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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
491

Instrumentation for Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy of Prostatic Carcinoma

Liu, Weiyang Unknown Date
No description available.
492

Hardware Acceleration of a Monte Carlo Simulation for Photodynamic Therapy Treatment Planning

Lo, William Chun Yip 15 February 2010 (has links)
Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are widely used in the field of medical biophysics, particularly for modelling light propagation in biological tissue. The iterative nature of MC simulations and their high computation time currently limit their use to solving the forward solution for a given set of source characteristics and tissue optical properties. However, applications such as photodynamic therapy treatment planning or image reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography require solving the inverse problem given a desired light dose distribution or absorber distribution, respectively. A faster means for performing MC simulations would enable the use of MC-based models for such tasks. In this thesis, a gold standard MC code called MCML was accelerated using two distinct hardware-based approaches, namely designing custom hardware on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and programming commodity graphics processing units (GPUs). Currently, the GPU-based approach is promising, offering approximately 1000-fold speedup with 4 GPUs compared to an Intel Xeon CPU.
493

Instrumentation for Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy of Prostatic Carcinoma

Liu, Weiyang 06 1900 (has links)
This thesis encompasses the development and testing of an interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT) system for the treatment of prostate cancer. It begins with the optical characterization of a novel photosensitizer (SL-052) followed by a study of tissue optics as it applies to iPDT. The design and integration of a time-fractionated light delivery system with real-time spectral detection is then examined. An optical phantom test medium is formulated and in vitro system operation and testing is performed. Finally, in vivo experiments are performed on animal models with a focus on canine prostate iPDT. Unique optical results with dosimetric relevance are discovered and investigated. This includes metrics for optically measuring local in vivo SL-052 concentrations in real-time as well as novel oscillatory drug photobleaching and recovery behavior during time-fractionated light delivery. / Photonics and Plasmas
494

Sistemas precursores de cristais líquidos mucoadesivos para administração vaginal de hipericina associados à terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento da candidíase vulvovaginal / Mucoadesive liquid crystal precursor systems for vaginal administration of hypericin associated with photodynamic therapy in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis

Araújo, Patricia Rocha de 20 September 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Patricia Rocha de Araújo (patriciarocha39@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-15T01:56:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Patricia Rocha out 2018.pdf: 3514360 bytes, checksum: 9b0fea77694a33ed0ae69da788c5a4a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Irani Coito (irani@fcfar.unesp.br) on 2018-10-16T20:37:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_pr_me_arafcf.pdf: 3514379 bytes, checksum: dffaf731be630bbca5063c79b406b6ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T20:37:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_pr_me_arafcf.pdf: 3514379 bytes, checksum: dffaf731be630bbca5063c79b406b6ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A candidíase vulvovaginal (CVV) é uma doença causada por espécies do gênero Candida spp. no trato genital inferior feminino que afeta um grande número de mulheres em todo mundo. Porém o uso sistêmico de fármacos causa muitas reações adversas e as formulações tópicas possuem um baixo tempo de retenção na mucosa vaginal devido à diluição dos sistemas na cavidade vaginal. Esse estudo propõe uma terapia antifúngica alternativa empregando sistemas precursores de cristais líquidos mucoadesivos (SPCLM) para a liberação de hipericina (HIP), um potente fotossensibilizador isolado de plantas do gênero Hipericum com e sem o emprego da terapia fotodinâmica (TFD). O sistema visa aumentar o tempo de permanência da formulação, bem como reduzir o número de aplicações e a quantidade de fármaco empregada. O emprego da TFD, por sua vez, se faz como uma forma de diminuir a resistência pelos microrganismos. Observou-se a formação de sistemas isotrópicos no sistema constituído por 30% da fase oleosa constituída por ácido oleico e colesterol na razão de 7:1, 40% de Procetyl AWS como tensoativo e 30% de uma dispersão de poloxamer à 16% empregando as técnicas de microscopia de luz polarizada e espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo. Após a introdução de três diferentes concentrações de fluido vaginal simulado FVS (30, 50 e 100%), as formulações resultantes passaram a apresentar anisotropia e picos característicos de fase lamelar. Análises das propriedades mecânicas, reológicas e mucoadesivas das formulações indicaram que a organização e a mucoadesão dos sistemas aumentaram à medida que a quantidade de FVS aumentou. Os ensaios de validação da metodologia analítica para quantificação de HIP indicaram que o método é aceitável segundo agências regulatórias. Os testes de liberação in vitro demonstraram perfil de liberação sustentada da HIP provavelmente devido à sua alta afinidade pelos componentes da fase oleosa dos sistemas de liberação. Além disso, os SPCLM causaram aumento da retenção e baixa permeação da HIP em mucosa suína. Ensaios microbiológicos indicaram que a HIP é um agente eficaz para inativação das leveduras de Candida albicas com emprego da TFD, porém os SPCLM com HIP não potencializaram a ação antifúngica deste composto, possivelmente devido ao longo período necessário para sua liberação. Os testes de citotoxicidade indicaram que todas as formulações apresentam baixa toxicidade, porém os sistemas com hipericina incorporada apresentaram maior toxicidade para células tumorais L292. Ensaios in vivo do sistema em modelo de CVV são necessários para comprovar a viabilidade do sistema desenvolvido. / Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a disease induced by Candida strains in the female genital tract that affects a great number of women worldwide. However, systemic drugs cause many adverse reactions. Also, currently employed topical dosage forms present low retention times due to their dilution in vaginal fluids. This study proposes an alternative antifungal therapy through the development of liquid crystalline precursor systems (LCPS) for hypericin release, a potent photosensitizer isolated from Hipericum plants with and without photodynamic inactivation (PDI). The developed system aims to increase the residence time of the formulations, as well as decrease the number of applications and the amount of drug. Photodynamic therapy was used to reduce microorganism resistance. Polarized light microscopy and Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering confirmed the formation of an isotropic system composed of 30% of oil phase containing oleic acid and cholesterol in (ratio of 7:1). After addition of three different concentrations of simulated vaginal fluid -SVF (30, 50 and 100%), the resultant formulations presented anisotropy and characteristic peaks of lamellar phases. Mechanical, rheological and mucoadhesive assays indicated the formation of long-range ordering systems as the amount of SVF increased. Drug validation assays indicated that the method is aceptable for hypericin quantification according to regulatory agencies. In vitro drug release assays exhibited a sustained release profile probably due to the high affinity between HIP and the oily phase components. In addition, the LCPS lead to poor permeability and enhanced retention of HIP in the porcine mucosa. Microbiological assays pointed out that HIP effectively inactivated Candida albicans yeasts with PTD, however the HIP loaded LCPS did not potentiate the antifungal activity of HIP, probably due to the long period for HIP release. Cytotoxic tests indicated that all formulations presented low toxicity, however the HIP loaded presented higher toxicity to L292 tumor cells. In vivo assays should be performed to confirm the viability of the developed system. / 001
495

Conception de photosensibilisateurs conjugués ciblant le récepteur Neuropiline-1 ou le récepteur à l'acide folique pour l'amélioration de la sélectivité de la thérapie photodynamique anti-cancéreuse / Design of targeted photosensitizer-conjugates towards Neuropilin-1 and folate receptors for improving the selectivity of anti-cancer photodynamic therapy

Mohd Gazzali, Amirah 19 September 2016 (has links)
La thérapie photodynamique (PDT) est un type de traitement du cancer qui offre de nombreux avantages. Une stratégie pour améliorer l'efficacité de la PDT est l'élaboration de photosensibilisateurs (PSs) de troisième génération, composés d’une molécule photoactivable couplée à un agent de ciblage. Les travaux de recherche de cette thèse portent sur l'amélioration de la sélectivité du traitement PDT en concevant des PSs ciblés. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude d'un PS couplé à de l’acide folique (PS-FA). L’acide folique est une unité bien connue de ciblage qui se lie de façon efficace au récepteur de l'acide folique sur-exprimé à la surface de nombreuses cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons particulièrement vérifié la stabilité de l'acide folique sous l'influence des facteurs environnementaux. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude du peptide KDKPPR conçu pour cibler neuropiline-1, un récepteur surexprimé dans les néovaisseaux. Plusieurs modifications du peptide ont été faites et les analogues ont été testés par des analyses ELISA afin d'évaluer leur capacité de liaison à la suite des modifications. La troisième partie de la thèse a consisté en la synthèse de porphyrines couplées à des blocs porteurs de 1, 2 ou 3 peptides grâce à la technique de chimie click pour former de multiples conjugués avec des nombres différents de porphyrines et peptides attachés aux plateformes / Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a type of cancer therapy that could offer many advantages. One possible way to improve the effectiveness of PDT is the elaboration of third generation photosensitizers (PSs) which consisted of PSs coupled with targeting agents. This thesis focuses on improving the selectivity of PS delivery through designing targeted PS agents. The first part of the thesis deals with the study of a PS-folic acid (PS-FA). FA is a well-known targeting unit which bonds with high efficiency to folic acid receptor over-expressed on the surface of many cancer cells. We particularly checked the stability of folic acid under the influence of environmental factors. The second part is devoted to the study of KDKPPR peptide designed to target neuropilin-1, a receptor over-expressed in neovessels. Several modifications of the peptide were made and the analogues were tested through ELISA assays to evaluate their binding capability following the modifications. The third part of the thesis is related to the synthesis of porphyrin and peptide building blocks through click chemistry technique to form multiple conjugates with different numbers of porphyrins and peptides attached to the platforms
496

Estudo teórico de porfirinas, ftalocianinas e clorinas com ênfase para aplicação em terapia fotodinâmica

Bettanin, Fernanda January 2015 (has links)
Orientadora: Profa Dra Paula Homem de Melo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2015. / In this work, it is shown the study of sensitizing molecules of phthalocyanines, porphyrins and chlorins families, with different ligands and ions complexed (Zn+2, Al+3 and Si+4), in order to assess, by computational methods, relevant properties for photodynamic therapy (PDT) application. In the first part of the work, was established an appropriate methodology to study all proposed molecules quickly and accurately. So it was chosen the Density Functional Theory and the best funcional-basis set combination found was B3LYP/LANL2DZ for optimization anf OLYP/6-31g(d) for excited states. The solvent effects were added by the solvation model IEFPCM, in order to represent the outside and inside of a lipid bilayer, respectively. In the second part of this work were obtained properties such as area, volume, dipole, frontier orbitals energy and electronic transitions of all molucules studied in order to compare them and define which complexed ions and ligands are able to modify these properties with focus on PDT. The third part studied dimers formation of some of these molecules, since this formation may affect the eletronic transitions, invalidating PDT. This study was performed with the DCACP¿s corrections applied to BLYP functional to simulate dispersion forces, responsible for the dimers formation. In the fourth part of this work, was simulated by molecular dynamics one phthalocyanine inserted into a lipid bilayer and, associated with quantum mechanics, it was possible to acess the electronic states of the molecule. These electronic states were compared with a second method for theating electronic states along a lipid bilayer with consists of a dielectric gradient that represents a membrane, in order to choose a more rapid and efficient method. The last part of this study used the same dielectric gradient to study the phosphorescence, along the lipid bilayer, showing that this method can be employed for this kind of property.
497

PAPEL DA TERAPIA FOTODINÂMICA ANTIMICROBIANA ADJUVANTE AO TRATAMENTO PERIODONTAL SOB PARÂMETROS DE ESTRESSE OXIDATIVO PLASMÁTICO E COMPORTAMENTO VASCULAR / ROLE OF THE ADJUNCTIVE ANTIMICROBIAL PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY TO PERIODONTAL TREATMENT AT PLASMATIC OXIDATIVE STRESS PARAMETERS AND VASCULAR BEHAVIOR

Barin, Luisa Machado 16 July 2015 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer (PS) solubilized in ethanol in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjuvant periodontal treatment, at oxidative stress (OS) parameters and vascular behavior in rat model. Besides, investigate greater involvement of angiogenesis at the destruction or healing stages of periodontal disease (PD). One hundred and twenty male adult Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups. The control groups were negative control (NC) (no PD, n=15) and positive control (PC) (with PD, without any treatment, n=15). The other groups had PD and underwent different types of treatment, such as scaling and root planing (SRP) and irrigation with 1mL of saline solution (SRP, n=30); SRP and aPDT with MB solubilized in water (aPDT I, n=30); SRP and aPDT with MB containing ethanol (aPDT II, n=30). The PD was induced via the installation of a ligature around the mandibular right first molar. After 7 days, the ligature was removed and animals received treatment. At 7, 15 and 30 days, rats were euthanized and the gingival tissue surrounding the induction area was removed for histomorphometric analysis of the number and diameter of blood vessels by staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The collected blood was centrifuged and the plasma was used to determine lipid peroxidation by quantifying thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), vitamin C (VIT C) and glutathione reduced (GSH) levels. The oxidative status showed higher TBARS levels in PC group in 7, 15 and 30 days, and indicated a protective influence of aPDT II on plasma observed from lower lipid peroxidation. GSH levels were consumed in PC, aPDT I and aPDT II groups throughout the experiment. Furthermore, aPDT II also increased antioxidant defenses in plasma: i) higher levels of GSH, and ii) increased levels of VIT C. Interestingly, the VIT C plasmatic levels were restored in the aPDT II group in the 30th experimental day. Histomorphometric findings in 7 days showed that treated groups (SRP, aPDT I and aPDT II) showed higher number of blood vessels, and the aPDT II group showed the highest values among them. From these results, aPDT modifies PD course, reducing oxidative systemic damage and stimulating the antioxidant defense system, thus protecting the areas closely affected by PD in rats. Moreover, was observed a relationship between increased expression of angiogenesis and repair stage of the PD. In summary, we suggest that the aPDT with MB solubilized in ethanol provides better therapeutic responses in periodontal treatment. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do fotossensibilizador (Fs) azul de metileno (AM) solubilizado em etanol na terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (TFDa) como um tratamento periodontal adjuvante, sob parâmetros de estresse oxidativo (EO) e de comportamento vascular em modelo de rato. Bem como, investigar o maior envolvimento da angiogênese no estágio de avanço ou reparo da doença periodontal (DP). Cento e vinte ratos Wistar adultos machos foram randomizados e divididos em cinco grupos. Os grupos controles eram controle negativo (CN) (sem DP, n = 15) e controle positivo (CP) (com DP, sem qualquer tratamento, n = 15). Os demais grupos apresentavam DP e foram submetidos a diferentes tipos de tratamentos, como raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) e irrigação com 1 mL de solução salina (RAR, n = 30); RAR e TFDa com AM solubilizado em água (TFDa I, n = 30); RAR e TFDa com AM contendo etanol (TFDa II, n = 30). A DP foi induzida através da colocação de uma ligadura ao redor do primeiro molar inferior direito. Após 7 dias, a ligadura foi removida e os animais receberam tratamento. Aos 7, 15 e 30 dias, os ratos foram eutanasiados e o tecido gengival circundante à área de indução foi removido para análise histomorfométrica do número e diâmetro dos vasos sanguíneos através da coloração com Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE). O sangue recolhido foi centrifugado e o plasma foi utilizado para determinar os níveis de peroxidação lipídica mensurados pelas substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), vitamina C (VIT C) e glutationa reduzida (GSH). O status oxidativo demostrou maiores níveis de TBARS no grupo CP em 7, 15 e 30 dias, e indicou uma influência protetora da TFDa II no plasma observada a partir de menor peroxidação lipídica. Níveis de GSH foram consumidos nos grupos CP, TFDa I e TFDa II durante o experimento. Ainda, TFDa II também aumentou as defesas antioxidantes no plasma: a) níveis mais elevados de GSH, e b) aumento dos níveis de VIT C. Interessantemente, os níveis plasmáticos de VIT C foram restaurados no grupo TFDa II no trigésimo dia experimental. Os achados histomorfométricos mostraram em 7 dias que os grupos tratados (RAR, TFDa I e TFDa II) apresentaram elevado número de vasos sanguíneos, e o grupo TFDa II apresentou os maiores valores entre eles. A partir destes resultados, fica evidente que TFDa modifica a DP, reduzindo o dano oxidativo sistêmico, e estimula o sistema de defesa antioxidante, protegendo, assim, as zonas afetadas intimamente pela DP em ratos. Além disso, foi observado uma relação entre a maior expressão da angiogênese e o estágio de reparo da DP. Em síntese, sugerimos que a TFDa com AM solubilizado em etanol proporciona melhores respostas terapêuticas no tratamento periodontal.
498

AVALIAÇÃO IN VITRO DA ATIVIDADE ANTIBACTERIANA DO AZUL DE METILENO EM DIFERENTES FORMULAÇÕES UTILIZADOS NA TERAPIA FOTODINÂMICA NA ENDODONTIA / EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHYLENE BLUE IN DIFFERENT FORMULATIONS USED IN PHOTODYNAMICTHERAPY

Londero, Aline de Moraes 20 August 2014 (has links)
The persistence of microorganisms in the root canal system after chemical-mechanical preparation plays an important role in the success rate of endodontic treatment. Photodynamic Therapy in endodontics appeared to be a supplement to the disinfection of root canals aiming resolve this persistence. When questioning what the actual antibacterial effect of this treatment in clinical endodontics, we face numerous formulations and concentrations of the photosensitizer used, as well as numerous methodologies to test its antimicrobial activity, offering confusing and inconclusive results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity against two strains of Enterococcus faecalis ATCCs 29212 and 51299, of the methylene blue photosensitizer (PS) in different formulations and concentrations cited in the literature. The method used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the photosensitizer was the microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The 18 test substances, in the literature, were left in contact for five minutes in each well and then followed by the application of the laser (660 nm, Kondortech®, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) for three minutes. The tests were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013). After the incubation period at 35 ± 2 ° C 18-24hs, read visually observing the bacterial growth and is considered where the inhibitory substances were wells without turbidity and / or deposition of sediments at the bottom was carried out. Dissolved in a mixture of 2% chlorhexidine and H₂O₂ (substance 15), and a mixture of glycerol, ethanol, water, hydrogen peroxide and Triton X100 detergent (substance 10) PS inhibited the growth of Enterococcus faecalis resistant microorganism 29212. For the addition of these the mixture PS glycerol, ethanol, and water (substance 13) also showed an inhibitory power. No concentration of methylene blue dissolved in water (300 to 7.5 μmol / L) had able to inhibit the growth of the strains analyzed. Given the literature reviewed and the results of the study to predict the efficacy of PDT against microorganism problem in endodontics, a standardization of the optimal formulation of PS, its contact time and also of important laser parameters is still necessary, as full power , creep and irradiation time. / A permanência dos microrganismos no sistema de canais radiculares após o preparo químico-mecânico desempenha um importante papel na taxa de sucesso do tratamento endodôntico. A Terapia Fotodinâmica surgiu na endodontia para ser um suplemento à desinfecção dos canais radiculares visando dirimir essa persistência. Ao questionarmos qual o real efeito antibacteriano desse tratamento na clínica de endodontia, nos deparamos com inúmeras formulações e concentrações usadas do fotossensibilizador, bem como inúmeras metodologias para testar sua atividade antimicrobiana, oferecendo resultados confusos e não conclusivos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a atividade antibacteriana, frente a duas cepas de Enterococcus faecalis ATCCs 29212 e 51299, do agente fotossensibilizador (FS) azul de metileno em diferentes concentrações e formulações citadas na literatura. O método empregado para avaliar a atividade antibacteriana do fotossensibilizador foi a microdiluição em caldo com a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima. As 18 substâncias-teste, citadas na literatura, foram deixadas em contato por cinco minutos em cada poço e então, seguiu-se a aplicação do laser (660nm, Kondortech®, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) por três minutos. Os testes foram realizados de acordo com o Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013). Após o período de incubação de 18-24hs a 35±2ºC, foi realizada a leitura visual observando o crescimento bacteriano, sendo consideradas inibitórias as substâncias onde os poços estavam sem turbidez e/ou depósito de sedimentos no fundo. O FS dissolvido numa mistura de H₂O₂ e clorexidina 2% (substância 15) e numa mistura de glicerol, etanol, água, peróxido de hidrogênio e detergente Triton X100 (substância 10) inibiram o crescimento do Enterococcus faecalis 29212. Para o microrganismo resistente além destas, a mistura do FS em glicerol, etanol e água (substância 13) também apresentou poder inibitório. Nenhuma concentração de azul de metileno dissolvido em água (300 a 7,5 μmol/L) apresentou poder de inibir o crescimento das cepas estudadas. Diante da literatura pesquisada e dos resultados do estudo, para predizer a eficácia da TFD frente ao microrganismo problema na endodontia, ainda é necessário uma padronização da formulação ideal do FS, seu tempo de contato e ainda, de parâmetros importantes do laser, como potência total, fluência e tempo de irradiação.
499

Combinação da terapia fotodinâmica a peptídeos antimicrobianos: efeitos e mecanismos / Combination of photodynamic therapy with antimicrobial peptides: effects and mechanisms

Freitas, Laura Marise de [UNESP] 23 August 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Laura Marise de Freitas (lfmarise@gmail.com) on 2018-09-10T15:39:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Laura Marise de Freitas_versão final.pdf: 4709989 bytes, checksum: 2a6883e17e7a9640be4de2033a6a9cc5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Irani Coito null (irani@fcfar.unesp.br) on 2018-09-14T14:54:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_lm_dr_arafcf_par.pdf: 5388332 bytes, checksum: fe6fd07679b403b891b076d6d97abd54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-14T14:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_lm_dr_arafcf_par.pdf: 5388332 bytes, checksum: fe6fd07679b403b891b076d6d97abd54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Nos últimos anos, a Organização Mundial da Saúde vem alertando que a era pós-antibióticos é uma ameaça cada vez mais real. Além da resistência individual das células bacterianas, essas podem se tornar ainda mais tolerantes aos agentes antimicrobianos ao crescerem em biofilmes. A maior tolerância aos antibióticos observada nos biofilmes baseia-se principalmente na proteção das bactérias pela matriz polimérica extracelular autoproduzida, e nos diversos fenótipos de crescimento encontrados na estrutura, que podem ser refratários à ação os fármacos convencionais. Nesse cenário de crescente e disseminada resistência a antimicrobianos, a busca por novos fármacos e terapias alternativas se tornou crucial, especialmente aqueles que sejam capazes de eliminar os microrganismos resistentes, impedir o desenvolvimento de novas formas de resistência, e serem ativos contra biofilmes. A terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT, do inglês antimicrobial photodynamic therapy) e os peptídeos antimicrobianos (PAM) ganham destaque nesse contexto, em especial para o tratamento de infecções localizadas. Entretanto, ambas as abordagens apresentam limitações terapêuticas quando empregadas individualmente. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos e mecanismos da combinação dos PAMs aureína 1.2 (AU) e seu dímero (AU)2K com a aPDT mediada pelos fotossensibilizadores (FS) azul de metileno (AM), clorina-e6 (Ce6) ou curcumina (CUR), usando como modelo a bactéria Enterococcus faecalis, em fase planctônica e biofilme. O dímero (AU)2K não apresentou atividade antibacteriana em fase planctônica, sendo a parte inicial do estudo conduzida, então, apenas com o monômero. Os resultados mostram que a combinação da aPDT com AU se provou capaz de eliminar E. faecalis, in vitro, com baixas concentrações de FS e peptídeo e menores doses de luz, em comparação às monoterapias. O efeito sinérgico foi observado apenas quando a AU foi associada à aPDT mediada por AM ou Ce6, não sendo encontrada vantagem na terapia combinada quando o FS era CUR, revelando um mecanismo dependente do FS. O efeito sinérgico entre AU e AM-PDT foi resultado de uma maior penetração do FS na bactéria em presença do peptídeo, ao passo que o efeito sinérgico entre AU e Ce6-PDT se deu por uma interação entre as moléculas que levou a uma maior instabilidade da membrana plasmática. O tratamento combinado também foi eficaz contra diferentes cepas, incluindo a eliminação completa de uma cepa de Enterococcus faecium resistente à vancomicina, um resultado sem precedentes. O protocolo de terapia combinada foi testado quanto à sua capacidade de inibir a formação de biofilme de E. faecalis. Embora não apresente atividade contra bactérias em fase planctônica, o dímero (AU)2K foi incluído nos estudos com biofilmes, mostrando alta capacidade de impedir a fase inicial do desenvolvimento dos biofilmes, tanto sozinho quanto combinado à aPDT. O monômero (AU) também apresentou atividade significativa para impedir que E. faecalis forme biofilme, particularmente quando combinado à Ce6-PDT. Outras espécies bacterianas também foram avaliadas, sendo os protocolos de combinação capazes de impedir a formação de biofilme por todas elas de forma significativa. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelam que a combinação de aPDT com um PAM pode provocar a morte bacteriana com concentrações mínimas de FS e PAM e baixas doses de luz, o que, por sua vez, minimizaria os efeitos adversos no tecido do hospedeiro. Além disso, a capacidade de inibir a formação de biofilme por parte dessa abordagem demonstra seu potencial para impedir o estabelecimento de infecções crônicas, fortemente relacionadas a biofilmes microbianos. Essa abordagem sinérgica tem o potencial de eliminar infecções localizadas e, ao mesmo tempo, minimizar o uso de antimicrobianos sistêmicos e impedir o desenvolvimento de novos perfis de resistência. / In the past few years, the World Health Organization has been warning that the post-antibiotic era is an increasingly real threat. In addition to the individual resistance of bacterial cells, they may be even more tolerant to antimicrobial agents by growing in biofilms. The higher tolerance to antibiotics observed in biofilms is mainly based on the protection of bacteria by the self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix, and in the various growth phenotypes found in the structure, which may be refractory to the action of conventional drugs. In this scenario of increasing and widespread antimicrobial resistance, the search for new drugs and alternative therapies has become crucial, especially for those that are capable of eliminating resistant microorganisms, preventing the development of new forms of resistance, and are active against biofilms. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are highlighted in this context, especially for the treatment of localized infections. However, both approaches have therapeutic limitations when used individually. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of the combination of the AMPs aurein 1.2 (AU) and its dimer (AU)2K with aPDT mediated by the photosensitizers (PS) methylene blue (MB), chlorine-e6 (Ce6) or curcumin CUR), using the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis as a model, in planktonic phase and biofilm. The dimer (AU)2K did not present antibacterial activity in planktonic phase, so the initial part of the study was conducted only with the monomer. The results show that the combination of aPDT with AU proved to be able to eliminate E. faecalis, in vitro, with low concentrations of PS and peptide and lower light doses, compared to the monotherapies. The synergistic effect was observed only when AU was associated with MB or Ce6-mediated aPDT, and no advantage was found in the combination therapy when the PS was CUR, revealing a PS-dependent mechanism. The synergistic effect between AU and MB-PDT was a result of a greater penetration of the PS in the bacterium in the presence of the peptide, whereas the synergistic effect between AU and Ce6-PDT was due to an interaction between the molecules that led to greater instability of the plasmatic membrane. The combination treatment was also effective against different strains, including a complete elimination of a strain of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, an unprecedented result. The combination therapy protocol was tested for its ability to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation. Although it did not present activity against planktonic bacteria, the (AU)2K dimer was included in the biofilm studies, showing high capacity to prevent the initial phase of biofilm development, both alone and combined with aPDT. The monomer AU also showed significant activity to prevent E. faecalis from forming biofilm, particularly when combined with Ce6-PDT. Other bacterial species were also evaluated, and the combination protocols were able to prevent biofilm formation by all of them in a significant way. Taken together, the results obtained in this study reveal that the combination of aPDT with an AMP can lead to bacterial death with minimal concentrations of PS and AMP and low light doses, which in turn would minimize adverse effects on host tissue. In addition, the ability of this approach in inhibiting the formation of biofilms reveals its potential to prevent the establishment of chronic infections, strongly related to microbial biofilms. This synergistic approach has the potential to resolve localized infections while minimizing the use of systemic antimicrobials and preventing the development of new resistance profiles. / 2014/24581-5 / 2016/18378-8
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Avaliação do efeito citotóxico da terapia fotodinâmica associada ao LED e ao Photogem sobre a mucosa bucal de rato /

Trindade, Flávia Zardo. January 2009 (has links)
Resumo: A utilização da PDT para tratamento de diferentes tipos de infecções, tal como a candidose bucal, tem sido estudada. Entretanto, poucos são os dados científicos que relatam os possíveis efeitos tóxicos dessa terapia. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da irradiação na mucosa bucal de ratos com LED azul (de 460 nm e potência de 200 mW/cm2) em presença do fotossensibilizador (FS) Photogem®, em duas diferentes concentrações (500 mg/L e 1000 mg/L). Para isso, foram utilizados 101 ratos (Rattus Norvegicus Albinus Holtzman) distribuídos em 6 grupos, de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: Grupo 1 - controle; Grupo 2 - aplicação do FS (500 mg/L); Grupo 3 - aplicação do FS (500 mg/L) e irradiação com LED; Grupo 4 - aplicação do FS (1000 mg/L); Grupo 5 - aplicação do FS (1000 mg/L) e irradiação com LED; e Grupo 6 - irradiação com LED. O FS foi aplicado por 30 minutos (tempo de pré-incubação) e o tempo de irradiação da mucosa foi de 20 minutos (dose de 144 J/cm2). Decorridos os 4 períodos de avaliação propostos (0 dia, 1dia, 3 dias e 7 dias), os animais tiveram a mucosa palatina fotografada para análise macroscópica, sendo então imediatamente sacrificados para remoção cirúrgica do palato e posterior análise em microscopia de luz e de fluorescência. Um mapeamento térmico foi realizado a fim de avaliar a variação de temperatura ocorrida no tecido durante a irradiação com LED. Macroscopicamente, em todos os grupos experimentais e para todos os períodos de avaliação propostos na presente pesquisa, observou-se que a mucosa apresentava-se intacta, com aspecto de normalidade semelhante ao do Grupo 1 (controle). Microscopicamente, alterações teciduais, caracterizadas especialmente por discreta inflamação, puderam ser observadas na mucosa palatina de apenas 4 de um total de 80 animais submetidos a PDT... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of PDT has been investigated for the treatment of different types of infection, like oral candidosis. There are, however, few research-based data that report the possible toxic effects of this therapy. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of irradiating the palatal mucosa of rats with blue LED (460 nm; 200 mW/cm²) in the presence of the photosensitizer Photogem® at two concentrations (500 and 1000 mg/L). Then, 101 rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus Holtzman) were randomly distributed in six groups, according to the treatment performed on the palatal mucosa: Group 1: control; Group 2: Photogem® (500 mg/L); Group 3: Photogem® (500 mg/L) + blue LED; Group 4 - Photogem® (1000 mg/L); Group 5: (1000 mg/L) + blue LED; and Group 6: blue LED. The exposure times to the photosensitizing agent and to the light source were 30 min (pre-incubation time) and 20 min (144 J/cm2 energy density), respectively. At 0, 1, 3 and 7 days posttreatment, the animals had their palatal mucosa photographed for macroscopic analysis and were immediately sacrificed. The palate was removed for further analysis by light and fluorescence microscopy. Thermal mapping was made to evaluate the temperature change occurred in the tissue during LED irradiation. In all experimental groups and periods, the macroscopic analysis revealed intact mucosa with normal aspect similar to that of Group 1 (control). Tissue alterations, characterized primarily by a mild inflammation, were observed microscopically on the mucosa of only 4 out of 80 animals subjected to PDT. Photosensitizer penetration into the treated mucosa was identified by the fluorescence emitted by Photogem® and was limited to the epithelial layer. The thermal mapping revealed a temperature increase from 35 to 41ºC during the 20-min irradiation. In conclusion, under the tested conditions, PDT using Photogem® at 500 and 1000 mg/L concentrations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ana Cláudia Pavarina / Coorientador: Carlos Alberto de Souza / Banca: Eunice Teresinha Giampaolo / Banca: Cristina Kuraschi / Mestre

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