Quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) have emerged as a promising technology in the mid- and far-infrared (3-25 μm) for medical and environmental sensing that have a lot of advantages over current technologies based on Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) and quantum well (QW) infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). In addition to the uniform and stable surface growth of III/V semiconductors suitable for large area focal plane applications and thermal imaging, the three dimension confinement in QDs allow sensitivity to normal incidence, high responsivity, low darkcurrent and high operating temperature. The growth, processing and characterizations of these detectors are costly and take a lot of time. So, developing theoretical models based on the physical operating principals will be so useful in characterizing and optimizing the device performance. Theoretical models based on non-equilibrium Green's functions have been developed to electrically and optically characterize different structures of QDIPs. The advantage of the model over the previous developed classical and semiclassical models is that it fairly describes quantum transport phenomenon playing a significant role in the performance of such nano-devices and considers the microscopic device structure including the shape and size of QDs, heterostructure device structure and doping density. The model calculates the density of states from which all possible energy transitions can be obtained and hence obtains the operating wavelengths for intersubband transitions. The responsivity due to intersubband transitions is calculated and the effect of having different sizes and different height-to-diameter ratio QDs can be obtained for optimization. The dark and photocurrent are calculated from the quantum transport equation provided by the model and their characteristics at different design parameter are studied. All the model results show good agreement with the available experimental results. The detectivity has been calculated from the dark and photocurrent characteristics at different design parameters. The results shows a trade off between the responsivity and detectivity and what determines the best performance is how much the rate of increase of the photocurrent and dark current is affected by changing the design parameters. Theoretical modeling developed in the thesis give good description to the QDIP different characteristics that will help in getting good estimation to their physical performance and hence allow for successful device design with optimized performance and creating new devices, thus saving both time and money. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease affecting over 4 million Canadians. The knee is most commonly affected joint, making knee OA a leading cause of chronic disability. Leg power is more closely related to physical performance than leg strength in healthy older adults, but power has yet to be studied in people with knee OA. Self-efficacy beliefs, or the confidence one has in their own abilities, is a variable closely related to physical performance in people with knee OA.</p> <p>The objective of this study was to identify the extent to which knee extensor strength, knee extensor power and self-efficacy explained variance in physical performance measures in adults with knee OA.</p> <p>Thirty-three participants diagnosed with clinical knee OA were included (5 men; mean age 61.1 ± 6.2 y). Dependent variables included a timed stair ascent, a timed stair descent, and the six minute walk test (SMWT). Independent variables included self-efficacy beliefs for pain, mean peak knee extensor power and mean knee extensor strength.</p> <p>Pearson correlations and linear regression models were completed using SPSS 15.</p> <p>Average values on the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), self-efficacy beliefs for pain and mean peak knee extensor power explained 34.7 % and 42.7% of the variance observed on the timed stair ascent and the timed stair descent, respectively. The determinants of the SMWT were different, with 29.4 % of the variance being explained by average NPRS and body mass index.</p> <p>Similar to previous work conducted on healthy older adults, it appears that in adults with knee OA, knee extensor power is a closer determinant of physical performance when compared to knee extensor strength, on challenging everyday tasks, like ascending or descending a flight of stairs. For longer endurance type activities like the SMWT, the physical requirements may be different. Clinicians should consider these results when advising patients on the exercise interventions needed to maintain or improve physical performance.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Physical Performance and Balance Confidence Among Community- Dwelling Older Adult Men: The Priest Study Purpose: Studies examining physical performance among older adult men remain limited. The purpose of this study was to examine gait, balance ability, and balance confidence within two cohorts of Roman Catholic priests (age 60-74 years of age and 75+ years) and to analyze predictive markers of physical performance. Participants: Subjects included 131 community-dwelling Roman Catholic priests over 60 (x = 76.1; SD = 9.0; range: 60-97 years) living in rectories, senior housing, or religious communities in 10 states. Materials/Methods: Subjects completed a basic demographic profile, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test, the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. Additional assessments included BMI, blood pressure, grip strength, and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). Data were analyzed data using descriptive statistics, independent T tests with Bonferroni correction, MANCOVA analysis, and stepwise regression modeling. Results: Demographic profiles revealed that 46 subjects (35%) had fallen over the past year. Eighty-six subjects (65%) were taking four or more medications. Younger priests (60--74 years) demonstrated a significantly higher ABC score than the older cohort (75 and above years) of priests (89.1+ 12.6 vs.78.4 + 13.9). Significant differences (p &lt; 0.001) in physical performance between the younger and older age cohorts were noted on the BBS (53.4 + 4.8 vs. 45.5 + 7.5), TUG (10.4 sec. + 2.3 vs. 13.4 sec. + 4.2), and DGI (22.6 + 2.6 vs. 19.0 + 4.2) respectively. Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that age, balance confidence, a fall in the past three months, and diastolic blood pressure predicted 60% of the variance in the BBS, 61% of the variance on the DGI, and 49% of the variance on the TUG (all p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Data findings suggest that both physiologic and psychosocial factors impact the functional profile of the older adult priest. Common tests of physical performance may be incorporated with modifiable variables to establish target interventions for balance, gait, and functional mobility. / Physical Therapy

O acúmulo intramuscular de íons H+ decorrente do exercício de alta intensidade inibe enzimas da via glicolítica, além de prejudicar diversas etapas do processo contrátil levando à fadiga. Especula-se que a suplementação combinada de betaalanina (via aumento da concentração de carnosina) e bicarbonato de sódio aumentaria a capacidade tamponante intra e extracelular refletindo em efeitos sinérgicos no metabolismo energético e no desempenho, do que quando suplementados isoladamente. Poucos estudos investigaram a eficácia da combinação dos suplementos durante o exercício e não há informações sobre os efeitos desta combinação nos sistemas energéticos. Portanto, esse estudo teve por objetivo investigar a eficácia da suplementação combinada ou isolada de betaalanina e bicarbonato de sódio enquanto estratégias de aumento da capacidade tamponante, bem como seu potencial na modulação do metabolismo energético e no desempenho do exercício intermitente de alta intensidade. O estudo contou com um desenho duplo-cego em que 77 voluntários (idade 38,6 ± 9,9 anos; massa corporal 76,6 ± 8,4 kg; VO2pico 59,3 ± 5,2 ml.kg-1.min-1) foram randomizados e aleatoriamente alocados em um dos 4 grupos sendo; beta-alanina (BA; n= 19), bicarbonato de sódio (BIC; n = 19), beta-alanina e bicarbonato de sódio (BA + BIC; n = 20) ou dextrose (PLA; n = 19). A eficácia das substâncias na contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foi comparada antes e após um período de 28 dias de suplementação de 6,4g/dia de beta-alanina e de 0,3g/kg de massa corporal de bicarbonato de sódio administrada 60 minutos antes de um exercício intermitente em cicloergômetro, que consistia de 4 séries de 1 minuto a 110% da potência aeróbia máxima com 1 minuto de intervalo e cadência constante. Após 10 minutos de repouso passivo, o desempenho era avaliado em um teste time-trial cuja meta era completar um trabalho total de 30 kJ, no menor tempo possível. Foram mensuradas as concentrações sanguíneas de pH, bicarbonato, excesso de base e lactato antes, durante e após os exercícios. As frações dos sistemas oxidativo e alático (ATP-CP) foram estimadas com base no consumo de oxigênio e o glicolítico pelo delta da concentração do lactato. O perfil energético do exercício intermitente consistiu na maior parte do sistema oxidativo (45 - 55%), seguido do sistema ATP-CP (35 - 40%) e do glicolítico (8 - 15%). A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio elevou (P<0,001) as concentrações sanguíneas de bicarbonato (~ 6 mmol/L) e pH (~ 0,06 unidades) nos grupos BIC e BA + BIC, gerando uma maior concentração do lactato nas séries iniciais o que refletiu no aumento do custo energético glicolítico na primeira série do exercício intermitente, sendo estatisticamente significativo somente no grupo BIC (9,9 ± 7,2 kJ vs 18,7 ± 9,4 kJ; pré vs pós-suplementação). Não houve efeito da suplementação no tempo para completar o time-trial entre os grupos ou períodos de suplementação (BA -0,5%; BIC -1,4%; BA + BIC -4% e PLA 0%). A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio, independentemente da suplementação de beta-alanina melhorou as variáveis de controle do equilíbrio ácido-base sanguíneo resultando na maior participação da via glicolítica, entretanto não conferiu benefícios adicionais ao desempenho / Intramuscular accumulation of H+ ions during high-intensity exercise inhibits glycolytic pathway enzymes and impairs several steps in the muscle-contraction process, causing fatigue. It has been suggested that a combined supplementation of betaalanine (through an increase in carnosine concentration) and sodium bicarbonate would increase intra- and extracellular buffering capacity causing synergetic effects on energy metabolism and performance, more than each supplement alone. Few studies investigate the effectiveness of combined supplements during exercise and there is no literature on the effects of this combination on energy system contribution. Therefore, the present study investigated the effectiveness of both beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate alone and together in increasing buffering capacity as well as the potential for modulating energy metabolism and performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise. The study was double-blind and 77 volunteers (aged 38.6 ± 9.9 year, body mass 76.6 ± 8.4 kg; VO2peak 59,3 ± 5,2 ml.kg-1.min-1) were randomly assigned to four groups: beta-alanine (BA; n = 19), sodium bicarbonate (BIC; n = 19), beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate (BA + BIC; n = 20), dextrose (PLA; n = 19). The efficacy of the substances in contributing to energy systems was compared before and after a 28-day period of supplementing 6.4g/day of beta-alanine and of 0.3g/kg of body mass of sodium bicarbonate administered 60 minutes before a cycling intermittent exercise, consisting of 4 sets of 1-minute each at 110% of maximum aerobic power with 1-minute intervals between each set and at an even pace. After 10 minutes of passive rest, performance was measured during a time-trial test in which participants were asked the complete 30 kJ of total work as fast as possible. Blood concentration of pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate were measured before, during, and after intermittent and time trial protocols. The contributions of oxidative and anaerobic alactic (ATP-CP) were estimated based on oxygen consumption and the glycolytic system by the delta of lactate concentration. The energy demand of the intermittent exercises mostly consisted of the oxidative system (45-55%), followed by the ATP-CP system (35-40%), lastly glycolytic (8-15%). The sodium bicarbonate supplement elevated (P>0.001) blood concentration of bicarbonate (~6mmol/L) and pH (~0.06) units in the BIC and BA + BIC groups, generated a high concentration of lactate in the first sets, reflecting the increase in glycolytic energy cost in the first set of intermittent exercise, but was only statistically significant in the BIC group (9.9 ± 7.2 KJ vs 18.7 ± 9.4 KJ; pre vs postsupplementation). Supplementation did not have an effect on the time-trial times between groups or supplement periods (BA -0.5%, BIC -1.4%, BA + BIC -4%, PLA 0%). Supplementing with sodium bicarbonate, both alone and together with betaalanine improved blood acid-base control during high-intensity intermittent exercise resulting in high participation of the glycolytic metabolism, however it did not lead to additional performance

O eixo GH/IGF-I (hormônio do crescimento - fatores de crescimento insulina-símile) é um sistema de mediadores de crescimento, receptores e proteínas de ligação que controlam o crescimento somático e tecidual em muitas espécies e programas de exercícios estão relacionados a esta função anabólica por meio da ação deste eixo. Partindo deste pressuposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a cinética das concentrações séricas de IGF-I, IGFBP-3 e ALS, das citocinas IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-? e comparar com o desempenho físico e a composição corporal de nadadores adolescentes nas diferentes fases de uma temporada de treinamento. A amostra foi composta por 9 nadadores adolescentes do sexo masculino com idade entre 16 e 19 anos, que faziam parte de uma equipe de natação universitária da cidade de Ribeirão Preto. Os níveis de IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-? foram determinados na fase básica, específica e final do polimento. A fim de comparar a cinética do sistema IGF-I/IGFBP-3-ALS e das citocinas com o desempenho físico e a composição corporal dos atletas, também foram avaliadas a resistência aeróbia em nado livre, a aptidão anaeróbia em nado atado, a massa corporal, o percentual de gordura e a massa magra nos diferentes momentos da temporada. Para a análise da cinética do sistema IGF-I/IGFBP-3-ALS e das citocinas nas diferentes fases do treinamento e antes e após a sessão de treino padronizada foram utilizados os testes não-paramétricos de Friedman e Wilcoxon, respectivamente, adotando-se um nível de significância de 0,05. A correlação entre duas variáveis foi analisada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: o IGF-I é sensível aos efeitos agudos e crônicos do treinamento, apresentando um comportamento em duas fases ao longo da temporada - uma fase catabólica (fase específica) e uma fase anabólica (polimento). O IGFBP-3 mostrou-se sensível apenas aos efeitos crônicos do treinamento, não sendo possível identificar um comportamento diferenciado intra-fase (pré x pós). A ALS manteve-se constante, mostrando que não foi afetada pelos efeitos agudos ou crônicos do treinamento. A IL-10 mostrou-se sensível aos efeitos agudos e crônicos do treinamento, aumentando significativamente durante a fase de polimento. A IL-6 não apresentou variação significante em resposta a uma sessão de treinamento (efeito agudo), apesar disso, apresentou uma correlação negativa com o IGF-I na fase específica de treinamento. O TNF-? apresentou concentrações mais estáveis ao longo da temporada. A composição corporal e a condição cardiorrespiratória dos nadadores não foram alteradas ao longo da temporada. O Pico de Força e a Força Média acompanharam a variação do IGF-I e do IGFBP-3, ou seja, diminuíram durante a fase específica e apresentaram uma elevação significativa durante o polimento. Conclusão: o IGF-I e a IGFBP-3 podem ser considerados um dos sensíveis marcadores de estado de treinamento, podendo orientar treinadores e atletas a dosar a intensidade de treinamento, especialmente de jovens que se encontram na puberdade. Foi possível observar algumas faces de interação com as citocinas, onde a soma das ações das citocinas provavelmente explicariam as mudanças nas concentrações séricas de IGF-I e IGFBP-3. / The GH/IGF-I axis is a system of growth mediators, receptors, and binding proteins that regulate somatic and tissue growth; and it has been shown that exercise programs are related to the anabolic function of this axis. The aim of this study was to analyse the kinetics of serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-? concentration in adolescent swimmers at different stages of a training season, and compare them with physical performance parameters and body composition of the athletes. Nine male athletes, aged 16 to 19 years and who trained regularly throughout the season were included in this study. Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IL- 6, IL-10, and TNF-? concentrations were recorded before and after (pre x post) standardized training sessions during the different stages of a training season (extensive x intensive x tapering). Aerobic endurance in freestyle, anaerobic fitness in tied swimming (Peak Force and Average Force), body mass, fat percentage, and lean body mass were also analysed at the different stages of training in order to compare the behaviour of the IGF-I/IGFBP/ALS system with the physical performance and body composition of the athletes. Variations in the cytokines and IGF-I/IGFBP-3/ALS system before and after a standardized training session, and at the different stages of training were analysed by the Wilcoxon and Friedman nonparametric tests, respectively. The correlation between the two variables was analysed by the Spearman\'s correlation coefficient. Significance was considered at P<0.05. Results: IGF-I was sensitive to the acute and chronic effects of training, exhibiting biphasic behaviour throughout the season. The catabolic phase was characterized by a reduction in serum IGF-I levels during the intensive stage while the anabolic phase was marked by an increase in posttraining serum IGF-I levels during the tapering stage. IGFBP-3 was only sensitive to the chronic effects of training, with a reduction in post-training serum levels during the intensive stage and an increase during the tapering stage. No difference was observed in pre- or posttraining IGFBP-3 levels at the different stages. ALS and TNF-? remained estable throughout the training season. IL-10 was sensitive to the acute and chronic effects of training, increasing significantly during the tapering phase. IL-6 showed no variation in response to a training session (acute effect); nevertheless, it had a negative correlation to IGF-I at the intensive phase. The body composition and cardiorespiratory function of the swimmers remained unaltered throughout the season. Peak Force and Average Force followed IGF-I and IGFBP-3 variations, with a decrease during the intensive stage and a significant increase during the tapering stage. The body composition and cardiorespiratory condition of the swimmers did not vary significantly throughout the season, exhibiting behaviour independent of IGF-I or IGFBP-3. Conclusion: Serum IGF-I and IGFPB-3 concentrations have proven to be sensitive markers of training status and, thus, may be used as guides for coaches and athletes in the challenging task of modulating training intensity in young athletes. The cytokine interactions observed suggest that the combined effects of these cytokines may be responsible for the serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 variations recorded.

Nach Operationen am Schultergelenk ist die Rehabilitation von entscheidender Bedeutung, um das operative Ergebnis zu sichern und die Schulterfunktion wiederherzustellen. Die dafür erforderliche funktionelle Kraft, Mobilität, Stabilität und Schmerzfreiheit soll mittels adäquater Maßnahmen im Therapieprozess entwickelt werden. Einen Untersuchungsschwerpunkt dieser Arbeit stellte die Erhebung von indikationsspezifischen isokinetischen Referenzwerten dar, die als schädigungsfrei erreichbare Steigerungsraten der Kraft innerhalb eines definierten Rehabilitationsprogrammes anzusehen sind. Dafür wurden jeweils 30 Patienten mit ventraler Schulterstabilisierung, arthroskopisch subakromialer Dekompression und Rekonstruktion der Rotatorenmanschette unter Verwendung des Seilzugisokinetikgerätes „Moflex®“ für die Bewegungen Adduktion, Innen- und Außenrotation untersucht. Zusätzlich galten die tägliche Schmerzquantifizierung, die Erfassung der aktiven Beweglichkeit und die subjektive Einschätzung mittels Fragebögen zum Gesundheitszustand (SF-36-Health-Survey) und zur Schulterfunktion (DASH-Score) zu definierten Zeitpunkten der Rehabilitation als obligate Bestandteile der Untersuchung. Auf der Grundlage der ermittelten Referenzwerte werden Empfehlungen für die praktische Anwendung eines therapeutischen Aufbautrainings mit dem Therapieband und dem Seilzugsystem abgeleitet. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildete die Leistungsdiagnostik mit der Überprüfung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit und der kardiopulmonalen Belastung während einer orthopädisch ausgerichteten Rehabilitation. Dafür absolvierten 20 männliche Patienten nach einer Operation am Schultergelenk zu Beginn und zum Abschluss der Rehabilitation einen Spiroergometrietest auf dem Fahrradergometer und eine Spirometrieuntersuchung mit dem „K4b2“ während der Krankengymnastik und der Medizinischen Trainingstherapie. Mit den Resultaten ist erstmalig eine Beurteilung der kardiopulmonalen Belastung von Patienten bei differenten Therapiemaßnahmen möglich. Die Ergebnisse können als Handlungsanleitung für die Belastungsgestaltung im Rahmen der postoperativen Rehabilitation von Schulterpatienten betrachtet werden.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-16T22:03:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Camila Fernanda Costa e Cunha Moraes Brandão.pdf: 723403 bytes, checksum: c34640769c1f6bfa0634a52f9776652c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T17:07:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Camila Fernanda Costa e Cunha Moraes Brandão.pdf: 723403 bytes, checksum: c34640769c1f6bfa0634a52f9776652c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T17:07:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Camila Fernanda Costa e Cunha Moraes Brandão.pdf: 723403 bytes, checksum: c34640769c1f6bfa0634a52f9776652c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-18 / CAPES / CNPq / O propósito deste estudo foi criar um índice unificador dos testes do PROESP-BR para escolares e propor a redução do número dos testes. Foram avaliados 420 adolescentes entre 15 e 17 anos representativos da população das escolas públicas do município de Cuiabá. Os testes englobam a aptidão física geral, sendo: teste abdominal, salto em distância, corrida de 9 minutos, corrida de 20 metros, teste de agilidade do quadrado e arremesso de medicine ball. Foram padronizados os resultados e agrupados em dois fatores; foi criado o ‘escolar otimo’ pelo melhor resultado observado em cada teste. A comunalidade de cada teste (r) significa a representatividade do teste quanto ao conjunto; os alunos foram classificados então em quintis de acordo com a distância euclidiano do ‘escolar ótimo’. Os resultados da comunalidade para meninas e meninos em cada teste, foram respectivamente: resistência abdominal (0,57; 0,43), arremesso de medicine ball (0,82; 0,65), salto horizontal (0,72; 0,67), corrida de 20 metros (0,69; 0,50), teste do quadrado (0,69; 0,50), corrida de 9 minutos (0,42; 0,73), e; para o índice: excelente (0,01 – 3,85; 0,01 – 3,50), muito bom (3,86 – 7,70; 3,51 – 7,00), bom (7,71 – 11,55; 7,01 – 10,50), razoável (11,56 – 15,40; 10,51 – 14,00) e fraco (≥15,40; ≥14,01). O teste que melhor representou o grupo feminino foi o arremesso de medicine ball e salto horizontal, para o grupo masculino a corrida de 9 minutos. Assim, observamos que três testes seriam suficientes para esta bateria de avaliação representando o desempenho global, e os testes podem ser escolhidos de acordo com o sexo. Ainda, foi possível criar um índice global dos avaliados que permite visualizar o desempenho conjunto dos seis testes em uma nota, bem como sua distribuição dentro do grupo e distância do ideal de referencia. / The purpose of this study was to develop a unifying index tests PROESP-BR for school and propose to reduce the number of tests. 420 adolescents were assessed between 15 and 17 representative of the population of public schools in the city of Cuiabá. The tests include general physical fitness, and abdominal test, jump, run 9 minutes, running 20 meters square test of agility and throwing medicine ball. Results and grouped into two factors were standardized; the 'otimo school' was created by the best results observed in each test. The comunalidade each test (r) means the representativeness of the test on the set; students were then sorted into quintiles according to the Euclidean distance 'great school'. The results of commonality for girls and boys in each test were: abdominal strength (0.57, 0.43), throwing medicine ball (0.82, 0.65), horizontal jump (0.72, 0, 67), racing 20 yards (0.69, 0.50), chi-square (0.69, 0.50), race 9 minutes (0.42, 0.73), and; for index: excellent (0.01 to 3.85, 0.01 to 3.50), very good (3.86 to 7.70, 3.51 to 7.00), good (7.71 to 11 55, 7.01 to 10.50), fair (from 11.56 to 15.40, 10.51 to 14.00) and weak (≥ 15.40, ≥ 14.01). The test that best represented the female group was the medicine ball throw and standing long jump for the male group, race 9 minutes. Thus, we observe that three tests would be sufficient for this assessment battery representing the overall performance, and testing can be chosen according to sex. Still, it was possible to create a global index of reviews that lets you view all the six tests in a note performance as well as its distribution within the group and away from the ideal reference.

Orientador: Maria Jose D'Elboux Diogo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T13:41:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nakano_MarciaMariko_M.pdf: 2723025 bytes, checksum: 3eb7e1c45ec6cbf615729f4dd1687949 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivos realizar a adaptação cultural e avaliar a confiabilidade do instrumento Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) para a população idosa brasileira. Foram adotadas as etapas metodológicas recomendadas pela literatura especializada, como: tradução, retro-tradução, avaliação por um comitê de juízes, pré-teste e análise da confiabilidade do instrumento na versão brasileira. No pré-teste participaram 27 profissionais da área da saúde e 38 idosos, sendo 30 mulheres (78,95%), com média de idade de 71,26 anos (±9,03). Se algum item do instrumento apresentasse mais de 15% de não entendimento, relatado pelos avaliadores ou pelos idosos, a questão era reformulada e reaplicada. Para analisar a confiabilidade da versão final da SPPB, duas fisioterapeutas administraram o teste numa amostra de 30 idosos com média de idade de 77 anos (±9,51), sendo 17 do gênero feminino (57,67%). As análises de confiabilidade apresentaram as seguintes medidas: consistência interna (a=0,725), por meio do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach; interobservador (ICC=0,996) e teste-reteste (ICC=0,876), as duas últimas, por meio do coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (ICC), com p<0,001. Analisou-se também a correlação de escore de cada teste versus o escore total da SPPB, por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, resultando em: r=0,703 para o teste de equilíbrio, r=0,898 para teste de velocidade de marcha e r=0,769 para o teste de levantar da cadeira, todos com p<0,0001. Concluiu-se que a versão brasileira da SPPB apresentou boa confiabilidade nos idosos estudados, ensejando recomendar outras análises psicométricas, a fim de se confirmar a validade deste instrumento na população idosa brasileira / Abstract: This study was intended to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation and to evaluate the reliability of the Short Physical Performance Battery ? SPPB for the Brazilian elderly population. The methodological stages recommended by specialized literature were adopted: translation, back-translation, expert committee, pre-test and evaluation of the reliability of the Brazilian version. The pre-test consisted of a sample of 38 elderly (78.95% were women), at an age average of 71.26 years (SD=9, 03) and the involvement of 27 health care professionals. If more than 15% of therapists or patients reported difficulty in understanding any item, such item was reformulated and reapplied. To verify the reliability of the SPPB final version, two physiotherapists checked out other 30 elderly, at an age average of 77.03 (SD=9.51) years, 17 of them were women (57.67%). The reliability analysis showed the following measurements: internal consistency (a=0.725), according to Cronbach?s coefficient; interobservers (ICC=0.996) and test-retest (ICC=0.876), the last two ones, from intraclass correlation coefficient (p<0.001). Each test score as compared to SPPB total score was also analysed, according to Spearman?s correlation coefficient, resulting: r=0.703 to the balance test, r=0.898 to the gait speed test and r=0.769 to the chair stands test (all p<0.0001). In conclusion, the SPPB Brazilian version applied to the studied elderly group has revealed good reliability and recommends further psychometric property studies to confirm the SPPB validity to the Brazilian elderly population / Mestrado / Gerontologia / Mestre em Gerontologia

O acúmulo intramuscular de íons H+ decorrente do exercício de alta intensidade inibe enzimas da via glicolítica, além de prejudicar diversas etapas do processo contrátil levando à fadiga. Especula-se que a suplementação combinada de betaalanina (via aumento da concentração de carnosina) e bicarbonato de sódio aumentaria a capacidade tamponante intra e extracelular refletindo em efeitos sinérgicos no metabolismo energético e no desempenho, do que quando suplementados isoladamente. Poucos estudos investigaram a eficácia da combinação dos suplementos durante o exercício e não há informações sobre os efeitos desta combinação nos sistemas energéticos. Portanto, esse estudo teve por objetivo investigar a eficácia da suplementação combinada ou isolada de betaalanina e bicarbonato de sódio enquanto estratégias de aumento da capacidade tamponante, bem como seu potencial na modulação do metabolismo energético e no desempenho do exercício intermitente de alta intensidade. O estudo contou com um desenho duplo-cego em que 77 voluntários (idade 38,6 ± 9,9 anos; massa corporal 76,6 ± 8,4 kg; VO2pico 59,3 ± 5,2 ml.kg-1.min-1) foram randomizados e aleatoriamente alocados em um dos 4 grupos sendo; beta-alanina (BA; n= 19), bicarbonato de sódio (BIC; n = 19), beta-alanina e bicarbonato de sódio (BA + BIC; n = 20) ou dextrose (PLA; n = 19). A eficácia das substâncias na contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foi comparada antes e após um período de 28 dias de suplementação de 6,4g/dia de beta-alanina e de 0,3g/kg de massa corporal de bicarbonato de sódio administrada 60 minutos antes de um exercício intermitente em cicloergômetro, que consistia de 4 séries de 1 minuto a 110% da potência aeróbia máxima com 1 minuto de intervalo e cadência constante. Após 10 minutos de repouso passivo, o desempenho era avaliado em um teste time-trial cuja meta era completar um trabalho total de 30 kJ, no menor tempo possível. Foram mensuradas as concentrações sanguíneas de pH, bicarbonato, excesso de base e lactato antes, durante e após os exercícios. As frações dos sistemas oxidativo e alático (ATP-CP) foram estimadas com base no consumo de oxigênio e o glicolítico pelo delta da concentração do lactato. O perfil energético do exercício intermitente consistiu na maior parte do sistema oxidativo (45 - 55%), seguido do sistema ATP-CP (35 - 40%) e do glicolítico (8 - 15%). A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio elevou (P<0,001) as concentrações sanguíneas de bicarbonato (~ 6 mmol/L) e pH (~ 0,06 unidades) nos grupos BIC e BA + BIC, gerando uma maior concentração do lactato nas séries iniciais o que refletiu no aumento do custo energético glicolítico na primeira série do exercício intermitente, sendo estatisticamente significativo somente no grupo BIC (9,9 ± 7,2 kJ vs 18,7 ± 9,4 kJ; pré vs pós-suplementação). Não houve efeito da suplementação no tempo para completar o time-trial entre os grupos ou períodos de suplementação (BA -0,5%; BIC -1,4%; BA + BIC -4% e PLA 0%). A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio, independentemente da suplementação de beta-alanina melhorou as variáveis de controle do equilíbrio ácido-base sanguíneo resultando na maior participação da via glicolítica, entretanto não conferiu benefícios adicionais ao desempenho / Intramuscular accumulation of H+ ions during high-intensity exercise inhibits glycolytic pathway enzymes and impairs several steps in the muscle-contraction process, causing fatigue. It has been suggested that a combined supplementation of betaalanine (through an increase in carnosine concentration) and sodium bicarbonate would increase intra- and extracellular buffering capacity causing synergetic effects on energy metabolism and performance, more than each supplement alone. Few studies investigate the effectiveness of combined supplements during exercise and there is no literature on the effects of this combination on energy system contribution. Therefore, the present study investigated the effectiveness of both beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate alone and together in increasing buffering capacity as well as the potential for modulating energy metabolism and performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise. The study was double-blind and 77 volunteers (aged 38.6 ± 9.9 year, body mass 76.6 ± 8.4 kg; VO2peak 59,3 ± 5,2 ml.kg-1.min-1) were randomly assigned to four groups: beta-alanine (BA; n = 19), sodium bicarbonate (BIC; n = 19), beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate (BA + BIC; n = 20), dextrose (PLA; n = 19). The efficacy of the substances in contributing to energy systems was compared before and after a 28-day period of supplementing 6.4g/day of beta-alanine and of 0.3g/kg of body mass of sodium bicarbonate administered 60 minutes before a cycling intermittent exercise, consisting of 4 sets of 1-minute each at 110% of maximum aerobic power with 1-minute intervals between each set and at an even pace. After 10 minutes of passive rest, performance was measured during a time-trial test in which participants were asked the complete 30 kJ of total work as fast as possible. Blood concentration of pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate were measured before, during, and after intermittent and time trial protocols. The contributions of oxidative and anaerobic alactic (ATP-CP) were estimated based on oxygen consumption and the glycolytic system by the delta of lactate concentration. The energy demand of the intermittent exercises mostly consisted of the oxidative system (45-55%), followed by the ATP-CP system (35-40%), lastly glycolytic (8-15%). The sodium bicarbonate supplement elevated (P>0.001) blood concentration of bicarbonate (~6mmol/L) and pH (~0.06) units in the BIC and BA + BIC groups, generated a high concentration of lactate in the first sets, reflecting the increase in glycolytic energy cost in the first set of intermittent exercise, but was only statistically significant in the BIC group (9.9 ± 7.2 KJ vs 18.7 ± 9.4 KJ; pre vs postsupplementation). Supplementation did not have an effect on the time-trial times between groups or supplement periods (BA -0.5%, BIC -1.4%, BA + BIC -4%, PLA 0%). Supplementing with sodium bicarbonate, both alone and together with betaalanine improved blood acid-base control during high-intensity intermittent exercise resulting in high participation of the glycolytic metabolism, however it did not lead to additional performance

O eixo GH/IGF-I (hormônio do crescimento - fatores de crescimento insulina-símile) é um sistema de mediadores de crescimento, receptores e proteínas de ligação que controlam o crescimento somático e tecidual em muitas espécies e programas de exercícios estão relacionados a esta função anabólica por meio da ação deste eixo. Partindo deste pressuposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a cinética das concentrações séricas de IGF-I, IGFBP-3 e ALS, das citocinas IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-? e comparar com o desempenho físico e a composição corporal de nadadores adolescentes nas diferentes fases de uma temporada de treinamento. A amostra foi composta por 9 nadadores adolescentes do sexo masculino com idade entre 16 e 19 anos, que faziam parte de uma equipe de natação universitária da cidade de Ribeirão Preto. Os níveis de IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-? foram determinados na fase básica, específica e final do polimento. A fim de comparar a cinética do sistema IGF-I/IGFBP-3-ALS e das citocinas com o desempenho físico e a composição corporal dos atletas, também foram avaliadas a resistência aeróbia em nado livre, a aptidão anaeróbia em nado atado, a massa corporal, o percentual de gordura e a massa magra nos diferentes momentos da temporada. Para a análise da cinética do sistema IGF-I/IGFBP-3-ALS e das citocinas nas diferentes fases do treinamento e antes e após a sessão de treino padronizada foram utilizados os testes não-paramétricos de Friedman e Wilcoxon, respectivamente, adotando-se um nível de significância de 0,05. A correlação entre duas variáveis foi analisada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: o IGF-I é sensível aos efeitos agudos e crônicos do treinamento, apresentando um comportamento em duas fases ao longo da temporada - uma fase catabólica (fase específica) e uma fase anabólica (polimento). O IGFBP-3 mostrou-se sensível apenas aos efeitos crônicos do treinamento, não sendo possível identificar um comportamento diferenciado intra-fase (pré x pós). A ALS manteve-se constante, mostrando que não foi afetada pelos efeitos agudos ou crônicos do treinamento. A IL-10 mostrou-se sensível aos efeitos agudos e crônicos do treinamento, aumentando significativamente durante a fase de polimento. A IL-6 não apresentou variação significante em resposta a uma sessão de treinamento (efeito agudo), apesar disso, apresentou uma correlação negativa com o IGF-I na fase específica de treinamento. O TNF-? apresentou concentrações mais estáveis ao longo da temporada. A composição corporal e a condição cardiorrespiratória dos nadadores não foram alteradas ao longo da temporada. O Pico de Força e a Força Média acompanharam a variação do IGF-I e do IGFBP-3, ou seja, diminuíram durante a fase específica e apresentaram uma elevação significativa durante o polimento. Conclusão: o IGF-I e a IGFBP-3 podem ser considerados um dos sensíveis marcadores de estado de treinamento, podendo orientar treinadores e atletas a dosar a intensidade de treinamento, especialmente de jovens que se encontram na puberdade. Foi possível observar algumas faces de interação com as citocinas, onde a soma das ações das citocinas provavelmente explicariam as mudanças nas concentrações séricas de IGF-I e IGFBP-3. / The GH/IGF-I axis is a system of growth mediators, receptors, and binding proteins that regulate somatic and tissue growth; and it has been shown that exercise programs are related to the anabolic function of this axis. The aim of this study was to analyse the kinetics of serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-? concentration in adolescent swimmers at different stages of a training season, and compare them with physical performance parameters and body composition of the athletes. Nine male athletes, aged 16 to 19 years and who trained regularly throughout the season were included in this study. Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IL- 6, IL-10, and TNF-? concentrations were recorded before and after (pre x post) standardized training sessions during the different stages of a training season (extensive x intensive x tapering). Aerobic endurance in freestyle, anaerobic fitness in tied swimming (Peak Force and Average Force), body mass, fat percentage, and lean body mass were also analysed at the different stages of training in order to compare the behaviour of the IGF-I/IGFBP/ALS system with the physical performance and body composition of the athletes. Variations in the cytokines and IGF-I/IGFBP-3/ALS system before and after a standardized training session, and at the different stages of training were analysed by the Wilcoxon and Friedman nonparametric tests, respectively. The correlation between the two variables was analysed by the Spearman\'s correlation coefficient. Significance was considered at P<0.05. Results: IGF-I was sensitive to the acute and chronic effects of training, exhibiting biphasic behaviour throughout the season. The catabolic phase was characterized by a reduction in serum IGF-I levels during the intensive stage while the anabolic phase was marked by an increase in posttraining serum IGF-I levels during the tapering stage. IGFBP-3 was only sensitive to the chronic effects of training, with a reduction in post-training serum levels during the intensive stage and an increase during the tapering stage. No difference was observed in pre- or posttraining IGFBP-3 levels at the different stages. ALS and TNF-? remained estable throughout the training season. IL-10 was sensitive to the acute and chronic effects of training, increasing significantly during the tapering phase. IL-6 showed no variation in response to a training session (acute effect); nevertheless, it had a negative correlation to IGF-I at the intensive phase. The body composition and cardiorespiratory function of the swimmers remained unaltered throughout the season. Peak Force and Average Force followed IGF-I and IGFBP-3 variations, with a decrease during the intensive stage and a significant increase during the tapering stage. The body composition and cardiorespiratory condition of the swimmers did not vary significantly throughout the season, exhibiting behaviour independent of IGF-I or IGFBP-3. Conclusion: Serum IGF-I and IGFPB-3 concentrations have proven to be sensitive markers of training status and, thus, may be used as guides for coaches and athletes in the challenging task of modulating training intensity in young athletes. The cytokine interactions observed suggest that the combined effects of these cytokines may be responsible for the serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 variations recorded.