The purpose of this study was to understand whether physician leaders are subject to gender bias in the form of differential work outcomes. Specifically, the primary goal was to examine whether the gender of a successful physician leader, the medical specialty in which he or she works (surgery or pediatrics), and participant level of social dominance orientation (SDO; level of egalitarianism) influenced the allocation of workplace outcomes (i.e., evaluations of performance, promotion recommendations, and characterizations of ability and effort). This study further explored if ability and effort characterizations mediated the relationship between gender, specialty, and participant SDO on evaluations of performance and promotion recommendations. Attempting to elucidate the atypical but increasing phenomenon in which successful female leaders in male-typed jobs receive higher performance evaluations, but lower rates of promotion as compared to equivalent males; this study drew on attribution theory to explain that characterizations of successful women as “hard workers” (effort) may be seen as deserving of high evaluations of performance but not promotions, while being “brilliant” (ability) may be seen as deserving of promotions and reserved for successful men. Results revealed an unexpected overall boost for female surgeons, awarded especially by participants low in SDO (those most egalitarian) such that female surgeons received significantly better outcomes as compared to female pediatricians and equivalent outcomes as compared to male physicians. Male surgeons and pediatricians were largely awarded equivalent outcomes across all levels of participant SDO. Further, mediation was supported only for female surgeons, such that higher characterizations of effort explained higher evaluations of performance, particularly by those low in SDO. Further research is required to understand why successful women receive higher evaluations of performance, but not promotions.

Leung, Wai Shun. / "April 2008." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-148). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.16 / Attitudes towards child abuse among doctors --- p.17 / Doctors' reporting behaviours --- p.20 / Factors associated with doctors' reporting behaviours --- p.21 / Reporting systems in foreign countries --- p.29 / Effectiveness of mandatory reporting system --- p.32 / Summary --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Child Abuse in Hong Kong --- p.37 / Prevalence of child abuse in Hong Kong --- p.37 / Child abuse management in Hong Kong --- p.41 / Summary --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Aims and hypotheses --- p.47 / Aims and objectives --- p.49 / Hypotheses --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Methods --- p.52 / Participants --- p.52 / Procedure --- p.55 / Measures --- p.56 / Ethical considerations --- p.60 / Data analysis --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Results --- p.63 / Characteristics of responding doctors --- p.63 / Definition of child abuse --- p.64 / Attitudes towards corporal punishment and opinions on child abuse issues --- p.67 / Reporting behaviours among doctors --- p.70 / Doctors' perceived importance of barriers and their relationships with reporting behaviours --- p.72 / Doctors' attitudes towards local reporting system --- p.74 / Tables 1-12 --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion --- p.92 / Strengths of the study --- p.93 / Limitations of the study --- p.94 / Discussions on the findings --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Implications and recommendations --- p.110 / Implications of the present study --- p.110 / Suggestions to improve the management of child abuse in Hong Kong --- p.111 / Conclusions --- p.124 / Appendix 1-9 --- p.128 / Bibliography --- p.137

Au XVIIIe siècle, la médecine connaît une évolution d’un point de vue scientifique mais aussi au regard de la société d’Ancien Régime. L’engouement pour la science d’Esculape se traduit par une augmentation des vocations au sein des universités méridionales, en particulier à Montpellier.Cette thèse interroge le devenir de médecins, diplômés de trois facultés méridionales, tout au long d’un siècle marqué par l’effervescence scientifique. Le tropisme de Montpellier atteste de sa bonne réputation. La carrière est un autre aspect central de cette recherche afin d’étudier l’implication de ces médecins dans la vie scientifique et publique, et de voir la voie médicale est gage de carrière ascensionnelle. / In the eighteenth century, medicine evolved from a scientific point of view but also with regard to its place in the society of Ancien Régime. The enthusiasm for the science of Esculapius is reflected in an increase in vocations within the southern universities, especially in Montpellier. This thesis questions the future of doctors, graduates of three southern faculties, throughout a century marked by scientific effervescence. The tropism of Montpellier attests to its good reputation. The analysis of their careers is another central aspect of this research, which offers the opportunity to study the involvement of these doctors in scientific and public life, and to see by what processes the medical path has become a career pledge Upward.

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The relationship between physicians' perceptions of Mexican American patients at risk for Type 2 diabetes and the subsequent care they provide was studied. Primary care providers responded to questionnaires about their health promotion practices. A 2x2 analysis of variance was used to identify differences in reported treatment of patients that accounted for both ethnicity and risk. Results indicated Hispanic patients received less time with their providers than Caucasian patients regardless of risk for Type 2 diabetes. Both groups received about the same reported care in terms of information gathered for diagnosis, diagnosis made, and treatment regimen prescribed. Data also suggested that providers' scores for treatment regimen and information gathered were disappointingly low, which may not only account for the lack of statistically significant findings, but may reflect a larger issue within the medical care field.

Organized medicine is a uniquely powerful political force in Canada, with physician colleges and associations exerting extensive influence over healthcare provision. Their influence has contributed to what social scientists describe as medical dominance, or the exceptional power of the medical profession within the healthcare system and wider society. However, Canadian medical organizations do not consistently defend this dominance; rather, they have occasionally lent support to policy changes that, on their face, would appear incompatible with traditional conceptions of medical power and authority. Typically, these instances are explained as a simple matter of strategic retreat: medicine conceding defeat on a particular issue in an effort to save face or conserve resources, without any change in underlying beliefs. This dissertation questions that assumption, asking if at times organized medicine’s support for threats to medical dominance is instead a function of more fundamental shifts in core policy beliefs. Through a series of interviews exploring how organized medicine responded to the re-emergence of midwifery and expansions of pharmacy scope in four provinces (Alberta, Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia), the analysis determines that, while medicine only supported expanded pharmacy scope out of strategic retreat, there are signs of more substantive shifts in belief with respect to midwifery. This suggests that the relationship between organized medicine and traditional medical dominance is more flexible and dynamic than has been assumed.

Bibliography: leaves 554-636. / 637 leaves ; / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines aspects of teaching medical students communication skills at a time when they are entering their clinical years. Integrates reports of 12 data-gathering exercises centred on medical student communication skills with the international literature, and with the author's reflections as an experienced educator and G.P. Recommends that communication skills training in a general practice setting should be a crucial factor in all future training of medical students. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychiatry, 2000

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2006. / Supervisors: Martin D. Dooley ... [et al.]. Includes bibliographical references (p. 304-318).

These--Paris.

Étude de limpact dinterventions psychologiques préventives sur le burnout des médecins Le burnout est défini comme un syndrome psychologique susceptible dapparaître chez des individus qui travaillent avec dautres individus, en réponse à des stresseurs émotionnels et interpersonnels présents depuis un certain temps sur le lieu de travail. Différents facteurs individuels (ex. manque dexpérience), communicationnels (ex. manque de formation à la communication, stress de communiquer, faible sentiment defficacité personnelle en consultation), et professionnels (ex. exigences de travail élevées) peuvent contribuer au développement du burnout chez les médecins. Les études ayant testés lefficacité dinterventions psychologiques (ex. gestion du stress, formation à la communication) sur le burnout de médecins sont peu concluantes. Ce travail de thèse visait donc à répondre à deux questions: (1) Une formation à la communication permet-elle de réduire le burnout de médecins? (2) Quest-ce qui explique le changement ou le non-changement dans le burnout de ces médecins parmi des facteurs prédicteurs individuels, communicationnels et professionnels? Une première étude contrôlée et randomisée portant sur 62 médecins spécialistes travaillant avec des patients cancéreux a montré quune formation à la communication (35 heures) ne permet pas de réduire leur burnout. Deux hypothèses ont été avancées pour expliquer ce non-changement : (1) laltération de certaines croyances des médecins, construites par des années de pratique sur la façon de communiquer avec les patients, aurait empêché leffet positif de la formation, (2) linfluence de la charge clinique sur le burnout naurait pas été suffisamment prise en compte dans la formation. Une seconde étude a profité des leçons tirées de la première : organiser ces formations au cours des études de médecine, ajouter un module de gestion du stress et tester lefficacité des formations sur des mesures proximales (stress de communiquer, sentiment defficacité personnelle). La seconde étude contrôlée et randomisée portant sur 75 médecins assistants a montré quune formation à la communication (30 heures) combinée à une formation à la gestion du stress (10 heures) permet de réduire le stress de communiquer en consultation, daméliorer le sentiment defficacité personnelle à communiquer et à gérer le stress en consultation mais pas de réduire le burnout. Deux hypothèses ont été avancées pour expliquer ce non-changement : (1) un niveau danxiété élevée aurait empêché leffet positif de la formation, et (2) linfluence de la mauvaise qualité de vie au travail sur le burnout naurait pas été suffisamment prise en compte dans la formation. Les résultats positifs concernant le sentiment defficacité personnelle et le stress sont encourageants. Que manque t-il aux formations pour réussir au niveau du burnout ? Plusieurs pistes peuvent être proposées : réaliser des interventions centrées à la fois sur la personne, sur la communication et sur le travail ; les intégrer dans les études de médecine ; les implanter sur le lieu de travail ; organiser des supervisions individuelles ; former lensemble du service. La relation médecin-patient est souvent gratifiante mais, elle est aussi source de risque émotionnel sévère. Lengagement professionnel du médecin a un coût et le médecin doit sen rendre compte avant darriver à des conséquences négatives pour les médecins et les patients.