La chimie du fluor a connu un essor considérable ces dernières années en raison des caractéristiques remarquables de cet halogène et de l'influence qu'il exerce sur les propriétés physicochimiques des molécules organiques l'incorporant. De nombreuses molécules fluorées sont désormais utilisées comme médicaments ou en agriculture. Au laboratoire, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de nouvelles stratégies directes et efficaces pour incorporer un groupement trifluorométhyle sur une double liaison carbone-carbone. Pour cela, des procédés faisant intervenir la catalyse photoinduite ont été employés.Tout d'abord, la synthèse d'amines β-trifluorométhylées a été mise au point en utilisant des enecarbamates comme substrats de départ. Une deuxième approche a consisté à utiliser des styrènes, commerciaux ou plus facile d'accès, et d'introduire l'atome d'azote par addition concomitante du nucléophile et du groupement CF₃. Cette stratégie a été ensuite étendue à d'autres nucléophiles carbonés ou halogénés de façon obtenir une grande diversité structurale. Enfin, la réactivité inattendue des 2-vinylbenzaldéhydes nous a permis d'appliquer nos méthodologies photocatalysées à la synthèse de phthalanes, composés présents dans un grand nombre de produits naturels ou biologiquement actifs. / Over the past decade, organic fluorine chemistry has attracted wide interest due to the unique nature of this halogen which modifies the physicochemical properties of molecules. Numerous fluorinated compounds are nowadays used in medicine and crop science. These features have stimulated the development of new strategies for the efficient introduction of fluorine, especially the trifluoromethyl group into organic molecules. Among the contemporary methods, visible-light photoredox trifluoromethylation of alkenes is an efficient and attractive strategy. This first aim was to develop a methodology giving rise to original β-trifluoromethylamines. We could efficiently perform a photocatalyzed α-β-difunctionalization of enecarbamates through a three-component reaction between enecarbamates, Togni reagent, and a nucleophile: alcohol, cyanide or azide. Another approach uses styrenes, which are commercially available compounds or easily accessible. The nitrogen atom was introduced by concomitant addition of a CF₃ group and an azido or amino function. The second project of my PhD was to extend this methodology to aromatic or heteroaromatic nucleophiles leading to the formation of 1,1 diarylalkane derivatives, which are present in many biologically active products. Changing the nucleophilic partner to halogen (chlorine, bromine or iodine) is also very effective. Finally, the photoredox-mediated process has been applied to the synthesis of 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans, commonly named phthalans and their nitrogen analogs: 1,3-isoindolines.

Nitrogen-centred radicals (NCRs) are powerful reaction intermediates that allow key bonds to nitrogen to be formed. However, the generation of NCRs typically requires pre-functionalised precursors that can be difficult to access and harsh reaction conditions in the formation of the NCR itself which has limited synthetic application. In this thesis, the application of visible-light mediated photoredox catalysis towards the generation of iminyl and amidyl radicals is demonstrated and the advances to NCR chemistry this has facilitated. Initial work developed electron-poor O-aryl oximes as suitable precursors for hydroimination reactions, activated via single-electron reduction under photoredox conditions. These precursors are accessible by a simple condensation reaction with the commercially available hydroxylamine and can be purified by recrystallization. The realisation of a transition metal-free protocol was made possible by using the organic dye eosin Y as the photocatalyst. This activation mode was then extended to the generation of (carb)amidyl-radicals from easy-to-make O-aryl hydroxylamides. Similar transition metal-free photoredox reaction conditions could be applied in intramolecular hydroamidation reactions allowing the preparation of lactams and cyclic (thio)carbamates. For the first time N-Boc and N-Cbz protected amidyl-radicals were utilised despite the very high electrophilic nature of these species. Finally, one of the big challenges associated with NCR chemistry was addressed; the development of multicomponent reactions for the divergent synthesis of complex N-containing molecules. Previously developed O-aryl precursors proved unsuitable and instead a novel class of alpha-imino acid precursors were identified that can be activated via oxidation under photoredox conditions. This activation mode was also rendered transition metal-free by using the Fukuzumi photoredox catalyst. These new NCR precursors proved crucial in developing a divergent methodology that allows the synthesis of up to fifteen iminofunctionalised products from a single starting material. Moreover, this methodology could be applied to the modification of complex natural products such as immunosuppressant drug mycophenolic acid and alkaloid thebaine. One could envisage such an approach may be ideal for a drug discovery type situation where changes in functionality can greater alter drug activity.

Given the occurrence and diversity of nitrogen-containing molecules, the development of new amination methods is of significant importance. Indeed, a recent study shows that 60% of the FDA approved drugs contain a nitrogen heterocycle. Undoubtedly, novel methodologies arising for uncommon intermediates for the incorporation of nitrogen atoms are needed to access more complex molecules. The present document focus on the development of new methods for the formation of C-N and N-N bonds for the synthesis of acyclic and heterocyclic products. Isocyanates are useful synthons and reactive intermediates. To overcome their toxicity and instability, blocked (or masked) isocyanates have been developed: an equilibrium generates the isocyanate in-situ, allowing for safer precursors and better control over the concentration of the reactive isocyanate. This strategy enables the development of new reactivity, particularly for heteroatom-substituted isocyanates. However, reactions of oxygen-substituted isocyanates (O-isocyanates) remained severely underdeveloped. In Chapter 2, bench-stable N-oxy-carbamates and N-oxyureas are reacted under basecatalysis or thermal conditions to form the corresponding O-isocyanate intermediate in situ. In the first part of this chapter, a survey was performed and optimum experimental conditions for the controlled formation of O-isocyanate intermediates from the block precursors were found. Gratifyingly, the known side-reactions of O-isocyanates (trimerization and 1,2-shift) were avoided and different nucleophiles and substituents were studied for the controlled formation of N-oxyureas via substitution reaction of blocked O-isocyanates. Cascade reactions provided the opportunity to further develop this controlled reactivity of O-isocyanates. Herein, the first cascade-reaction of O-isocyanates is portrayed using - and -aminoester as the partners for the synthesis of hydantoin and dihydrouracil derivatives (>30 examples). Moreover, the conditions were modified to perform the reaction with -alcohol and - thioesters. Finally, evidence for the O-isocyanate intermediate is provided.

This thesis concerns the development of novel catalytic approaches for the construction of stereocentres bearing a nitrogen atom. In 2011, the Dixon group reported a Ag(I)/cinchona-derived amino phosphine catalytic system for the activation of isocyanoacetates in asymmetric aldol and Mannich reactions. During this thesis work it was sought to extend the scope of this catalytic system to Mannich additions of other isocyanide pronucleophiles, then the focus was broadened to include Reformatsky and α-alkylation reactions of ketimine substrates. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the state of the art with particular emphasis on catalytic enantioselective additions to ketimines and the use of activated isocyanides as pronucleophiles. Chapter 2 describes the application of the Ag-catalysed enantio- and diastereoselective aldol reaction of isocyanoacetates to the concise asymmetric synthesis of the antibiotic chloramphenicol, which possesses a chiral stereodefined α-amino β-hydroxy motif. Chapter 3 details our efforts to expand the scope of the Ag(I)/amino phosphine catalytic system to the activation of more challenging isocyanides lacking an electron-withdrawing group in the α-position by investigating aldol and Mannich reactions of benzyl isocyanide. Chapter 4 describes how the scope of the Ag(I)/amino phosphine catalytic system was successfully extended to another pronucleophile, the versatile p-toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC). The first catalytic enantio- and diastereoselective addition of TosMIC to N-diphenylphosphinoyl (N-DPP) ketimines was developed, affording 2-imidazolines possessing two contiguous stereocentres with high yields and excellent levels of stereocontrol. Chapter 5 describes the development of a Ni(II)-catalysed Reformatsky reaction of N-DPP ketimines with ethyl bromoacetate and diethylzinc, providing racemic amines bearing a quaternary stereocentre in the α-position in good yields. Chapter 6 reports the serendipitous discovery of the α-alkylation of N-DPP ketimines with ethyl bromoacetate using visible light photoredox catalysis. The transformation, catalysed by ruthenium(II) and nickel(II) complexes under mild conditions, was optimised, its scope assessed and the mechanism investigated.

Radical chemistry is a crucial tool to organic chemists. Recent trends in the field have been directed towards the development of photocatalysts capable of generating a radical through a renewable source like sunlight using a single electron transfer mechanism. The use of Au2dppm2Cl2, having a stronger reducing potential, allows an expansion of the reactivity to those achieved by iridium and ruthenium catalysts.1 The focus of this thesis is axed on the development of Au2dppm2Cl2 as an efficient photoredox catalyst for a tandem one-pot catalysis and its application in a dual catalytic system. The use of Au2dppm2Cl2 in a dual catalysis for the synthesis of β-amino acids was undertaken. The problems encountered over the course of the investigation showed an insufficient oxidation potential of the photoredox catalyst in addition to the facile homolytic cleavage of the C-halogen bond under UV light. However, this shows great promise for the achievement of beta amino acids using solely organocatalysis. The development of a tandem one-pot radical cyclization for the synthesis of fused- carbocycles, which are frequently encountered scaffolds in diterpenoid natural products, is reported. The initial experiments were conducted on a model substrate, enabling the verification of the proposed hypothesis. The success of this methodology was then applied to various substrates affording the desired fused 5 membered rings in good yields. These reactions show tremendous potential in the field of total synthesis for the rapid access of complex molecular structures. (1) Revol, G.; McCallum, T.; Morin, M.; Gagosz, F.; Barriault, L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 13342.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21587号 / 理博第4494号 / 新制||理||1645(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 依光 英樹, 教授 大須賀 篤弘, 教授 丸岡 啓二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Dans le cadre de nos travaux, deux méthodes de fonctionnalisation d’hétérocycles par catalyse organométallique ont été développée. Dans un premier temps, l’introduction d’un motif oléfinique en position C3 sur des hétérocycles à 5 chaînons a été réalisée grâce à un système catalytique basé sur l’utilisation d’un sel de rhodium(III) et d’un sel d’argent. Malgré quelques limites au niveau du champ d’application de la méthode, cette dernière se trouve être particulièrement efficace pour l’introduction d’acrylate en position C3 sur ces hétérocycles. L’emploi ici d’un carbamate comme groupe directeur nous a permis d’effectuer un grand nombre de réaction de post-fonctionnalisation tels que des couplages croisés catalysés par des sels de nickel et de fer. La seconde partie de nos travaux concerne la mise au point d’une réaction d’arylation de 2-quinolone en position C3 par catalyse photorédox. Dans des conditions particulièrement douces (température ambiante, sans additifs), l’arylation de ces 2-quinolones a été effectuée en utilisant des sels d’aryldiazonium tétrafluoroborate comme précurseur de radicaux aryles. Des expériences de contrôles, des mesures de spectres d’absorption UV-visible ainsi qu’une expérience de type ON/OFF ont également été entrepris afin d’élucider le mécanisme de cette réaction d’arylation photocatalysée. / The work presented in this manuscript concerns two methods of functionalization of heterocycles by using organometallic catalysis. Firstly, the introduction of an olefinic moiety at the C3 position of 5-membered heterocycles was achieved by a catalytic system based on the use of a rhodium(III) salt and a silver salt. Despite some limitations in the scope, this method was found to be particularly effective for the introduction of an acrylate group at the C3 position of these heterocycles. Furthermore, the use of carbamate as a directing group, has allowed a large number of post-functionalization reactions such as cross-couplings catalyzed by nickel and iron salts. The second part of our work was devoted to the arylation of 2-quinolone at the C3 position by photoredox catalysis. More particularly, under mild conditions (ambient temperature, without additives), the arylation of these 2-quinolones was carried out using aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts as a precursor of aryl radicals. Control experiments, measurements of UV-visible absorption spectra and an ON/OFF experiment were also performed to elucidate the mechanism of this photocatalysed arylation.

Substituted heterocycles are common building-blocks for biologically relevant molecules and represent challenging synthetic targets. Due to limited methods available for their preparation and derivatization, direct C-H functionalization protocols offer considerable advantages. Radical chemistry has shown great potential in this regard; however traditional approaches are unattractive due to poor selectivity and harsh reaction conditions. Visible light photoredox catalysis, on the other hand, is a mild alternative for alkyl radical generation and has proven its utility in organic synthesis. The work encompassed in this thesis details the efforts towards the development of practical photoredox-based functionalizations of heterocycles. Specific focus is placed upon overcoming obstacles pertaining to H-atom abstraction, back electron transfer, and redox strength of photocatalysts to achieve efficient C-Br bond reductions, amine oxidations, and C-C bond formations. In pursuit of these objectives, a C2-selective malonation of indoles and other electron-rich heteroarenes was accomplished in high yields using photocatalyst Ru(bpy)3Cl2, p-CH3OC6H4NPh, and blue LEDs as the light source. Use of a triarylamine over a trialkylamine suppressed H-atom abstraction and promoted C-C bond formation. Subsequent exploitation of the reductive quenching cycle of Ru(bpy)3Cl2 and use of Cl3CBr as an alternative oxidant led to an oxidative nucleophilic trapping of tetrahydroisoquinolines to provide a diverse set of analogues. Finally, photoredox catalysis was utilized for the creation of C-C bonds in the context of complex molecule synthesis. A variety of bromopyrroloindolines and indoles were coupled to furnish C3-C3' and C3-C2' bisindole alkaloids, which was successfully applied to the total synthesis of gliocladin C and related analogues. Moreover, fine-tuning of the redox cycle with photocatalyst Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)PF6 and LiB(cat)2 as the reductive quencher enabled the coupling less-reactive substrates and suppression of back electron transfer.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Alkyl radicals are powerful intermediates for the generation of carbon-carbon bonds, which play an indispensable role in the synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Traditionally, there are two main methods for the generation of alkyl radicals. The first is C-H bond functionalization via hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT). HAT processes have been used as an effective approach for selectively activating C-H bonds via radical pathways. The other strategy to explore the generation of alkyl radicals is C-X bond functionalization via halogen-atom-transfer (XAT). Alkyl halides are one of the largest classes of building blocks in synthesis and they can be obtained from the corresponding alcohols. The most straightforward and effective way to form such alkyl radicals is the direct homolytic cleavage of C-X bonds. In past decades, photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful and greener tool for the synthesis of radicals under mild reaction conditions, which has brought tremendous attention. Although remarkable success has been made in this field, some methods still require costly transition metal catalysts or toxic reagents. Herein, we display a series of visible light-induced approaches under transition-metal free conditions or using earth-abundant metals. These novel photo-induced transformations and corresponding mechanistic work will be discussed in the following order: We will first present our work on metal-free visible-light-promoted C(sp3)-H functionalization of aliphatic cyclic ethers using trace O2. This reaction uses a trace amount of aerobic oxygen as the sole green oxidant under blue light at room temperature to achieve the synthesis of sulfone and phosphate derivatives in good to excellent yields using cyclic ethers and vinyl sulfones. Then, we report on a photo-induced C(sp3)-H chalcogenation of amide derivatives and ethers via a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer. This reaction converts secondary and tertiary amides, sulfonamides, and carbamates into the corresponding amido-N,S-acetal derivatives in good yields, using an earth abundant metal catalyst under mild conditions. Finally, we present a photoredox polyfluoroarylation of alkyl halides via halogen atom transfer. This method converts primary, secondary, and tertiary unactivated abundant alkyl halides into the corresponding polyfluoroaryl compounds in good yields and has good functional group compatibility.

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