No description available.

Silicon phthalocyanines (R₂-SiPcs) are an emerging class of high-performance n-type or ambipolar organic semiconductors which have found application in organic electronic devices, including organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Owing to their tetravalent silicon metal centre, R₂-SiPcs can be substituted with a range of axial ligands including phenols, carboxylic acids, and silanes to tune their intermolecular interactions, optical properties, electronic properties and solubility. While early reports of R₂-SiPcs have demonstrated promising results, the relationship between their structure and performance in OTFTs is poorly understood. Additionally, many OTFTs with R₂-SiPcs as semiconductor only demonstrate n-type behaviour under inert atmospheres due to their shallow lowest unoccupied orbital level below -4.1 eV making them susceptible to electron trapping by moisture and oxygen. This thesis presents developments in both the understanding of how R₂-SiPc structure influences performance, device engineering and exploration of these materials in ammonia sensors. First, I develop of structure-property relationships for a catalogue of fifteen R₂-SiPcs integrated into OTFTs including eleven materials used in OTFTs for the first time. I then explore the influence of dielectric surface chemistry on the texture of R₂-SiPc films and their resulting performance in OTFTs using silane self-assembled monolayers and para-sexiphenyl to understand the weak epitaxial growth behaviour of this class of materials. Next, I report eight novel peripherally fluorinated and axially substituted silicon phthalocyanines (R₂-FₓSiPcs) to investigate the influence of peripheral and axial fluorination on air-stable electron transport and determine the threshold for achieving air-stable n-type OTFTs. Finally, I integrate R₂-FₓSiPcs into organic heterojunction ammonia gas sensors to understand the influence of peripheral fluorination on the majority charge carrier in this device architecture.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The generation of ultrafast light pulses and the development of time resolved spectroscopic techniques, such as the femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy technique, have facilitated the study of ultrafast energy transfer in the photosynthetic systems of green plants and photodynamic therapy drugs. It has allowed the investigation of biological and chemical processes that take place on the ultrafast timescale and has allowed us to obtain spectral and kinetic information on energy transfer. In addition, it has allowed time resolved experiments in which the transient absorption of species under investigation was observed and has elucidated molecular dynamics. In the present work this was done with a temporal resolution of approximately 200 fs and covering a pump-to-probe delay range of 300 fs to 2 ns. The main aims of this study were to characterise the femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy system, to investigate the energy transfer in the natural light harvesting complex II (LHC II) in view of future expansion to the study of synthesized arti cial functional light harvesting complexes and nally to study ultrafast processes in zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) systems. In photosynthetic organisms, LHC II is the most abundant light harvesting complex and it plays an important role in light harvesting and photoprotection. The light energy is absorbed by light harvesting complexes and transferred to a reaction centre (RC) in an ultrafast timescale. Phthalocyanines are a new class of photosensitiser used for photodynamic therapy. These drugs are used to treat small and super cial tumours. The energy transfer from the singlet excited state to the triplet excited state occurs on an ultrafast timescale. However, recent work done on zinc phthalocyanine has proved that the determination of the ultrafast component remains a challenge. Several ultrafast studies carried out on ZnPc in solvents have been not only unsuccessful to give a clear picture of the ultrafast dynamics but have also produced divergent results. In this study, a characterisation of the femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy setup was done. The samples under investigation were probed by a white light continuum. The generation of the white light continuum introduced chirp, which in uenced the temporal evolution of the transient absorption results. The technique used to correct the chirp introduced by white light generation is discussed in detail. Our femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy setup was benchmarked by using a well known dye, namely malachite green. In addition, the investigation of the transient absorption change of LHC II, an active component in photosynthesis, as extracted from spinach leaves and the ultrafast dynamics of a promising photosensitiser ZnPc in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as well as in dimethyl formamide (DMF) was done. The spectral and dynamic results obtained using these three samples are described and exponential ts to the absorbance decay curves used to estimate the timescales of the energy transfer processes are presented. In this experiment, the dynamics and measured time constants related to the energy transfer between the different types of chlorophyll in LHC II was monitored, whereas with ZnPc, the dynamics and the measured time constants associated with solvation dynamics and vibrational relaxation was examined. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vorming van ultravinnige lig pulse en die ontwikkeling van tyd opgelosde spektroskopiese tegnieke, soos die femtosekonde pomp proef spektroskopie tegniek, het die studie van ultravinnige energie oordrag in fotosintetiese stelsels van groen plante en chemiese prosesse gefasiliteer, wat kan plaasvind op die ultravinnige tyd skaal en laat dit toe om spektrale en kinetiese informasie oor die energie oordrag te kan bepaal. Dit het ook dit moontlik gemaak om tyd opgelosde eksperimente te kan doen waarin ons veranderlike absorbsie van die monster kon ondersoek en die molekulere dinamika kon ontrafel. In hierdie werk is dit gedoen met n tyd resolusie van omtrent 200 fs termyl 'n pomp-tot-proef tydvertraging van 300 fs tot 2 ns gebruik is. Die hoof doelwitte van hierdie werk was om 'n femtosekonde pomp proef spektroskopie stelsel te karakteriseer, die energie oordrag in die natuurlike ligoes kompleks II te ondersoek met die toekomstige uitbreiding van die studie na sintetiese lig-oes komplekse as oogmerk en laastens om ultravinnige prosesse in Sink Ftalosianiene stelsels te ondersoek. In fotosintetiese organismes, is lig oes kompleks II die mees volop lig oes kompleks en speel 'n belangrike rol in lig oes en foto skerming. Die lig energie word geabsorbeer deur lig oes komplekse en dan oorgedra na reaksie middelpunte in 'n ultravinnige tydskaal. Ftalosianiene is 'n nuwe klas fotosensiteerder wat gebruik word in fotodinamiese terapie. Hierdie dwelms word gebruik om klein en oppervlakkige gewasse te behandel. Die energie oordrag van die opgewekte singlet tot die triplet toestand vind plaas op die ultravinnige tydskaal. Onlangse navorsingswerke het getoon dat die bepaling van die ultravinnige komponent 'n uitdaging bly. Verskeie vorige ondersoeke is gedoen op Sink Ftalosianiene in verskeie oplosmiddels, en nie net het hierdie studies nie 'n helder prentjie verskaf van die ultravinnige dinamika nie, maar het ook divergerende resultate opgelewer. In hierdie werk word 'n karakterisering van die femtosekonde pomp proef spektroskopie stelsel gedoen. Die monsters is ondersoek met 'n wit lig kontinuum proef. Die vorming van die wit lig kontinuum het tjirp veroorsaak, wat die tyd evolusie van die veranderlike absorbsie resultate beinvloed het. Die tegniek wat gebruik was om die tjirp te korregeer word bespreek. Ons femtosekonde pomp proef spektroskopie stelsel is gestandardiseer deur die welbekende kleurstof malachiet groen. Ons het ook die veranderlike absorbsie van lig oes kompleks II ondersoek, 'n aktiewe komponent in fotosintese, soos dit onttrek is uit spinasie blare, asook die ultravinnige dinamika van die belowende photosensitizer Sink Ftalosianiene in DMSO asook DMF. Die spektrale en dinamiese resultate verkry vanaf hierdie drie monsters word beskryf en eksponensiele passings aan die absorbsie verval kurwes is gebruik om die tydskale van die energie oordrag prosesse te skat. In hierdie eksperiment is dinamika en gemete tydkonstantes waargeneem wat toegeskryf kan word aan die energie oordrag tussen verskillende soorte chloro l in lig oes kompleks II. In die Sink Ftalosianien eksperimente is dinamika en gemete tydkonstantes waargeneem wat toegeskryf kan word aan solverings dinamika asook vibrasionele ontspanning.

No description available.

La conception de molécules pour l’optique non linéaires (ONL) est devenue un centre de recherche de pointe pour les télécommunications, les technologies de l'information et le stockage de données optiques. Les molécules dipolaires substituées par des groupes donneur-accepteur ont été les chromophores les plus étudiés pour l’ONL. Cependant les molécules dipolaires diverses limitations telles que leur transparence optique, leur faible stabilité thermique et leur tendance à adopter un alignement antiparallèle à l'état solide. Récemment, une nouvelle classe de matériaux est apparue basé sur des symétries octupolaire qui ne possède pas de dipôle permanent, pour les applications ONL. Au niveau structural, la structure générique idéale pour des molécules tridimensionnelles avec une distribution de charges octupolaire est un cube avec des charges opposées alternées à chaque angle. À ce jour, aucune molécule représentant le cube vrai (déformé) avec huit charges alternées aux sommets et délocalisation des charges complètes entre les plans supérieurs et inférieurs n’a été décrite. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, des complexes de lanthanides III à partir de phthalocyanines de type ABAB présentant en alternance des groupes donneurs et accepteurs d'électrons ont été synthétisés représentant le premier réel octupole. Ces structures ont été caractérisé par UV-NIR, X-Ray et présentent les plus élevés hyperpolarisabilité quadratique jamais enregistré pour des molécules octupolaires. En outre, ce travail a été étendu à divers type de double-decker de lanthanides homoleptiques non-octupolaire basé sur des phthalocyanines AB3, A4, B4, T4. Il a été observé que ces complexes présentent aussi des mesures d’hyperpolarisabilité quadratique élevés, mais inferieur a celles trouvé pour la série de complexes Ln (ABAB)2 octupolaire, comme prévu. / The design of nonlinear optical (NLO) molecules has become a focus of current research in telecommunications, information technologies and optical data storage. Donor-acceptor substituted dipolar molecules have been the most investigated NLO chromophores. Dipolar molecules, however, have several limitations such as low optical transparency, low thermal stability and their strong tendency to adopt anti-parallel packing in the solid state. Recently, a new class of materials based on octupolar symmetries, which lack permanent dipole moments, has been proposed for NLO applications. At a structural level, it can be shown that the basic template for 3D octupolar molecules comes to a cube with alternating charges at the corners such as donor and acceptor substituent. Despite all the various structures reported, it is worth noting that no molecules actually representing the “real” octupolar cube have been obtained so far. In this thesis, we showed that the real octupolar cube can be demonstrated by lanthanide III complexes based on ABAB type phthalocyanine featuring alternating electron donor and electron acceptor groups. These structures are characterized by UV-NIR, X-Ray and exhibit highest quadratic hyperpolarizability ever reported for an octupolar molecule. Moreover, this work was extended to nonoctupolar lanthanide homoleptic double-decker complexes based on AB3, A4, B4, T4 type phthalocyanines. It was observed that these molecules present a quite large quadratic hyperpolarizability too, but smaller than the one obtained for the Ln(ABAB)2 series, as expected. / Doğrusal olmayan optic (NLO) özellik gösteren moleküllerin tasarımı telekomünikasyon, bilgi teknolojileri ve optic very depolama alanlarında güncel bir araştırma konusudur. Alıcı-verici grup bağlı iki kutuplu moleküller en çok araştırılmış NLO malzemeleridirler. Ancak, iki kutuplu moleküllerin düşük optic şeffaflık, düşük termal kararlılık ve katı halde parallel olmayan yığılmaları gibi çeşitli sınırlamaları vardır. Son zamanlarda, kalıcı dipol momentleri olmayan octupolar simetriye dayalı, yeni bir malzeme sınıfı NLO uygulamaları için ileri sürülmüştür. Yapısal olarak bu 3D octupolar moleküller için temel şablon, köşelerinde alıcı verici grupları içeren bir olarak gösterilir. Yapılan tüm çalışmalara ragmen, bugüne kadar gerçek küpü temsil edebilen bir yapı elde edilememiştir. Bu tezde, biz bu octupolar küpün electron alıcı ve verici grupları içeren ABAB tipi halkalı yapıya dayalı lantanid kompleksleri ile ortaya konabilecğini gösterdik. Bu yapılar UV-NIR ve X-Ray ile yapıları aydınlatıldı ve bugüne kadarki en yüksek 2. dereceden NLO değerleri elde edildi. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, çeşitli octupole olmayan AB3, A4, B4 ve T4 tipi lantanit çift katlı ftalosiyaninler sentezlenerek genişletildi. Ve oktupol olmayan moleküllerin 2. Dereceden NLO değerleri oldukça büyük ama beklendiği gibi oktupol Ln(ABAB)2 daha küçük olduğu gözlendi.

A Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma modalidade de tratamento de câncer relativamente nova e promissora. Baseia-se na utilização de uma substância fotossensibilizante e luz para provocar um dano seletivo ao tecido alvo, sendo que a seletividade ao órgão/tecido deve ser reconhecida como uma das vantagens no tratamento do câncer. Atualmente, o desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação e promotores de absorção visando a otimização da liberação tópica de fotossensibilizadores, apresenta-se como um promissor e inexplorado campo de pesquisa na TFD do câncer de pele. Sistemas de liberação compostos por monoleína, um lipídeo polar biocompatível, e água são capazes de aumentar a permeação de fármacos na pele, além de serem capazes de controlar a liberação dos mesmos. No presente estudo foram desenvolvidas e caracterizadas nanodispersões de cristais líquidos como sistemas de liberação para os fotossensibilizadores Protoporfirina IX (PpIX) e Ftalocianinas de Zinco (ZnPc) e Cloro Alumínio (ClAlPc), objetivando otimizar a penetração cutânea destes na epiderme. As nanodispersões foram avaliadas em relação a sua eficiência de encapsulação, estabilidade física e química dos fotosensibilizadores veiculados, bem como a permeação e retenção cutânea in vitro e in vivo por microscopia de fluorescência. Estudos de pré-tratamento foram realizados, objetivando-se verificar o efeito promotor de absorção cutânea das nanodispersões desenvolvidas. Os experimentos de eficiência de encapsulação e estabilidade mostraram que as nanodispersões são um sistema de liberação adequado a aplicação tópica de fotosensibilizadores. Os experimentos in vitro mostraram que as nanodispersões aumentaram a penetração cutânea da PpIX e ClAlPc no estrato córneo em, respectivamente, 3,4 e 11,7 vezes, quando comparadas a formulação controle. Na epiderme mais derme sem estrato córneo, os aumentos promovidos pelas nanodispersões foram de 6,5 e 9,7 vezes para a PpIX e ClAlPc. No experimento in vivo as nanodispersões aumentaram a penetração cutânea da PpIX e ClAlPc no estrato córneo em, respectivamente, 13,7 e 7,0 vezes, quando comparadas ao controle, sendo que na epiderme mais derme sem estrato córneo somente as nanodispersões foram capazes de promover a penetração cutânea destes fotossensibilizadores nestas camadas da pele. A visualização da penetração cutânea dos fotosensibilizadores por microscopia de florescência confirmou os resultados obtidos nos experimentos in vivo de que as nanodispersões foram superiores ao controle em aumentar a penetração cutânea da PpIX e ClAlPc em camadas mais profundas da pele. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as nanodispersões desenvolvidas são sistemas de liberação promissores para a PpIX e ClAlPc no tratamento do câncer de pele na TFD uma vez que aumentaram in vitro e in vivo a penetração cutânea destes na epiderme. / Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new and promising cancer treatment modality that involves the administration of a photosensitizing drug and its subsequent activation by light to produce activated oxygen species that selectively destroy target cells. Recently, PDT to treat skin cancer is focused on the development of drug delivery systems and penetration enhancers that aim to optimize the topical release of photosensitizers. Drug delivery systems based on monoolein, a biocompatible polar lipid, and water are able to enhance the cutaneous penetration of drugs and control their release. Liquid crystal nanodispersions were developed and characterized in this project as delivery systems for the photosensitizers Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and Zinc and Chloroaluminum phthalocyanines (ZnPc and ClAlPc), aiming to increase their topical penetration in the epidermis. The physical stability of the nanodispersions, their encapsulation efficiency and the chemical stability of the photosensitizers incorporated were tested. In vitro and in vivo skin penetration tests were performed to verify the efficacy of the nanodispersions in enhancing the topical delivery of the photosensitizers. In vitro pre-treatment tests were conducted to determine if the nanodispersions are able to increase the skin penetration of the photosensitizers by a penetration enhancing effect. Stability and encapsulation efficiency tests showed that nanodispersions are an adequate topical delivery system for photosensitizers. In vitro experiments showed increased PpIX and ClAlPc penetration in the stratum corneum, respectively, of 6.5- and 9.7-fold for the nanodispersions compared to the control. In the epidermis with dermis, without stratum corneum, the increase promoted by the nanodispersions for PpIX and ClAlPc were, respectively, of 6.5- and 9.7-fold. Experimental retention in vivo confirmed that when the nanodispersions were used as carrier, PpIX and ClAlPc concentrations in the stratum corneum were about 13.7- and 7.0-fold higher, respectively, than control. In the epidermis with dermis, without stratum corneum, only the nanodispersions were able to promote the skin penetration of these photosensitizers. Visualization of PpIX and ClAlPc skin penetration by fluorescence microscopy confirmed that the nanodispersions increased the skin penetration of these photosensitizers in deeper skin layers. The results showed that the nanodispersions are promising topical delivery systems in the PDT of skin cancer once they increased in vitro and in vivo the topical penetration of PpIX and ClAlPc in the epidermis.

Yang, Yaling. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-207). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες το επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον έχει στραφεί στη μελέτη οργανικών ημιαγώγιμων υλικών με σκοπό να κατασκευαστούν ηλεκτρονικές διατάξεις με χαμηλότερο κόστος και μεγαλύτερη απόδοση από τις εμπορικές διατάξεις με ανόργανους ημιαγωγούς, που κυκλοφορούν ήδη στην αγορά. Η οικογένεια των φθαλοκυανινών (Phthalocyanines, Pcs) ανήκει στα οργανικά υλικά που ανταγωνίζονται επάξια τους ανόργανους ημιαγωγούς στις εφαρμογές σε ηλεκτρονικές διατάξεις όπως φωτοεκπομπές δίοδοι (LEDs), τρανζίστορ επίδρασης πεδίου (FETs), φωτοβολταϊκά στοιχεία (PVs), ηλιακά στοιχεία (solar cells), αισθητήρες (sensors), διατάξεις αποθήκευσης πληροφορίας (data storage devices) και μπαταρίες (batteries). Τα υλικά αυτά είναι εύκαμπτα, εύκολα επεξεργάσιμα, με χαμηλό κόστος παρασκευής και αξιόλογη χημική και θερμική σταθερότητα, ενώ οι ηλεκτρικές και οπτικές τους ιδιότητες τα καθιστούν ελκυστικά υλικά για εφαρμογή στη μικροηλεκτρονική. Σε αυτού του είδους τις εφαρμογές παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο οι φυσικές και χημικές αλληλεπιδράσεις που συμβαίνουν στις διεπιφάνειες μεταξύ των ενεργών οργανικών υμενίων και των υλικών που χρησιμοποιούνται ως ηλεκτρόδια, καθώς επηρεάζουν τη συμπεριφορά των διατάξεων ως προς την αγωγή του ρεύματος και επομένως τη λειτουργία τους. Καθίσταται επομένως σαφές ότι η μελέτη της ηλεκτρονικής δομής των οργανικών υμενίων και των διεπιφανειών που αυτά σχηματίζουν με μέταλλα, ανόργανους, αλλά και οργανικούς ημιαγωγούς είναι απαραίτητη και καθοριστική για την κατανόηση του τρόπου λειτουργίας των ηλεκτρονικών διατάξεων και για την εύρεση τρόπων βελτίωσης της απόδοσής τους. Στην παρούσα εργασία έγινε η πρώτη πειραματική μελέτη με φασματοσκοπίες φωτοηλεκτρονίων από ακτίνες-Χ και υπεριώδη ακτινοβολία (XPS και UPS) της ηλεκτρονικής δομής μεταλλικών φθαλοκυανινών, νικελίου (NiPc) και κοβαλτίου (CoPc), και των διεπιφανειών που σχηματίζονται κατά την απόθεση, με θερμική εξάχνωση, του οργανικού αυτού υλικού πάνω σε διάφορα υποστρώματα, σε συνθήκες υπερυψηλού κενού. Αρχικά μελετήθηκαν υμένια NiPc πάνω σε φασματοσκοπικά καθαρή επιφάνεια φύλλου πολυκρυσταλλικού χρυσού (Au) και αργύρου (Ag). Η επιλογή των μετάλλων αυτών οφείλεται στην ευρεία εφαρμογή που έχουν ως ηλεκτρόδια ή υποστρώματα σε πολλές διατάξεις, όπως FETs και LEDs. Υμένια NiPc αποτέθηκαν επίσης πάνω σε οξείδιο ινδίου-κασσιτέρου (ITO), το οποίο αποτελεί υλικό ανόδου σε OLEDs εξαιτίας της υψηλής ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας και της εξαιρετικής του διαπερατότητας στο ορατό, καθώς και σε κρύσταλλο Si(100) με σκοπό να διερευνηθεί αν η παρουσία NiPc ως επίστρωση στην επιφάνεια του πυριτίου μπορεί να βελτιώσει τη λειτουργία των ανόργανων ηλεκτρονικών διατάξεων όπως τα FETs. Τέλος, μελετήθηκε η αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ NiPc και οργανικών υλικών όπως το PEDOT:PSS και το PEDOT:PTSA, που είναι μίγματα πολυμερών και τα οποία, σύμφωνα με τη βιβλιογραφία, διευκολύνουν την έγχυση οπών σε μια διάταξη. Η χρήση του PEDOT:PTSA έχει στόχο να αντικαταστήσει σε διάφορες εφαρμογές το PEDOT:PSS του οποίου η σύνθεση είναι αρκετά περίπλοκη. Επίσης, μελετήθηκαν οι διεπιφάνειες μεταξύ υμενίων φθαλοκυανίνης κοβαλτίου (CoPc) και υποστρωμάτων πολυκρυσταλλικού χρυσού και ITO, με σκοπό να διερευνηθεί η επίδραση του κεντρικού μεταλλικού στοιχείου του μορίου της φθαλοκυανίνης, στη συμπεριφορά και τις ιδιότητες των διεπιφανειών με αντίστοιχα υποστρώματα. Από τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα (XPS και UPS), προσδιορίζονται οι μεταβολές των ενεργειακών ζωνών των οργανικών και ανόργανων ημιαγωγών, η δομή της ζώνης σθένους και η τιμή του έργου εξόδου όλων των υλικών που χρησιμοποιούνται, καθώς και η θέση του υψηλότερου κατειλημμένου μοριακού τροχιακού (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital, HOMO) των οργανικών ημιαγωγών (NiPc, CoPc). Επίσης προσδιορίζονται η διεπιφανειακή διπολική ροπή (eD) και το φράγμα έγχυσης οπών (Φbh) στις σχηματιζόμενες διεπιφάνειες, μεγέθη τα οποία καθορίζουν και επηρεάζουν τη μεταφορά φορτίου μεταξύ των υλικών σε επαφή κατά τον σχηματισμό της διεπιφάνειας. Η μελέτη των παραπάνω διεπιφανειών έδειξε ότι καταλληλότερο ηλεκτρόδιο για την έγχυση οπών είναι το PEDOT:PSS, καθώς το ύψος του φράγματος έγχυσης οπών στη διεπιφάνεια με υμένιο NiPc προσδιορίστηκε ίσο με 0.5 eV και είναι χαμηλότερο από αυτό που δίνουν οι διεπιφάνειες με τα μέταλλα (~0.9 eV), το ITO (1.0 eV) αλλά και το PEDOT:PTSA (0.8 eV). Από τη μελέτη της διεπιφάνειας NiPc/Si προέκυψε ότι η επιφανειακή δομή του Si(100) πιθανόν να επηρεάζει την διάταξη των μορίων της NiPc, τα οποία στα πρώτα στάδια ενδεχομένως να αναπτύσσονται στρωματικά πάνω στο υπόστρωμα, με αποτέλεσμα τα χαρακτηριστικά του οργανικού υμενίου να σχηματίζονται πλήρως στις αρχικές αποθέσεις μέχρι τα ~2 μονοστρώματα (ML). Σε κανένα από τα υπό μελέτη συστήματα δεν παρατηρήθηκε χημική αντίδραση των οργανικών μορίων με το υπόστρωμα, ενώ διαπιστώθηκε αλληλεπίδραση μέσω μεταφοράς φορτίου με σκοπό την αποκατάσταση θερμοδυναμικής ισορροπίας στη διεπιφάνεια. Επίσης, όλα τα συστήματα αποκλίνουν από τον κανόνα Schottky-Mott. Στη διεπιφάνεια NiPc/PEDOT:PSS παρατηρείται πάγωμα του επιπέδου Fermi εντός του χάσματος της NiPc. Συγκρίνοντας τα αποτελέσματα για τις δύο μεταλλικές φθαλοκυανίνες, προκύπτει ότι η παρουσία υμενίων CoPc διευκολύνει την έγχυση οπών στην επαφή με το ΙΤΟ, δίνοντας χαμηλότερες τιμές Φbh από την αντίστοιχη διεπιφάνεια με υμένια NiPc, ενώ οι διεπιφάνειες των MePcs με τον χρυσό παρουσιάζουν παρόμοια συμπεριφορά. Τέλος, έγιναν ηλεκτρικές μετρήσεις σε διατάξεις τύπου ΟFET με παχύτερα υμένια NiPc και CoPc, τα οποία παρασκευάστηκαν με εξάχνωση πάνω σε υπόστρωμα SiO2/Si αλλά και με τα παράγωγά τους με υποκαταστάτες θειϊκές ομάδες (SO3Na), τα οποία παρασκευάστηκαν από διάλυμα με τη μέθοδο της εναπόθεσης με σταγόνα (drop-casting) ή με περιστροφή (spin-coating). Οι διατάξεις ΟFET που προέκυψαν και ιδιαίτερα αυτές των σουλφονωμένων φθαλοκυανινών νικελίου, παρουσιάζουν ικανοποιητικές ευκινησίες. Τα κύρια ηλεκτρικά χαρακτηριστικά που προκύπτουν είναι ικανοποιητικά για το είδος των εφαρμογών για τις οποίες προορίζονται τα υλικά αυτά. / Recently, there is a great interest in the application of organic semiconductor thin films as active layers in electronic devices, in order to improve their efficiency and reduce the cost of their preparation. The family of Phthalocyanines (Pcs) present some of the most promising materials that can be compared to the conventional inorganic semiconductors for application in electronic devices, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), field effect transistors (FETs), photovoltaic cells (PVs), solar cells, gas-sensors, data storage devices and batteries. The Pcs possess beneficial properties, such as quite high conductivity, thermal and chemical stability, compatibility with plastic substrates and low cost of deposition processes and are already used in gas sensor technology and in electronic devices. In this kind of devices, the properties of the interface between the active organic layer and the materials used as electrodes (metals, inorganic and organic semiconductors) affect the device performance therefore, it is important that they be determined. The present work, concerns the first experimental study by X-Ray and UV Photoelectron Spectroscopies (XPS, UPS), of the electronic structure of the interfaces formed upon evaporating, under UHV conditions, thin films of metal phthalocyanines (MePcs), such as Nickel (NiPc) and Cobalt (CoPc), on substrates with different chemical and physical properties. The choice of the substrates depends on the materials that are applied as electrodes and substrates in conventional electronic devices. Thin films of NiPc were deposited on the clean surface of metals with different work function values (polycrystalline gold and silver foils), on Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) coated-glass substrate, a common electrode in OLEDS due to its excellent transparency in the visible, and on a silicon wafer (Si(100) n-type) used in FET structures. Also, the interaction of NiPc with organic substrates, such as PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PTSA which are polymer mixtures, is investigated. It has been reported that when PEDOT:PSS is applied at the anode of a device it enhances the injection of positive charge carriers. The PEDOT:PTSA substrate is investigated in order to decide whether it can replace PEDOT:PSS in several applications, as its synthesis is simpler than that of PEDOT:PSS. Also, the interfaces formed between CoPc and polycrystalline Au foil, as well as ITO, were studied by XPS and UPS and compared with the corresponding NiPc layers, in order to determine the role of the central metal atom of the metal phthalocyanine molecule in the properties of the interface. The experimental results (XPS and UPS) provide information about the valence band structure and the work function of the materials, the position of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the organic semiconductor (NiPc, CoPc) and the possible shifts of the energy levels of the materials. Furthermore, factors which affect and specify the charge transfer and the carrier mobility across the interface, such as the interfacial dipole (eD) and the barrier for the injection of holes (Φbh), can be determined. The results showed that the most appropriate material for the injection of holes is PEDOT:PSS, as the Φbh at the interface with NiPc was determined equal to 0.5 eV, significantly lower than that in the case of metals (0.9 eV), ITO (1.0 eV), as well as PEDOT:PTSA (0.8 eV). The study of the NiPc/Si(100) interface showed that the structure of the Si surface might affect the arrangement of the NiPc molecules, which could lay with their molecular plane parallel to the substrate, as evidenced by the fact the characteristics of the NiPc layer are fully developed at the early steps of deposition up to ~2 monolayers. No chemical interaction was observed in any of the studied systems, while in all cases charge transfer occurs in order to achieve thermodynamic equilibration. All the interfaces divert from the Schottky-Mott rule. In the case of the NiPc/PEDOT:PSS interface, a pinning of the Fermi level at the energy gap of NiPc occurs. Comparing the results for the interfaces formed between NiPc and CoPc with polycrystalline Au foil and ITO, it is found that in the case of Au the results are similar, while in the case of ITO substrate the presence of the CoPc layer leads to lower Φbh compared to NiPc layers, which would facilitate the mobility of positive carriers injected from the anode of a device. Finally, electrical measurements were performed on OFET structures using thicker NiPc and CoPc films, prepared by thermal evaporation on SiO2/Si substrates, as well as the same MePcs substituted with SO3Na groups, which were prepared from solution by drop-casting or spin-coating. All studied OFET structures and especially those of the sulfonated MePcs showed quite promising results for such type of applications.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Anderson Orzari Ribeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2015. / O cancer e uma doenca caracterizada pelo crescimento desordenado de celulas com potencial invasivo. Diversos tratamentos podem ser empregados para a doenca, dentre eles, a terapia fotodinamica, pela qual se utiliza, como agentes terapeuticos, um fotossensibilizador (FS), luz em comprimento de onda especifico e oxigenio. Este projeto tem como principal objetivo o estudo biologico de novos derivados de ftalocianinas para o emprego como fotossensibilizadores em Terapia Fotodinamica. Foram estudados macrociclos com ligantes perifericos derivados do acido glicolico ou do acido latico, e que contem zinco ou rutenio como atomo central sintetizados pelo grupo sobre uma linhagem de adenocarcinoma mamario humano (MCF7). Nos estudos com irradiacao de luz verificamos uma diminuicao da porcentagem de celulas viaveis, sendo os compostos pouco toxicos no escuro, podendo-se utilizar desde concentracoes baixas como 1 ¿ÊM ate concentracoes altas como 100 ¿ÊM. Observamos que quanto maior o tempo de contato entre os compostos e as celulas (no escuro), mais toxico se torna o composto, sendo o melhor tempo de incubacao de 2 horas, isto se deve aos efeitos agudos ocasionados por esta exposicao. Comparando as quatro ftalocianinas estudadas, concluimos que a estrutura que contem acido glicolico e zinco como metal central foi a que apresentou resultados mais promissores em todos os aspectos, principalmente nas analises de fototoxicidade que se relacionam a Terapia Fotodinamica, sendo que a viabilidade em relacao ao controle decaiu aproximadamente 50%. Pelos dados obtidos, pode-se inferir que, em uma unica sessao de irradiacao de luz, a morte celular foi de aproximadamente 20 a 30% para todas as ftalocianinas estudadas. / Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells. Some treatments are actually employed for the disease, including photodynamic therapy, which uses, as therapeutic agents, a photosensitizer (PS), light at a specific wavelength and the oxygen molecule near or inside the cells. In this project, the main objective is to study new phthalocyanine derivatives for their use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. We studied phthalocyanines modified with glycolic or lactic acid in their peripheral positions, and with zinc or ruthenium as a central metal synthesized by our group on a human mammary adenocarcinoma line (MCF7). Our results revealed a good phototoxicity under irradiation and a low toxicity in the dark for all the studied compounds, from low concentrations such as 1 uM to the higher ones such as 100 uM. Comparing the studied phthalocyanines, we conclude that the structure containing glycolic acid and zinc as the central metal showed the most promising results in all aspects, especially in phototoxicity tests, where we observed a decrease in about 50% of cell viability after irradiation. According with our results, a single light irradiation session can promote approximately 20 to 30% of cell death for all studied phthalocyanines.