportant un hydrazino turn dans la partie N-terminale puis se poursuivant en hélice 12 dans la partie C-terminale comme l’hexamère et l’octamère du trans ACBC.Nous avons ainsi montré que l’AAzC possède une préférence forte pour une structuration locale en cycle à 8 chaînons, mais également une forte tendance à induire une hélice 8, jusqu'à une certaine distance dans un oligopeptide. / This thesis is devoted to the synthesis and structural study of oligopeptides containing N aminoazetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AAzC), to find a new foldamer.First, we prepared each of the four stereoisomers of 2-aminocyclobutane carboxylic acid (ACBC), and the two stereoisomers of AAzC. This has been done using two similar techniques from our lab, based on a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition key-step between ethylene and uracile or aza-uracile. Peptide coupling using AAzC revealed a tricky reactivity of this new building block, due to an easy ring-opening. We were thus able to synthesize only oligopeptides containing a single AAzC residue, blocked in the N-terminal position. Three model cyclobutylamide derivatives containing ACBC or AAzC and one model AAzC cyclobutylester were prepared. Synthesis of four dipeptides each incorporating AAzC in the N terminal position and a single stereoisomer of ACBC in the C terminal position was performed within good yields. Finally, oligopeptides comprising a sequence of trans or cis-ACBC residues bearing a single AAzC unit at the N terminal position were obtained. Cis-oligopeptides were difficult to analyze due to gelation phenomenon.The folding behaviour of these peptides was examined on the basis of IR spectroscopy, NMR studies, circular dichroism, molecular modelling studies and X-ray diffraction. Two new NMR techniques, IMPACT HMBC 1H-15N and SOFAST HMBC 1H-13C were used to detect intramolecular hydrogen bonds. We proved the existence of a hydrazino turn for the AAzC cyclobutylamide and the four Boc−AAzC−ACBC−OMe dipeptides. For longer oligopeptides, analyzes revealed an 8-helix structuration in chloroform for both the tetrapeptide Boc−AAzC−[t ACBC]3−OMe and hexapeptide Boc−AAzC−[t ACBC]5−OMe, helped by a hydrazino turn in the N-terminal position. Finally, octapeptide Boc−AAzC−[t ACBC]7−OMe shows in pyridine a chimeric structure, starting with a hydrazino turn in the N-terminal position but going on with a 12-helix in the C-terminal position as in trans-ACBC hexamer or octamer.We demonstrated here that AAzC has a strong preference for an 8-membered ring local structuration, and a strong tendency to induce an 8-helix in a peptide.

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