Objetivo: Adaptar y determinar la validez del test Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) para su aplicación virtual en adultos mayores peruanos. Diseño: El estudio será observacional de tipo instrumental (21). Donde se pretende determinar la adaptación y validez del Short Physical Performance Battery para su aplicación virtual en adultos mayores peruanos.

The purposes of the investigation were to determine and analyze the effects of dry heat upon the physical and mental performance tasks and to deduce implications for the improvement of educational practices.

The purpose of this study was to explore how stereotypes affect physical performance in older adults. A multigroup pretest post test design was utilized to determine whether implicit activation of positive or negative stereotypes has an effect on physical performance. Ninety six community dwelling older adults 65 years of age or older were included in the sample. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: exposure to positive stereotypes of aging, exposure to negative stereotypes of aging, or a control condition. In order to simulate how older adults are exposed to stereotypes in real world settings, participants were primed with objects representing aging stereotypes. Gait speed, standing balance, and lower extremity muscle performance were tested before and after exposure to stereotypes. Results of MANCOVA analysis, using self-relevance as a covariate, revealed no significant differences between those exposed to positive stereotypes, negative stereotypes, or the neutral condition. Physical performance is not affected by exposure to implicit stereotypes of aging in a more real world setting. In real world settings, there are multiple factors, like motivation and self-focus, competing for the control of behavior which are not present in the lab. These psychosocial factors may lessen the effect of stereotype activation on physical performance

É amplamente aceito que o desempenho físico em modalidades como o futebol americano é dependente da potência muscular. Apesar do exposto, ainda existe uma grande controvérsia com relação à manipulação do treinamento de potência ao longo de um período de preparação competitiva. Apesar de o treinamento de força convencional ser usualmente utilizado para o desenvolvimento da potência, tem-se sugerido que para aumentos adicionais nesta capacidade seja necessário o emprego de estratégias mais específicas do ponto de vista mecânico. Contudo, os papéis da aplicação de sobrecarga em gestos específicos não são claros. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos de um protocolo de exercícios específicos envolvendo sprints, descolamentos laterais e saltos sem ou com aplicação de sobrecarga sobre o desempenho da velocidade, agilidade e potência. Vinte e quatro sujeitos foram balanceados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais e realizaram dez semanas de treinamento. Nas quatro primeiras semanas foi realizado um treinamento de força. Após este período, foi realizado um protocolo de treinamento específico realizado sem (grupo S) ou com aplicação de sobrecarga (grupo S+V) por mais seis semanas. O desempenho da força (1RM), potência média (PM) e potência média propulsiva (PMP), o desempenho do salto vertical com (CMJ) e sem (SJ) contra movimento, salto horizontal (SH), a velocidade em 5, 10, 15 e 20m e a agilidade em diferentes testes (teste-T, three-cone drill e pro-agility drill) foram avaliados pré-treinamento e após quatro e dez semanas. Após quatro semanas, uma análise por modelos mistos mostrou aumentos similares em ambos os grupos no desempenho do 1RM, PM30%1RM, 10 e 15m, (p<0,05). Após o período de treinamento específico, ambos os grupos apresentaram aumentos no desempenho do SH e teste-T (p<0,05). Quando observamos o efeito conjunto de todo o programa, ou seja, das dez semanas de treinamento, os grupos mostraram aumentos no 1RM, PM30%1RM, SH e nos três testes de agilidade (p<0,05). Além disso, o grupo S+V demonstrou aumentos no desempenho do SJ, CMJ e no teste de velocidade em 10, 15, e 20m (p<0,05). Adicionalmente, apesar de não terem sido observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, o grupo S+V apresentou um tamanho do efeito superior em praticamente todas as variáveis dependentes comparado ao grupo S após as dez semanas de treinamento. Assim, é possível sugerir a utilização de um protocolo de treinamento de força seguido por um protocolo específico realizado com sobrecarga adicional quando pretendido aumentar o desempenho em habilidades determinantes para o desempenho físico de jogadores de futebol americano. / Physical performance of American football players depends on the power output. However, there are controversies about the power training manipulation in pre-season periods. Despite the conventional strength training to be wide used to improve power output it has been suggested to additional gains to utilize strategies more specifics of the mechanical point of view. Nevertheless, the effects of the resisted movements are unclear. So, the objective of this study was compared the effects of an exercises protocol involving jumps, lateral displacements and sprints without or with an overload (resisted movement) on speed, agility and power. Twenty four American football players participated of the study and they were balanced and randomly allocated into of two groups. In the first four weeks, it was performed a conventional strength training. Then, it was performed a specific protocol realized without (S group) or with an overload (S+V group) for another six weeks. The maximal strength (1RM), mean power (PM), mean propulsive power (PMP), squat (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jump, broad jump (SH), speed at 5, 10, 15 and 20m and agility in three different tests (teste-T, three-cone drill e pro-agility drill) were evaluated before, four and ten weeks of training. A mixed model analysis showed after four weeks of training a similar increase of the 1RM, PM30%1RM, speed at 10 and 15m for both groups (p<0,05). Analyzing specific training period, similar improvements were observed in the SH and teste-T (p<0,05). When analyzing the whole training program (i.e. 10 weeks), an increases at 1RM, PM30%1RM, SH and all the agility tests were observed for both groups. Furthermore, the S+V group showed increases in the SJ, CMJ and speed at 10, 15 and 20m (p<0,05). Additionally, despite not having been observed statistical differences between the groups, the S+V group showed a superior effect size in almost all dependent variables compared to the S group after ten weeks. Therefore, for x improvements of the determinant tasks for physical performance of the American football players is possible to suggest a training program involving strength training followed by a specific training protocol realized with an overload.

Bakgrund: Kvinnor upplever menstruationscykeln olika, men majoriteten verkar påverkas i någon utsträckning. Det kan vara såväl psykiska- som fysiska besvär. Genom cykeln fluktuerar hormoner som verkar kunna påverka fysisk prestation enligt vissa studier. Avsaknaden av studier som undersöker hur kvinnor upplever fysisk prestation under sin menstruationscykel motiverade till genomförandet av denna studie. Syfte: Att undersöka fysiskt aktiva kvinnors upplevelse av träning under menstruationscykeln och dess inverkan på den fysiska prestationen. Metod: En kvalitativ design användes. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex stycken fertila, fysiskt aktiva kvinnor med regelbunden menstruation senaste året genomfördes. Materialet bearbetades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Graneheims och Lundmans induktiva metod. Resultatsammanfattning: Fyra huvudkategorier identifierades; “variation i sinnesstämning”, “motivation”, “anpassning”och “prestationsvariation”. Kategorierna beskrev faktorer som påverkade den fysiska prestationen under menstruationscykeln. Menstruation beskrevs ofta med symptom som hade en negativ effekt på träning och ägglossning det motsatta, men upplevelserna varierade. Slutsats: Kvinnor som är fysiskt aktiva verkar uppleva en påverkan på fysisk prestation på grund av menstruationscykeln. Det verkar också som att den påverkan som upplevs förändrar sig beroende på cykelns faser. Det är dock ej helt klarlagt om denna påverkan är en faktisk fysisk försämring eller enbart en upplevelse av fysisk försämring. / Background: Women experience the menstrual cycle differently, but a majority seems to be affected to some extent. It can be psychological- as well as physical symptoms. Through the menstrual cycle, hormone levels changes, that seem to have an impact on physical performance according to some studies. The absence of studies investigating how women experience physical performance during their menstrual cycle motivated the implementation of this study. Purpose: To investigate the experience of exercise during menstrual cycle and its effect on physical performance in women who are physically active Method: A qualitative design was used. Semi-structured interviews with six fertil, physically active women, regularly menstruating during the last year. A qualitative content analysis was used according to Graneheim and Lundman´s inductive strategy. Results: Four categories were identified; "mood variation", "motivation", "adjustment" and "performance variation". The categories described factors that influenced the physical performance during the menstrual cycle. Menstruation were often described with symptoms that had a negative effect on exercise and ovulation the opposite, but experiences variated. Conclusion: It seems as women who are physically active experience an impact on physical performance due to the menstrual cycle. It also seems that the impact they experience changes depending on phase in the menstrual cycle. However, it's not entirely clear whether this influence always really is a physical deterioration or just an experience of a physical deterioration.

Ageing is associated with declines in cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness; yet for older adults the ability to perform the basic tasks of daily living is partly dependent on upperand lower-body fitness. Exercise training is an effective approach to counteract these age associated declines, with combined exercise training and high-intensity interval training (HIT) capable of eliciting improvements in cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness simultaneously. Recently, a new hydraulic resistance exercise machine (Speedflex) has been developed with potential to be a viable training mode for older adults allowing users to perform high speed movements with upper- and lower-body muscles. Accordingly, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of Speedflex as a training strategy in older adults. Initially, this work sought to determine the feasibility of performing exercise training using Speedflex in older adults by quantifying the acute training responses to 1) HIT and 2) strength training and comparing these against criterion exercise modes. Here, the observed physiological and perceptual responses demonstrated that Speedflex is a feasible mode of exercise training in older adults, capable of inducing a high-intensity training stimulus. Following this, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to quantify the effects of same-session combined exercise training in older adults with results demonstrating possibly small to possibly large beneficial effects on measures of fitness. As muscle power appears to be a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults, chapter five evaluated the reliability of the Nottingham leg extensor power rig, finding it to be reliable both short- and long-term, thereby confirming its suitability as a primary outcome measure for the final study and providing data for sample size estimation. Finally, chapter six evaluated the effects of a 12-week combined upper- and lower-body HIT intervention using Speedflex on physical fitness in older adults. Clear beneficial improvements were observed for participants in the intervention group compared to those in the control group for maximal oxygen uptake (~8%), muscle power (~10%) and muscle strength (~6%). The findings presented in this thesis demonstrate that both same-session combined training and HIT performed using Speedflex are capable of simultaneously improving cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in older adults.

É amplamente aceito que o desempenho físico em modalidades como o futebol americano é dependente da potência muscular. Apesar do exposto, ainda existe uma grande controvérsia com relação à manipulação do treinamento de potência ao longo de um período de preparação competitiva. Apesar de o treinamento de força convencional ser usualmente utilizado para o desenvolvimento da potência, tem-se sugerido que para aumentos adicionais nesta capacidade seja necessário o emprego de estratégias mais específicas do ponto de vista mecânico. Contudo, os papéis da aplicação de sobrecarga em gestos específicos não são claros. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos de um protocolo de exercícios específicos envolvendo sprints, descolamentos laterais e saltos sem ou com aplicação de sobrecarga sobre o desempenho da velocidade, agilidade e potência. Vinte e quatro sujeitos foram balanceados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais e realizaram dez semanas de treinamento. Nas quatro primeiras semanas foi realizado um treinamento de força. Após este período, foi realizado um protocolo de treinamento específico realizado sem (grupo S) ou com aplicação de sobrecarga (grupo S+V) por mais seis semanas. O desempenho da força (1RM), potência média (PM) e potência média propulsiva (PMP), o desempenho do salto vertical com (CMJ) e sem (SJ) contra movimento, salto horizontal (SH), a velocidade em 5, 10, 15 e 20m e a agilidade em diferentes testes (teste-T, three-cone drill e pro-agility drill) foram avaliados pré-treinamento e após quatro e dez semanas. Após quatro semanas, uma análise por modelos mistos mostrou aumentos similares em ambos os grupos no desempenho do 1RM, PM30%1RM, 10 e 15m, (p<0,05). Após o período de treinamento específico, ambos os grupos apresentaram aumentos no desempenho do SH e teste-T (p<0,05). Quando observamos o efeito conjunto de todo o programa, ou seja, das dez semanas de treinamento, os grupos mostraram aumentos no 1RM, PM30%1RM, SH e nos três testes de agilidade (p<0,05). Além disso, o grupo S+V demonstrou aumentos no desempenho do SJ, CMJ e no teste de velocidade em 10, 15, e 20m (p<0,05). Adicionalmente, apesar de não terem sido observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, o grupo S+V apresentou um tamanho do efeito superior em praticamente todas as variáveis dependentes comparado ao grupo S após as dez semanas de treinamento. Assim, é possível sugerir a utilização de um protocolo de treinamento de força seguido por um protocolo específico realizado com sobrecarga adicional quando pretendido aumentar o desempenho em habilidades determinantes para o desempenho físico de jogadores de futebol americano. / Physical performance of American football players depends on the power output. However, there are controversies about the power training manipulation in pre-season periods. Despite the conventional strength training to be wide used to improve power output it has been suggested to additional gains to utilize strategies more specifics of the mechanical point of view. Nevertheless, the effects of the resisted movements are unclear. So, the objective of this study was compared the effects of an exercises protocol involving jumps, lateral displacements and sprints without or with an overload (resisted movement) on speed, agility and power. Twenty four American football players participated of the study and they were balanced and randomly allocated into of two groups. In the first four weeks, it was performed a conventional strength training. Then, it was performed a specific protocol realized without (S group) or with an overload (S+V group) for another six weeks. The maximal strength (1RM), mean power (PM), mean propulsive power (PMP), squat (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jump, broad jump (SH), speed at 5, 10, 15 and 20m and agility in three different tests (teste-T, three-cone drill e pro-agility drill) were evaluated before, four and ten weeks of training. A mixed model analysis showed after four weeks of training a similar increase of the 1RM, PM30%1RM, speed at 10 and 15m for both groups (p<0,05). Analyzing specific training period, similar improvements were observed in the SH and teste-T (p<0,05). When analyzing the whole training program (i.e. 10 weeks), an increases at 1RM, PM30%1RM, SH and all the agility tests were observed for both groups. Furthermore, the S+V group showed increases in the SJ, CMJ and speed at 10, 15 and 20m (p<0,05). Additionally, despite not having been observed statistical differences between the groups, the S+V group showed a superior effect size in almost all dependent variables compared to the S group after ten weeks. Therefore, for x improvements of the determinant tasks for physical performance of the American football players is possible to suggest a training program involving strength training followed by a specific training protocol realized with an overload.

Maximum physical performance tests appear to best reflect athletes’ training status and readiness to perform; however, it is unfeasible for practitioners to implement physical performance tests while trying to minimise the effects of fatigue during training. Subjective self-reported well-being measures have therefore been purported as a tool for monitoring athletes’ readiness to perform without exertion. The purpose of the current study was to establish the nature and strength of the relationship between changes in physical performance test scores and changes in well-being scores in student soccer players. For the purpose of this investigation, the physical performance test scores (jump height (JH), 10 m and 40 m sprint tests, 5-0-5 and YO-YO) and well-being scores (fatigue, energy, stress, motivation, soreness, sleep and total well-being score (TWS)) were collected for 48 male student soccer players at three time points (testing observation one: T1; testing observation two: T2; testing observation three: T3) over a period of two weeks in order to assess percentage change scores for physical performance test scores and well-being scores between T1 and T2, T2 and T3, and T1 and T3. Once percentage change scores (physical performance test scores and well-being scores) for each comparative pair of testing observations were calculated, Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to evaluate the nature and strength of the relationships between changes in well-being scores and physical performance test scores. The principal findings of this study were that over two weeks of training, improved JH was associated with better motivation and worse fatigue, soreness and TWS. Faster 10 m and 40 m sprint times were associated with worse energy, stress, sleep and TWS. Faster 5-0-5 time was associated with worse fatigue, stress, sleep and TWS. Longer YO-YO distance was associated with worse motivation, stress, sleep and TWS. However, in many instances, correlations between physical performance test scores and well-being scores were small to trivial. Numerous contradicting correlations were also found across all comparative pairs of testing observations. The take-home message of this study is that subjective measures of well-being may not be purported as good measures for assessing athletes’ readiness to perform. Thus, physical performance tests are the ultimate indicator of athletes’ readiness to perform in this regard. Our findings suggest that during pre-season, worse well-being may be reported; however, athletes’ readiness to perform may not be negatively affected. Coaches and sport scientists should consider measuring both subjective self-reported measures of well-being and physical performance tests as these measures appear to be assessing two separate concepts. / Dissertation (MSc (Sport Science))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Physiology / MSc (Sport Science) / Unrestricted

Title: General and special performance of members of athletic sports centres Objectives: The primary aim of the thesis is to evaluate the general physical performance of 14-year-old and 15-year-old members of sports centres from 2018 and compare whether it is better than it was in 2012 and 2015. The secondary aim is to determine whether the general performance of athletes corresponds to special performance in the race. Methods: The first part of the thesis is a literary search, which represents a theoretical framework of the topic. The second, main part of the thesis is practical. Initially, the data of the examined group provided by the Czech athletic federation, Department of Youth, were statistically processed. Subsequently, the characteristics of the statistical population in 2018 were compared with the years 2012 and 2015. Based on factual data search, a comparison of general and special performance of selected sports centre members was drawn. Finally, the validity of the hypotheses was verified. Results: A comparison of testing results of sport centres members from 2018 with 2012 and 2015 proved that the general physical performance of 14-year-old and 15-year-old members is increasing year-on-year. In 2018, athletes achieved better average results in all four motor tests: a 50-meter run from...

Syfte - Studien avser att undersöka om prestation gällande maximalstyrka och explosivitet varierar under menstruationscykeln. Dessutom undersöks om den psykologiska motivationen eller känslan korrelerar med prestationen. Studiens syfte är att skapa en utgångspunkt för att se om periodisering av styrketräning i relation till menstruationscykeln faser är aktuell för kvinnor inom prestationsidrotter. Metod - Testerna genomfördes under en menstruationscykel, fyra veckor. Ett test genomfördes varje vecka för att täcka in fyra faser under menstruationscykeln och för att erhålla ett konsekvent veckomönster. Menstruationscykelns faser räknades ut i efterhand för att inte i förhand påverka testdeltagarnas motivation och prestation i förhållande till menstruationscykeln. Fas 1 menstruationsfas, fas 2 intermenstruation, fas 3 intermenstruation/ägglossning och fas 4 premenstruation. I testgruppen ingick fyra kvinnor, 32 år (± 10), längd 162,8 cm (± 7,32), vikt 57,4 kg (± 5,79). I kontrollgruppen ingick en man och två kvinnor utan menstruation, 26,67 år (± 9,02), längd 168,3 cm (± 8,96), vikt 71,7 kg (± 11,02). Fysiska tester, längdhopp och knäböj. En standardiserad uppvärmning genomfördes inför varje test, följdes av tre stycken jämfota längdhopp utan ansats med två minuter vila mellan hoppen. Bästa hoppet av tre dokumenterades. Längdhopp (CV 1,8 %) (Hopkins, Schabort &amp; Hawley, 2001), knäböj, en repetition max [1RM] (CV 1,57 %) (Urquhart, Moir, Graham &amp; Connaboy, 2015). En specifik uppvärmning genomfördes även inför 1RM knäböj därefter försök på en repetition på 1RM. Frågeformulär gällande hälsotillstånd och motivation “Snabbkollen” (Cross &amp; Lyle, 1999) besvarades inför varje testtillfälle. Vid sista testtillfället fick alla testdeltagare fylla i ett frågeformulär om upplevda symptom och tillstånd under den gångna menstruationscykeln. Resultat och slutsats - Det är ur denna studie svårt att tyda om menstruationscykelns olika faser skulle ha någon relevant effekt värd att ta hänsyn till när det gäller prestationen hos idrottande kvinnor. Dock visar resultaten att menstruationscykeln påverkar motivationen. / Purpose - This study aimed to examine how maximum strength and explosivity varies during the menstrual cycle and how this relates to psychological motivation or feelings over the same time period. The study's purpose was to create a starting point to see if there are changes in strength in relation to the menstrual cycle phases with relevance for women in sports performance. Method - The tests were carried out over one menstrual cycle, four weeks. One test was conducted every week to cover the four phases of the cycle and to obtain a consistent weekly pattern. Menstrual cycle phases were calculated retrospectively so as to not preempt the test participants motivation and performance in relation to the menstrual cycle. (Phase 1 menstruation phase, phase 2 inter-menstrual, phase 3 inter-menstrual/ovulation and phase 4 premenstruation). The test group included four women, aged 32 (± 10), length 162.8 cm (± 7.32), weight 57.4 kg (± 5.79). The control group included one man and two women without menstruation, 26.67 years (± 9.02), length 168.3 cm (± 8.96), weight 71.7 kg (± 11.02). Strength and explosivity were assessed by long jump and squat. A standardized preparation was carried out before each test, followed by three long jumps performed with both feet together without effort, with two minutes rest between jumps. The best jump of three was documented. An individualized warm-up was then performed to attain 1RM squat performance. A questionnaire focusing on health status and motivation of "Snabb Kollen" (Cross &amp; Lyle, 1999) was answered before each test date. At the end of the last test session all test participants completed a questionnaire on perceived symptoms, motivation and conditions specific to the duration of the test period, which for the females, corresponded to their last menstrual cycle. Results and Conclusion - Results from this study show that it is difficult to interpret if the menstrual cycle phase would have any relevant effect worth taking into account when it comes to the strength and explosivity performance of sportswomen. However, the results show that menstrual cycle does affect motivation.