A criação de seções em Eumaeini contribuiu significativamente para a classificação de uma tribo ainda com tantos problemas taxonômicos. No entanto, estudos ainda devem ser realizados no intuito de esclarecer relações filogenéticas entre gêneros e espécies das seções, além de reconstruir a história evolutiva de caracteres biologicamente relevantes (p. ex. órgãos sexuais secundários), fornecendo assim subsídios para a compreensão dos processos de especiação que contribuem para a diversidade do grupo. Dessa forma, o principal objetivo do presente trabalho é estabelecer uma classificação mais estável para seção Atlides, inferindo relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros e espécies da seção. Como desdobramentos desse objetivo, pode-se: testar o monofiletismo do gênero Theritas Hübner, com base em caracteres morfológicos; propor grupos monofiléticos dentro de Theritas, para posterior revisão das espécies; descrever nova espécie listada como sp. #128 na checklist do Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera; e fornecer subsídios pra o entendimento da evolução dos caracteres sexuais secundários encontrados na seção Atlides. Foram levantados 82 caracteres morfológicos: dois de cabeça, 65 de asas, dois de tórax, um de abdômen (externo), oito de genitália masculina e quatro de genitália feminina. As relações filogenéticas foram estudadas de acordo com o método cladístico. Testes assumindo pesos iguais e diferentes dos caracteres foram realizados. A pesagem dos caracteres seguiu o método de pesagem implícita com constante de concavidade (k) com valores iguais a 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 25, 50, 250 e 1000. Foram resultadas três árvores mais parcimoniosas no estudo com pesagem uniforme de caracteres (L=296, Ci= 50, Ri= 78). Como resultado do estudo cladístico tem-se que a seção Atlides não constitui um grupo monofilético da forma como havia sido proposta; o gênero Theritas Hübner não constitui um grupo monofilético, sendo desmembrado em três gêneros: Theritas Hübner, 1818 (sensu stricto), Denivia Johnson, 1992, revalidado e Margaritheclus Bálint, 2002, revalidado. A espécie listada como sp. #128 pertence à Denivia Johnson e foi descrita como Denivia silma Martins & Robbins, espécie nova. São propostas três novas combinações, uma em Margaritheclus Bálint e duas em Denivia Johnson, além de um sinônimo novo em Theritas Hübner. Os órgãos sexuais secundários mostraram-se homoplásticos, tendo a regulação gênica como uma explicação plausível para o padrão evolutivo apresentado. / The establishment of sections in Eumaeini contributed significantly to the classification of this tribe, which still has many taxonomic problems. However, many studies have yet to be performed, aiming to understand phylogenetic relationships of genera and species, and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of biologically relevant characters (ex. secondary sexual organs), providing supports for understanding speciation processes that contribute to the diversity of the group. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to establish a more stable classification for the Atlides section. As consequences of this objective, it was possible to test the monophyly of the genus Theritas Hübner, based on morphological characters; proposing monophyletic groups within Theritas, for further review of the species; describing a new species listed as sp. # 128 in checklist of the Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera; and providing guide lines for understanding the evolution of secondary sexual characters found in the Atlides section. A total of 82 morphological characters were collected: two from head, 65 from wings, two from thorax, one from external abdomen, eight from male genitalia and four from female genitalia. Phylogenetic relationships were studied according to the cladistic method. Tests assuming equal and different characters\' weights were performed. The characters\' weights were established using the implicit weighting method with values of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 25, 50, 250 and 1000 for the constant of concavity (k). Three most parsimonious trees were obtained with equal characters weights analyses (L=296, Ci= 50, Ri= 78). Cladistics results showed that Atlides section does not constitute a monophyletic group as it had been proposed; Theritas Hübner, 1818 does not constitute a monophyletic group and it has being dismembered into three genera: Theritas Hübner, 1818 (sensu stricto), Denivia Johnson, 1992, revalidated and Margaritheclus Bálint, 2002, revalidated. The new species listed as sp. # 128 belongs to Denivia Johnson and it was described as Denivia silma Martins & Robbins, new species. It was proposed three new combinations, one in Margaritheclus Bálint and two in Denivia Johnson, and one new synonym in Theritas Hübner. The secondary sexual organs proved to be homoplastic, with gene regulation as a plausible explanation for the evolutionary pattern presented.

Three kinds of processes are known to modify the geographical spatial arrangement of organisms: dispersal, extinction and vicariance. The Southern Hemisphere has an intriguing and complicated geological history that provides an ideal backdrop to study these processes. This thesis focuses on three historical events that illustrate these processes: the proposed marine inundation of New Zealand in the Oligocene, the asteroid impact at the K – Pg boundary, and the continental breakup of Gondwana. It investigates what impact these events had on species diversification by studying the phylogenetic relationships of two groups of taxa – the family Anostostomatidae (insects), and Neoaves (birds). Anostostomatidae were studied in relation to the Oligocene drowning and the break up of Gondwana as they have a wide southern distribution, found on all “Gondwanan” fragments with the exception of Antarctica, and are thought represent an ancient lineage that predates the Gondwanan breakup. Birds, in particular Neoaves, were studied in relation to the asteroid impact at the K – Pg boundary. Although birds are mobile and many circumnavigate the globe between seasons, they are suggested to have originated in the Southern Hemisphere in Gondwanan times, and subsequently undergone range expansion and diversification around the world. In order to address the relationship (if any) between modern biotic diversity and historical geological events, phylogenetic relationships were determined and where possible, molecular clock analysis carried out. Timing information provided by molecular clock analysis is important as it enables distinction between opposing hypotheses such as vicariance and dispersal. In Chapter Two, the phylogenetic relationships within the family Anostostomatidae are investigated. One of the most controversial times in New Zealand’s geological history is during the Oligocene. Some suggest that the lack of fossils and evidence for recent dispersal of numerous taxa support the notion that all modern biota reached the region during the last 25 million years. Anostostomatidae were chosen as they represent a group of insects that are thought to be ancient and there is little published data in the literature. Previous studies focused on the relationships within Hemideina and Deinacrida suggesting that these groups diversified in the early Miocene. The data presented here are from mitochondrial (COI and 12S) and nuclear (18S and 28S) sequences. Molecular dating using a relaxed clock as implemented in BEAST suggest that in fact some lineages were present at or shortly after continental breakup and could have survived throughout this turbulent time. As there were no definitive fossils to use for calibration points, geological events were used as calibration points for the molecular clock. Mutation rates obtained from the different analyses were compared to those published for other insects in an attempt to identify the most likely model. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses support the presence of three distinct ecological groups in New Zealand; Hemiandrus (ground weta), Anisoura/Motuweta (tusked weta) and Hemideina–Deinacrida (tree–giant weta). With regards to their Australasian relatives (taxa from Australia and New Caledonia) it appears that the family is divided with the most northern New Zealand taxa (tusked weta) more closely related to New Caledonian taxa while all other New Zealand taxa are more closely related to Australian taxa. There does not appear to be any link between the Australian and New Caledonian taxa studied here. Results should be viewed with caution however as an increased mutation rate was observed in the New Caledonian-tusked weta lineage, something future studies will have to address. Chapter Three presents new sequence data and phylogenetic analyses that go towards resolving the apparent basal polytomy of neoavian birds. This chapter includes analyses carried out on previously published data with the addition of nine new mitochondrial genomes. My contribution to this larger project was to perform the phylogenetic analysis and to sequence three of the nine mitochondrial genomes. The genomes I sequenced were the Southern Hemisphere species: dollar bird (Eurystomus orientalis), Owlet nightjar (Aegotheles cristatus cristatus) and great potoo (Nyctibius grandis). The inclusion of these nine new genomes allows assessment and comparison of the six hypothesised groups reported in Cracraft (2001). First an improved conditional down-weighting technique is described reducing noise relative to signal, which is important for resolving deeper divergences. Second, a formula is presented for calculating probabilities of finding predefined groupings in the optimal tree. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian based phylogenetic analyses were carried out and in addition, dating using a relaxed molecular clock was performed in BEAST. Results suggested that the six groups suggested by Cracraft (2001) represent robust lineages. The results suggested that one group, the owls, are more closely related to other raptors, particularly accipitrids (buzzards/eagles) and the osprey rather than the Caprimulgiformes, which could indicate morphological convergent evolution. In addition, a group termed shorebirds appears to be distinct from the large group referred to as ‘Conglomerati’ to which previous publications have suggested they belong. The ‘Conglomerati’ is the least well studied group and may actually comprise of at least three subgroups (as suggested by Cracraft). Within the three suggested groups, Cracraft grouped shorebirds with pigeons and sandgrouse, neither of which (pigeons or sandgrouse) were analysed here. So although the shorebirds are at least close to the ‘Conglomerati’ and may be within that group, their exact position is still not clear. The molecular dating reported here utilised two fossil calibrations (Vegavis and Waimanu), for which there is relatively little dispute as to age or the lineage to which they belong. Calibrations resulting from BEAST analyses suggest that at least 12 distinct lineages were present prior to the K – Pg boundary, a finding supported by previous studies. Robust phylogenies will allow future studies to investigate not only the relationships within Neoaves, but look more closely at the biological and ecological evolution of the group. Chapter Four for the first time investigates whether the phylogenetic relationships within the family Anostostomatidae follow the conventionally accepted order and timing of Gondwanan breakup. Following the initial restults for taxa studied in Australasia (Chapter Two) an attempt to resolve family relationships in a wider spatial (geographic) context was carried out to determine if Australasian taxa are monophyletic when other members of the family are included. Again both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were carried out on both mitochondrial (COI and 12S) and nuclear (18S and 28S) sequences. In this chapter, datasets included samples from across the geographic range of Anostostomatidae (South Africa, Madagascar, South America, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand), and two clades were observed, congruent with earlier findings. Sequence divergence within geographic regions was found to be relatively high in the mitochondrial genes (COI and 12S) while low in the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (18S and 28S) as expected given their relative mutation rates. Under the vicariance paradigm, phylogenetic relationships should follow the order of continental breakup, but this was not found. Further, if dispersal and colonisation were continuous, no geographic substructure is expected, however distinct geographic substructure within clades was consistently observed. This interesting phylogenetic pattern may be a case of convergent evolution or paraphyletic sampling which highlights taxonomic issues of the group. Future studies need to include not only molecular data but information on morphology, ecology and behaviour along with the implementation of biogeographic programs that can test alternative hypotheses (such as dispersal and vicariance) directly. Also, the inclusion of the recently reported fossil from the subfamily Euclydesinae (Martins-Neto 2007) should allow for more accurate date estimates within the family. Taken as a whole the results presented in this thesis suggest that microevolutionary processes are sufficient to explain modern diversity without the need to invoke abiotic events. The three cases investigated here - marine inundation, asteroid impact and continental drift - all appear to have had only a limited effect on the diversity of taxa studied. To reach even stronger conclusions future studies should incorporate different data (for instance nuclear genes, intron position, and genome structure) and use biogeographic software capable of including ecological, morphological and habitat information.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao maria regilda araujo fernandes.pdf: 889828 bytes, checksum: eeac21e7e2102f6042640b9c030c3870 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / The pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiologic agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). The main route of contamination is the inhalation of fungal propagules that convert to yeast in the host tissues. The urease is among the factors of virulence described for dimorphic fungus. It hydrolyzes the urea producing molecules of ammonia and carbamate. Pbure has 3,012 bp, corresponding to a predicted protein of 837 amino acids, predicted molecular mass of 90 kDa and pI 6.0. PbURE has signature to nickel-dependent enzyme for its activity. The phylogenetic relationship between PbURE and urease from other fungi was evaluated. The cDNA that encodes PbURE was inserted into the expression vector pET-32a and recombinant protein of 103 kDa was expressed. Polyclonal antibody were produced against PbUREr and used on Western blot, Far-Western blot and ELISA. The results showed that PbUREr interferes on interaction between P. brasiliensis and pulmonary epithelial cells A549. PbUREr was able to bind to proteins fibronectin and type IV collagen, components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The interaction between PbURE and calnexin protein was identified by the technique of two-hybrid. / O fungo patogênico humano Paracoccidioides brasiliensis é o agente etiológico da Paracoccidioidomicose (PCM). A principal via de contaminação é a inalação de micélios ou conídios do fungo que se convertem em leveduras no hospedeiro. Dentre os fatores de virulência descritos para fungos dimórficos está a urease, a qual hidrolisa uréia produzindo amônia e carbamato. Pbure possui 3.012 pb, correspondendo a uma proteína predita de 837 aminoácidos, massa molecular predita de 90 kDa e pI 6.0. PbURE possui assinatura de uma enzima dependente de níquel para sua atividade. A relação filogenética entre PbURE e ureases de outros fungos foi avaliada. O cDNA que codifica PbURE foi inserido no vetor de expressão pET-32a e a proteína recombinante de 103 kDa foi expressa. Anticorpo policlonal foi produzido contra PbUREr e utilizados nos ensaios de Western blot, Far-Western blot e ELISA. Os resultados mostram que PbUREr interfere na interação entre P. brasiliensis e células epiteliais pulmonares A549. PbUREr foi capaz de se ligar às proteínas fibronectina e colágeno tipo IV, componentes da matriz extracelular (MEC). A interação entre PbURE e a proteína calnexina foi identificada através da técnica de duplo-híbrido.

Plant-feeding mites represent major pests in agriculture that are of importance to crops world-wide, as large populations of mites reduce the quality and quantity of yields. Alternatives to the use of pesticides are needed due to their negative effects and bio-control agents (predatory mites) remain advantages as they suppress spider mites and other plant pests. This study aims to determine species status of plant-feeding and predatory mites on plants of the family Solanaceae and to apply morphological and molecular data to determine phylogenetic relationships among economically important Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae and Tetranychidae. The material for this study was collected through plant beating and specimens were preserved in 75% and 96% ethanol respectively and mounted in Heinz’s PVA medium on microscope slides. A survey was conducted during peak seasons to provide enough samples of pest and predatory species. Morphological analysis was performed and initial results indicate that 94% of the species identified were parasitic and 6% were predatory, which led to a predator:prey ratio of 1:17, where Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard had the highest frequency of appearance. A modified Qiagen DNeasy tissue kit extraction protocol was used and Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed to amplify ribosomal ITS and mitochondrial COI gene fragments. The nucleotide sequence of a 700-bp fragment for ITS was determined by direct sequencing as well as for a 700-bp and 800-bp fragments for COI. The resulting data included 4 isolates that corresponded morphologically and molecularly with Phytoseiidae and 10 with Stigmaeidae. The phylogenetic trees agreed with the morphological data. For species that lack morphological descriptions in GenBank and are not placed within expected clades, one has to accept the possibility of miss identification and highlights the need to combine morphological and molecular approaches to guarantee solid species diagnosis. Ultimately, Solanaceae contain various parasitic mites, but predators seem low in numbers. This could be problamatic in finding effective bio-control agents. / MSc (Zoology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Plant-feeding mites represent major pests in agriculture that are of importance to crops world-wide, as large populations of mites reduce the quality and quantity of yields. Alternatives to the use of pesticides are needed due to their negative effects and bio-control agents (predatory mites) remain advantages as they suppress spider mites and other plant pests. This study aims to determine species status of plant-feeding and predatory mites on plants of the family Solanaceae and to apply morphological and molecular data to determine phylogenetic relationships among economically important Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae and Tetranychidae. The material for this study was collected through plant beating and specimens were preserved in 75% and 96% ethanol respectively and mounted in Heinz’s PVA medium on microscope slides. A survey was conducted during peak seasons to provide enough samples of pest and predatory species. Morphological analysis was performed and initial results indicate that 94% of the species identified were parasitic and 6% were predatory, which led to a predator:prey ratio of 1:17, where Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard had the highest frequency of appearance. A modified Qiagen DNeasy tissue kit extraction protocol was used and Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed to amplify ribosomal ITS and mitochondrial COI gene fragments. The nucleotide sequence of a 700-bp fragment for ITS was determined by direct sequencing as well as for a 700-bp and 800-bp fragments for COI. The resulting data included 4 isolates that corresponded morphologically and molecularly with Phytoseiidae and 10 with Stigmaeidae. The phylogenetic trees agreed with the morphological data. For species that lack morphological descriptions in GenBank and are not placed within expected clades, one has to accept the possibility of miss identification and highlights the need to combine morphological and molecular approaches to guarantee solid species diagnosis. Ultimately, Solanaceae contain various parasitic mites, but predators seem low in numbers. This could be problamatic in finding effective bio-control agents. / MSc (Zoology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:10:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis Heleno Dias Ferreira - pre textuais.pdf: 666003 bytes, checksum: a67975494e3cb7ed970b88ad268aca1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-29 / The genus Hyptis, with 280 species worldwide, belongs to the family Labiatae (Lamiaceae), subfamily Nepetoideae, tribe Ocimae, and subtribe Hyptidinae. The genus was divided in 27 sections, with 13 of them (Apodotes, Cephalohyptis, Cyanocephalanthus, Cyrta, Eriosphaeria, Gymneia, Induratae, Mesosphaeria, Polydesmia, Pusilae, Trichosphaeria, and Hylodontes) occur in the states of Goiás and Tocantins (Brazil). The collection of botanical material for morphological, taxonomical, anatomical, phytochemical studies, as well as geographical distribution and phylogenetic relationships, was realized with several field trips in the states of Goiás and Tocantins. For morphological studies, several loans of herbarium specimens of Hyptis were requested from Brazilian and international institutions. The genus Hyptis is mostly American, with Neotropical distribution, ranging from southern United States to Argentina. In South America, most species of Hyptis are associated with open areas, and occur from 300 m altitude in the valley of the Rio Araguaia, in Goiás, to 3300 m in the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes. In Goiás and Tocantins they can be found in several vegetation types: cerrado, rocky outcrops, margins of cow pastures, cultivated fields, wet fields, humid forests, and flooded areas with Mauritia palms. In these states they occur in a variety of soils: sandy, sandygravelly, with rocky outcrops, hydromorphic, and latossoils. Specie of the section Cyrta are exclusive of humid and flooded soils. The two main centers of diversity of Hyptis in Brazil are in the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás. Many herbarium specimens were analyzed and many species were studied and collected during field trips in Goiás and Tocantins. The geographic position of each collection was verified with the use of a GPS instrument. The specimens collected were deposited in the UFG Herbarium of the Federal University of Goiás. Thirty-two distribution maps of Hyptis in Goiás and Tocantins were elaborated from the specimens studied. A total of 89 species was catalogued, and 18 of them reported from Goiás and Tocantins were not found during the collecting trips. A key for the identification of the species was elaborated using morphological characters. A parsimony analysis using 35 morphological characters was realized, obtaining 1864 most parsimonious trees and a strict consensus tree. The parsimony analysis supports the monophyly of the sections Gymneya, Cyrta, Apodotes, and Cyanocephalus (except for the H. nitidula - H. peduncularis clade), and indicates that the sections Mesospheria, Xylodontes, Hyptis, Polydesmia, and Eriosphaeria are not monophyletic. Section Trichosphaeria is not well resolved. An anatomical study of 60 species, representing 11 sections of Hyptis, was undertaken. Some characters, as hypodermis, schlerenchimatic sheath extensions, trichomes, stomatal cripts, supply useful taxonomic for inferring phylogenetic relationships within the genus. For the analyses of chemical components, 29 species and two varieties of Hyptis were selected. With the chemical analises, 216 constituents of essential oils were identified, mostly monotherpenes and sesquiterpenes. Average percentage and pattern of each chemical component were calculated. The most common chemical components were arbitrarily selected, as present in nine or more species: sabinene (9 spp.), 1, alpha-tujene, alpha-cubebene, beta-selinene, and 14-hidroxy-(Z)-cariophyllene (10 spp.). alpha-muurolol and 8(13)-dien- 5beta-ol (11 spp.), mircene, cariophil-4 and germacrene B (12 spp.), gamma-cadinene, epialpha- caninol (13 spp.) and 14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-cariofilene (13 spp.), 1-epi-cubenol- and gamma-muurolene (14 spp.), humulene poxide II and bicyclogermacrene (16 spp.), betaelemene and alpha-cadinol (17 spp.), beta-pinene (18 spp.), limonene (19 spp.), espatulenol and germacrene D (24 spp.), alpha copaene and beta-bourbonene (25 spp.), delta-cadinene (26 spp.), alpha-humulene (27 spp.), cariofilene oxide and (E)-cariofilene (28 spp.). Two dendrograms were obtained with two multivariate analyses of chemical constituents, one with quantitative data and the other with qualitative data (presence/absence). Species of section Cyanocephalus were the only ones found in a consistent group in both dendrograms based on chemical constituents. The data obtained in the present study contribute important information for the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Hyptis and the subtribe Hyptidinae, and ultimately for the family Labiatae. / O gênero Hyptis, com 280 espécies, pertence à família Labiatae, subfamília Nepetoideae, tribo Ocimae e subtribo Hyptidinae. O gênero Hyptis foi dividido em 27 seções, sendo que 13 seções (Apodotes, Cephalohyptis, Cyanocephalus, Cyrta, Eriosphaeria, Pachyphyllae, Gymneia, Induratae, Mesosphaeria, Polydesmia, Pusilae, Trichosphaeria e Xylodontes) ocorrem em Goiás/Tocantins. Para coleta do material botânico, destinado aos estudos morfológicos, taxonômicos, anatômicos, fitoquímicos, distribuição geográficas e relações filogenéticas, foram realizadas excursões de campo em Goiás e algumas regiões do Tocantins.Para complementação dos dados morfológicos, foram solicitados exemplares de espécies de Hyptis dos diferentes herbários do Brasil e de outros países. O gênero Hyptis é essencialmente americano com distribuição na Região Neotropical, estendendo desde o sul dos Estados Unidos da América até a Argentina. As espécies de Hyptis estão associadas principalmente a áreas abertas. A altitude de ocorrência varia desde 300m, como no vale do Rio Araguaia em Goiás, até 3300m no oeste dos Andes do Peru. Habitat e solos em que ocorrem as espécies em Goiás/ Tocantins são variados. Podendo ser encontradas nos cerrados, campos rupestres, margens de lavouras, lotes baldios, brejos, campos úmidos e veredas. Podem ocorrer em solos arenosos, arenosopedregosos, solos com afloramento rochosos, latossolos e solos hidromórficos. As espécies da seção Cyrta são exclusivas de ambientes úmidos e pantanosos. Os dois principais centros de diversidade de Hyptis, no Brasil, são Minas Gerais e Goiás. Foram analisadas exsicatas de diversos herbários e indivíduos coletados de diferentes espécies nas excursões de campo em Goiás e Tocantins. Os espécimes coletados foram depositados no Herbário UFG, da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Foram elaborados 32 mapas de distribuição geográfica de Hyptis. A posição geográfica de cada espécime coletado no campo foi verificada com auxílio de GPS. Foram catalogadas 89 espécies, sendo que 18 espécies citadas para Goiás/Tocantins não foram coletadas nas excursões de campo. Baseado nos caracteres morfológicos foi elaborada uma chave de identificação das espécies. Desses caracteres foram selecionados 35 para análise de parcimônia, obtendo 1864 árvores igualmente parcimoniosas e a árvore consenso estrito. A análise de parcimônia suporta que as seções Gymneia, Pusillae, Apodotes e Cyanocephalus (exceto o clado formado por H. nitidula e H. peduncularis) são monofiléticas, enquanto que as seções Mesosphaeria, Xylodontes, Polydesmia e Eriosphaeria não são consideradas monofiléticas. Trichosphaeria é uma seção que não está bem resolvida. Foi realizado estudo anatômico de 60 espécies de Hyptis, distribuídas em 11 seções. Alguns caracteres como hipoderme, extensão de bainha parenquimática, tricomas, criptas estomáticas são úteis para a taxonomia e para inferir relações filogenéticas dentro do gênero. Para análise dos componentes químicos, dos óleos esssenciais foram selecionados 29 espécies e duas variedades de Hyptis. Através de análise química foram identificados 216 componente dos óleos essenciais, principalmente monoterpenos e sesquiterpenos. Foram feitos os cálculos das médias percentuais e desvios padrões de cada componente químico. Arbitrariamente foram considerados os componentes químicos mais comuns aqueles presentes em nove ou mais espécies: sabineno (9 spp), 1, α-tujeno, α-cubebeno (9 spp), β-selineno e 14-hidroxi-(Z)- cariofileno (10 spp), α-muurulol e 8(13)-dien-5 β-ol (11 spp), mircenno, cariofila-4 e germacreno β (12 spp), γ-cadineno, epi- α-cadinol e 14-hidroxi-9-epi-(E)-cariofileno (13 spp), 1-epi-cubenol e γ-muuroleno (14 spp), póxido de hemuleno II e biciclogermacreno (16 spp), β- elemeno e α-cadinol (17 spp), β-pineno (18 spp), limoneno (19 spp), espatulenol e germacreno D (24 spp), α-copaeno e β-bourboneno (25 spp), δ-cadineno (26 spp), α-humuleno (27 spp),óxido de cariofileno e (E)-cariofileno (28 spp). Atravé de análise multivariada dos constituintes químicos foram elaborados dois dendrogramas, um baseado em dados quantitativos e outro em dados qualitativos (presença/ausência). As espécies da seção Cyanocephalus foram as únicas que formaram grupos muito afim, em ambos os dendrogramas, baseados nos constituintes químicos. Os dados obtidos, no presente trabalho, contribuirá para a taxonomia, anatomia, distribuição geográfica e relações filogenéticas do gênero Hyptis e da subtribo Hyptidinae, bem como para melhor conhecimento da família Labiatae.