Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:37:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 04783.pdf: 1232325 bytes, checksum: c8fd8eb06b52eca9b9846e965159285b (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

For classical and intensity modulated radiation therapy of deep-seated tumors, high-energy photons are the optimal radiation modality from an integral dose point of view. By using narrow scanned beams the treatment outcome can be improved substantially by delivering biologically optimized intensity modulated distributions often with sharp dose gradients. This requires using photons with energies well above 15 MV enabling verification of the treatment delivery in vivo by PET/CT imaging in a manner not previously possible. This new technique is based on the production of positron emitting radionuclides when the incoming high-energy photons interact through photonuclear reactions with the body tissues. The produced radionuclides, commonly 11C, 15O and 13N can then be monitored by PET and the distribution of activated nuclei show exactly where the radiation has penetrated the patient. In the subcutaneous fat, present in all humans, a high induced activity produces a perfect visualization of the location and even the intensity modulation of the incident beams. The reason for this is the high carbon content in combination with a low biological perfusion in fat tissues. Errors in the patient positioning such as setup errors or misplacement of the beams will thus show up in the PET images as a deviation from the actual radiation treatment plan. Interestingly, the imaged activity distribution from the subcutaneous fat also visualizes how the dose delivery can be deformed when the patient is erroneously positioned on the treatment couch as seen on the cover figure. Furthermore, the different half-lives of the produced radionuclides (20 min, 2 min, and 10 min, for 11C, 15O and 13N, respectively) allows for analysis of the dynamic behavior of tissue activity with the possibility of retrieving information such as tissue composition, biological and physical half-lives. The present thesis shows that considerable clinical information regarding the treatment delivery with high-energy photon beams can be obtained using PET/CT imaging. Although the study is based on the use of 50 MV photons the method may apply for beams with energies &gt; 20 MV at higher doses. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper: Manuscript.</p>

The research presented in this dissertation investigated selected processes that involve baryons and nuclei in hard scattering reactions. These processes are characterized by the production of particles with large energies and transverse momenta. Through these processes, this work explored both, the constituent (quark) structure of baryons (specifically nucleons and ∆-Isobars), and the mechanisms through which the interactions between these constituents ultimately control the selected reactions. The first of such reactions is the hard nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering, which was studied here considering the quark exchange between the nucleons to be the dominant mechanism of interaction in the constituent picture. In particular, it was found that an angular asymmetry exhibited by proton-neutron elastic scattering data is explained within this framework if a quark-diquark picture dominates the nucleon’s structure instead of a more traditional SU(6) three quarks representation. The latter yields an asymmetry around 90o center of mass scattering with a sign opposite to what is experimentally observed. The second process is the hard breakup by a photon of a nucleon-nucleon system in light nuclei. Proton-proton (pp) and proton-neutron (pn) breakup in 3He, and ∆∆-isobars production in deuteron breakup were analyzed in the hard rescattering model (HRM), which in conjunction with the quark interchange mechanism provides a QCD description of the reaction. Through the HRM, cross sections for both channels in 3He photodisintegration were computed without the need of a fitting parameter. The results presented here for pp breakup show excellent agreement with recent experimental data. In ∆∆-isobars production in deuteron breakup, the HRM angular distributions for the two ∆∆ channels were compared to the pn channel and to each other. An important prediction from this study is that the ∆++∆- channel consistently dominates ∆+∆0, which is in contrast with models that unlike the HRM consider a ∆∆ system in the initial state of the interaction. For such models both channels should have the same strength. These results are important in developing a QCD description of the atomic nucleus.

There is a present and future need for the medical isotope Actinium-225, currently in short supply worldwide.  Only a couple manufacturers produce it in very low quantities.  In roughly the past 10 years the medical community has explored the use of Ac-225 and its daughter Bismuth-213 for targeting a number of differing cancers by way of Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT). This method utilizes the alpha-decay of both Ac-225 (half-life 10 days) and Bi-213 (half-life 46 min) to kill cancerous cells on a localized basis.  Maximum energy is delivered to the cancer cells thereby greatly minimizing healthy tissue damage. This research proposes a production method using a high-energy photon spectrum (generated by a linear accelerator or LINAC) to irradiate a sample of Radium-226 (half-life 1600yrs).  The photo-neutron reaction liberates neutrons from Ra-226 atoms leaving behind Radium-225 (half-life 14.7 days).  Ra-225 decays naturally through beta emission to Ac-225.  Previous research demonstrated it is possible to produce Ac-225 using a LINAC; however, very low yields resulted which questioned the feasibility of this production method.  This research proposes a number of LINAC and radium sample modifications that could be greatly increase yield amounts for practical use. Additionally, photo-neutron cross-section data for Ra-226 was used, which led to improved yield calculations for Ra-225.  A MATLAB® model was also created, which enables users to perform quick yield estimates given several key model parameter inputs.  Obtaining a sufficient supply of radium material is also of critical importance to this research.  Therefore information was gathered regarding availability and inventory of Radium-226.  This production method would serve as a way to not only eliminate many hazardous radium sources destined for interim storage, but provide a substantial supply of Ac-225 for future cancer treatment. / Master of Science

The intense electromagnetic fields surrounding highly charged, ultra-relativistic ions at the LHC provide an intense flux of quasi-real photons. This high-energy photon flux provides a precise probe of the structure of the nucleus in photonuclear interactions and a tool to precisely study the properties of photoproduction in two-photon interactions. This thesis presents recent results from studies of photoproduction processes in √𝒔_𝐍𝐍 = 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC, using data collected in 2015 and 2018. A measurement of the differential cross-section for photonuclear jet production is performed with an integrated luminosity of 1.72 nb⁻¹. This measurement is triple-differential in two different sets of kinematic variables ([𝐻_𝐓, 𝒙_𝐀, 𝒛_𝛾] and [𝐻_𝐓, 𝒚_jets, 𝒎_jets) which allow for a direct measurement of the kinematics of struck partons in the nuclear target, and it is fully unfolded in three dimensions. After performing detailed studies of the rate for nuclear breakup in these collisions, the photonuclear jet cross-sections agree with leading-order predictions at the level of 10%. The uncertainty on this measurement and full treatment of its correlated uncertainties will allow for it to significantly constrain the nuclear parton distributions over a wide region of parton kinematics. A measurement was also performed of dimuon production via two-photon fusion in Pb+Pb collisions with nuclear overlap. This measurement studied the relative deflection of muons in each pair, and its results indicated that these distributions are substantially modified as a function of collision centrality. This modification is mostly well-described by initial-state models, which improve the modelling of the photon flux by incorporating correlations between the collision impact parameter and photon 𝒑_𝐓. Additional studies were performed to constrain the potential impact of any deflections due to the presence of strong magnetic fields in the hot, dense medium produced in heavy ion collisions.

No description available.

Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo do comportamento fotoquímico e fotofísico de complexos mononucleares de rênio do tipo fac-[Re(CO)3(N N)(L)]+(N N = 1,10-fenantrolina, phen, dipirido[3,2-a:2,3-c]fenazina, dppz, L= trans-1,2bis(4-piridil)etileno, trans-bpe, trans-4-estirilpiridina. trans-stpy) e dos complexos binucleares [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+, [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN5]2- e [(phen)(CO)3Re(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+. O enfoque principal deste trabalho é a investigação das propriedades fotoquímicas dos complexos fac-[ Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-stpy)]+ fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-bpe)+ e [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+. Observou-se que os compostos em solução de acetonitrila, sob irradiação a 313, 334 ou 365 nm, apresentam variação espectral com definição de pontos isosbésticos, resultante do processo de fotoisomerização trans&#8594;cis do ligante coordenado trans-piridil etileno. Os rendimentos quânticos, &#934;, da reação de fotoisomerização foram calculados com base no decaimento espectral das bandas de absorção das transições eletrônicas. Os valores médios determinados para a fotoisomeriação dos complexos em solução de CH3CN variam de 0,15 - 0,39 sob excitação a 313 nm e de 0,12 - 0,33 sob excitação a 365 nm. As reações de fotoisomerização foram monitoradas também por medidas de emissão e por RMN de 1H. Observou-se um aumento da intensidade de luminescência com o tempo de irradiação dos complexos, consistente com o estado emissivo 3MLCT d&#960;[(Re)&#8594;&#960;*(&#945;-diimina). Após irradiação, as reações de fotoisomerização dos complexos foram monitoradas por RMN de 1H. Os sinais de prótons do isômero trans tiveram um decréscimo gradual, enquanto que a intensidade dos sinais referentes aos prótons da espécie cis aumentaram. Os rendimentos quânticos para o processo de fotoisomerização dos complexos foram calculados através da integração das áreas dos sinais de prótons. Os valores obtidos foram maiores, pelo menos o dobro, que aqueles valores obtidos via espectroscopia UV-Vis. O comportamento fotoquímico dos complexos incorporados em polimetacrilato de metila, PMMA, foi também investigado. A fotólise cios complexos em filmes de PMMA conduz à variação espectral, de absorção e emissão, similar àquela observada em solução de acetonitrila, atribuícla ao processo de fotoisomerização trans &#8594; cis do ligante coordenado. Este estudo mostra que a fotoisomerização do ligante coordenado trans-piridil etileno pode ser promovida também em meio rígido. Essa característica. típica de um dispositivo molecular, pode ser convenientemente explorada no desenvolvimento de fotossensores. As medidas de TRIR mostram que o estado excitado de menor energia para o fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+ é o 3&#960;&#960;*. Para o fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+ a ordem dos estados excitados aparecem invertidas com o 3MLCT <3&#960;&#960;*, evidenciado pela emissão do complexo cis à temperatura ambiente. Nas espécies binucleares, [(phen) Re(CO)3(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ e [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2-, a fotoisomerização trans &#8594; cis do ligante coordenado trans-bpe, característica da subunidade fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+, é inibida pela competição de transferência de energia intramolecular. Em meio rígido, em PMMA ou em EPA a 77 K, os máximos de emissão dos complexos fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-stpy)r e [(CO)3(phen)Re(cis-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ sofrem um deslocamento hipsocrômico com o aumento da rigidez do meio. As mudanças nas propriedades emissivas, em termos de energia e tempo de vida do estado excitado, são discutidas baseadas no efeito rigidocrômico luminescente. O trabalho mostra uma forma interessante de fotos sensibilizar um substrato orgâmco usando o fato de que a coordenação estende a absorção do ligante a uma região de comprimento de onda maior e promove a fotoisomerização assistida por complexos metálicos em energias menores. / In this work the photochemical and photophysical behavior of rhenium complexes fac-[Re(CO3( N N )(L\')]+N N = 1,10 phenanthroline, phen; dipirido[3,2-a:2\',3\'-c]phenazine, dppz; L\'= trans-1,2bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, trans-bpe; trans-4-styrylpyridine, trans-stpy) and binuclear complexes [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+, [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2+ and [(phen)(CO)3Re(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ were investigated. The main focus of the work is the investigation of photochemical behavior of fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-stpy)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-bpe)]+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ in acetonitrile solution. Photolyses of rhenium completes at 313. 334 or 365 nm led to spectral changes with clear and well defined isosbestic points. These spectral changes are due to the trans &#8594; cis isomerization process of the coordinated pyridyl-ethenyl ligand. Quantum yields, &#934;, for isomerization processes were calculated based on the absorption spectral changes. The average values for the isomerization reactions of the complexes in CH3CN solution are 0.15 - 0.39 at 313 nm excitation and 0.12 - 0.33 at 365 nm excitation. The photoisomerization reactions were also followed by emission and 1H NMR measurements. An increasing luminescence was observed after complexes irradiation which is consistent with an emitting 3MLCT state, d&#960;(Re)&#8594;&#960;*(&#945;.-diimine). Upon irradiation, the photoisomerization reactions for complexes were monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The proton signals of the trans isomer were found to decrease gradually while the cis isomer signals gradually built up in intensity. Quantum yields for the isomerization process were calculated by integratian of the proton signals. The values abtained in this way were higher, twice at least, than those obtained by UV-Vis electronic spectroscopy. The photochemical behavior of the complexes incorporated in poly(methyl methacrilate), PMMA, was also investigated. Photolyses of the complexes in PMMA films lead to UV-Visible and emission changes similar to those observed in solution, due to the trans &#8594; cis isomerization of the coordinated ligand. Therefore the photoisomerization is occurring even in rigid media. This feature, typical for molecular devices, can be conveniently exploited, such as for photosensors. TRIR measurements showed that the lowest lying excited state is a bpe-based 3&#960;&#960;* for the fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+ complex. For fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+ the ordering of low-lying states appears to be reversed with 3MLCT < 3&#960;&#960;*, evidenced by emission of the cis complex at room temperature. In the binuclear species. [(phen)Re(CO)3(trans-bpe )Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2-, the trans &#8594; cis photoisomerization of the coordinated trans-bpe ligand. characteristic of the Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+ subunit, is inhibited by competitive intramolecular energy transfer. In a rigid medium, such as PMMA or EPA at 77 K, the emission maxima of fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-stpy)+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(cis-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ complexes exhibit hypsochromic shifts as the medium rigidity increases. Changes in emission properties (energy and lifetime of excited states) are discussed based on the luminescent rigidochromic effect. This work presents an interesting approach to photosensitization of an organic substrate by using the red-shifted absorption of the complex to achieve the photoassisted isomerization by irradiation in the low energy region.

Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo do comportamento fotoquímico e fotofísico de complexos mononucleares de rênio do tipo fac-[Re(CO)3(N N)(L)]+(N N = 1,10-fenantrolina, phen, dipirido[3,2-a:2,3-c]fenazina, dppz, L= trans-1,2bis(4-piridil)etileno, trans-bpe, trans-4-estirilpiridina. trans-stpy) e dos complexos binucleares [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+, [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN5]2- e [(phen)(CO)3Re(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+. O enfoque principal deste trabalho é a investigação das propriedades fotoquímicas dos complexos fac-[ Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-stpy)]+ fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-bpe)+ e [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+. Observou-se que os compostos em solução de acetonitrila, sob irradiação a 313, 334 ou 365 nm, apresentam variação espectral com definição de pontos isosbésticos, resultante do processo de fotoisomerização trans&#8594;cis do ligante coordenado trans-piridil etileno. Os rendimentos quânticos, &#934;, da reação de fotoisomerização foram calculados com base no decaimento espectral das bandas de absorção das transições eletrônicas. Os valores médios determinados para a fotoisomeriação dos complexos em solução de CH3CN variam de 0,15 - 0,39 sob excitação a 313 nm e de 0,12 - 0,33 sob excitação a 365 nm. As reações de fotoisomerização foram monitoradas também por medidas de emissão e por RMN de 1H. Observou-se um aumento da intensidade de luminescência com o tempo de irradiação dos complexos, consistente com o estado emissivo 3MLCT d&#960;[(Re)&#8594;&#960;*(&#945;-diimina). Após irradiação, as reações de fotoisomerização dos complexos foram monitoradas por RMN de 1H. Os sinais de prótons do isômero trans tiveram um decréscimo gradual, enquanto que a intensidade dos sinais referentes aos prótons da espécie cis aumentaram. Os rendimentos quânticos para o processo de fotoisomerização dos complexos foram calculados através da integração das áreas dos sinais de prótons. Os valores obtidos foram maiores, pelo menos o dobro, que aqueles valores obtidos via espectroscopia UV-Vis. O comportamento fotoquímico dos complexos incorporados em polimetacrilato de metila, PMMA, foi também investigado. A fotólise cios complexos em filmes de PMMA conduz à variação espectral, de absorção e emissão, similar àquela observada em solução de acetonitrila, atribuícla ao processo de fotoisomerização trans &#8594; cis do ligante coordenado. Este estudo mostra que a fotoisomerização do ligante coordenado trans-piridil etileno pode ser promovida também em meio rígido. Essa característica. típica de um dispositivo molecular, pode ser convenientemente explorada no desenvolvimento de fotossensores. As medidas de TRIR mostram que o estado excitado de menor energia para o fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+ é o 3&#960;&#960;*. Para o fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+ a ordem dos estados excitados aparecem invertidas com o 3MLCT <3&#960;&#960;*, evidenciado pela emissão do complexo cis à temperatura ambiente. Nas espécies binucleares, [(phen) Re(CO)3(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ e [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2-, a fotoisomerização trans &#8594; cis do ligante coordenado trans-bpe, característica da subunidade fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+, é inibida pela competição de transferência de energia intramolecular. Em meio rígido, em PMMA ou em EPA a 77 K, os máximos de emissão dos complexos fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-stpy)r e [(CO)3(phen)Re(cis-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ sofrem um deslocamento hipsocrômico com o aumento da rigidez do meio. As mudanças nas propriedades emissivas, em termos de energia e tempo de vida do estado excitado, são discutidas baseadas no efeito rigidocrômico luminescente. O trabalho mostra uma forma interessante de fotos sensibilizar um substrato orgâmco usando o fato de que a coordenação estende a absorção do ligante a uma região de comprimento de onda maior e promove a fotoisomerização assistida por complexos metálicos em energias menores. / In this work the photochemical and photophysical behavior of rhenium complexes fac-[Re(CO3( N N )(L\')]+N N = 1,10 phenanthroline, phen; dipirido[3,2-a:2\',3\'-c]phenazine, dppz; L\'= trans-1,2bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, trans-bpe; trans-4-styrylpyridine, trans-stpy) and binuclear complexes [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+, [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2+ and [(phen)(CO)3Re(trans-bpe)Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ were investigated. The main focus of the work is the investigation of photochemical behavior of fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-stpy)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(dppz)(trans-bpe)]+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ in acetonitrile solution. Photolyses of rhenium completes at 313. 334 or 365 nm led to spectral changes with clear and well defined isosbestic points. These spectral changes are due to the trans &#8594; cis isomerization process of the coordinated pyridyl-ethenyl ligand. Quantum yields, &#934;, for isomerization processes were calculated based on the absorption spectral changes. The average values for the isomerization reactions of the complexes in CH3CN solution are 0.15 - 0.39 at 313 nm excitation and 0.12 - 0.33 at 365 nm excitation. The photoisomerization reactions were also followed by emission and 1H NMR measurements. An increasing luminescence was observed after complexes irradiation which is consistent with an emitting 3MLCT state, d&#960;(Re)&#8594;&#960;*(&#945;.-diimine). Upon irradiation, the photoisomerization reactions for complexes were monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The proton signals of the trans isomer were found to decrease gradually while the cis isomer signals gradually built up in intensity. Quantum yields for the isomerization process were calculated by integratian of the proton signals. The values abtained in this way were higher, twice at least, than those obtained by UV-Vis electronic spectroscopy. The photochemical behavior of the complexes incorporated in poly(methyl methacrilate), PMMA, was also investigated. Photolyses of the complexes in PMMA films lead to UV-Visible and emission changes similar to those observed in solution, due to the trans &#8594; cis isomerization of the coordinated ligand. Therefore the photoisomerization is occurring even in rigid media. This feature, typical for molecular devices, can be conveniently exploited, such as for photosensors. TRIR measurements showed that the lowest lying excited state is a bpe-based 3&#960;&#960;* for the fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)]+ complex. For fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)]+ the ordering of low-lying states appears to be reversed with 3MLCT < 3&#960;&#960;*, evidenced by emission of the cis complex at room temperature. In the binuclear species. [(phen)Re(CO)3(trans-bpe )Os(terpy)(bpy)]3+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(trans-bpe)Fe(CN)5]2-, the trans &#8594; cis photoisomerization of the coordinated trans-bpe ligand. characteristic of the Re(CO)3(phen)(trans-bpe)+ subunit, is inhibited by competitive intramolecular energy transfer. In a rigid medium, such as PMMA or EPA at 77 K, the emission maxima of fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-bpe)+, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(cis-stpy)+ and [(CO)3(phen)Re(cis-bpe)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+ complexes exhibit hypsochromic shifts as the medium rigidity increases. Changes in emission properties (energy and lifetime of excited states) are discussed based on the luminescent rigidochromic effect. This work presents an interesting approach to photosensitization of an organic substrate by using the red-shifted absorption of the complex to achieve the photoassisted isomerization by irradiation in the low energy region.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12444.pdf: 2861377 bytes, checksum: f197a83330e61c5fa6654676c3363a7f (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - IF/USP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12444.pdf: 2861377 bytes, checksum: f197a83330e61c5fa6654676c3363a7f (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - IF/USP