While the traditional dependent variables of motor skill learning are accuracy and consistency of movement outcome, there has been increasing interest in aspects of motor performance that are described as reflecting the ‘energetics’ of motor behaviour. One defining characteristic of skilled motor performance is the ability to complete the task with minimum energy expenditure (Sparrow & Newell, 1998). A further consideration is that movements also have costs in terms of cognitive ‘effort’ or ‘energy’. The present project extends previous work on energy expenditure and motor skill learning within a coordination dynamics framework. From the dynamic pattern perspective, a coordination pattern lowest on the 11KB model potential curve (Haken, Kelso & Bunz, 1985) is more stable and least energy is required to maintain pattern stability (Temprado, Zanone, Monno & Laurent, 1999). Two experiments investigated the learning of stable and unstable coordination patterns with high metabolic energy demand. An experimental task was devised by positioning two cycle ergometers side-by-side, placing one foot on each, with the pedals free to move independently at any metronome-paced relative phase, Experiment 1 investigated practice-related changes to oxygen consumption, heart rate, relative phase, reaction time and muscle activation (EMG) as participants practiced anti-phase, in-phase and 90°-phase cycling. Across six practice trials metabolic energy cost reduced and AE and VE of relative phase declined. The trend in the metabolic and reaction time data and percent co-contraction of muscles was for the in-phase cycling to demonstrate the highest values, anti-phase the lowest and 90°-phase cycling in-between. It was found that anti- and in-phase cycling were both kinematically stable but anti-phase coordination revealed significantly lower metabolic energy cost. It was, therefore, postulated that of two equally stable coordination patterns, that associated with lower metabolic energy expenditure would constitute a stronger attractor. Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether a lower or higher energy-demanding coordination pattern was a stronger attractor by scanning the attractor layout at thirty-degree intervals from 0° to 330°. The initial attractor layout revealed that in-phase was most stable and accurate, but the remaining coordination patterns were attracted to the low energy cost anti-phase cycling. In Experiment 2 only 90°- phase cycling was practiced with a post-test attractor layout scan revealing that 90°-phase and its symmetrical partner 270°-phase had become attractors of other coordination patterns. Consistent with Experiment 1, practicing 90°-phase cycling revealed a decline in AE and VE and a reduction in metabolic and cognitive cost. Practicing 90°-phase cycling did not, however, destabilise the in-phase or anti-phase coordination patterns either kinematically or energetically. In summary, the findings suggest that metabolic and mental energy can be considered different representations of a ‘global’ energy expenditure or ‘energetic’ phenomenon underlying human coordination. The hypothesis that preferred coordination patterns emerge as stable, low-energy solutions to the problem of inter-and intra-limb coordination is supported here in showing that the low-energy minimum of coordination dynamics is also an energetic minimum.

Orientador: Milva Maria Figueiredo De Martino / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T22:18:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viduedo_AlecssandradeFatimaSilva_M.pdf: 1985853 bytes, checksum: 7f1e28b659a677aa44b25d03387ce7cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este estudo teve como propósito Analisar o ciclo vigília-sono de gestantes nos três trimestres de gestação, o cronótipo e a associação com os trimestres gestacionais. Foi no Centro de Saúde Dr. Lourenço Quillici em Bragança Paulista, SP. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e transversal. A coleta de dados foi realizada durante seis meses e para tal foram utilizados três instrumentos de coleta de dados: Ficha de caracterização da amostra,questionário de identificação de indivíduos matutinos e vespertinos que eram preenchidos imediatamente após a aceitação da gestante em participar da pesquisa, e o diário de sono onde as gestantes que eram orientadas a respondê-los durante quatro semanas e devolvê-los totalmente preenchidos, os dados foram submetidos a testes estatísticos de acordo com a natureza da variável. A amostra foi composta por 62 gestantes que foram dividas em trimestres gestacionais, havia 21 no primeiro trimestre, 31 no segundo e 10 no terceiro, matriculadas no pré-natal de baixo risco, tinham idade de 15 a 39 anos, 46% tinham de 9 a 11 anos de estudo, 67,7% eram brancas, a maioria 53,2% tinham como ocupação o lar, 24 trabalhavam e 5 estudavam e dessas 69% era em período integral, 48,4% da amostra tinha cronótipo indiferente, as gestantes de todos os trimestres iam deitar-se aproximadamente às 22h, a diferença foi o período de latência, as gestantes do primeiro trimestre dormiam em cerca de 13 minutos mais rápido do que as do terceiro, a média de horas de sono das gestantes foi diminuindo de acordo com o aumento da idade gestacional 512,7minutos no primeiro trimestre, até 416 para o último trimestre, a qualidade de sono também vai diminuindo do primeiro para o terceiro trimestre 8,1 ;7,3; 7.4 respectivamente, para sanar a má qualidade de sono, as gestantes de terceiro trimestre tem maior quantidade de minutos que cochila durante o dia em média 109,4 minutos por dia, contra 79 minutos nas de primeiro, as de cronótipo moderadamente vespertinas, as de faixa etária entre 30 a 35 e as que trabalham no período da manhã tem melhor qualidade de sono,.Espera-se que o resultado dessa pesquisa possa nortear novas pesquisas na área a fim de contribuir para saúde de sono das gestantes. / Abstract: The porpouse of this study was to identify the sleep-wakefulness of pregnant in three trimester of pregnancy, the links between chronotype and pregnant trimester. It was performed at the Central of Health Dr. Lourenço Quillici in the city of Bragança Paulista, S.P. It was based on dexcriptive, exploratory anda transversal study. The collection of datas was made during six month through of three questionnarie: individual index, a self-assesment questionnarie to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms it was filled after pregnant to agree to participate of the research and the sleep log, the pregnants was orientate to answer through of four weeks and return it all filled. The informations was analyse depends of datas. The sample was composed by 62 pregnants that was slip up between pregnancy trimesters, 21 in the first trimester, 31 in the second and 10 in the third trimester, register in low riscky care labor, that was between 15 and 39 years old, 46% had studied between 9 and 11 years, 67,6% was white, the majority 53,2% that was house keep, 24 of them worked and 5 studied, that 69% all day, 48,4% among of pregnants was chronothype "indiffernt", the hour that pregnats went to the bed was similar, around 22h , the diference was latency of the sleep, in the first trimester them fall sleep 13 min faster than pregnant of the third trimester, descresed total of sleep time according incresed weeks of pregnancy, 512,7 min. To the first trimester until 416 min to the third trimester, quality of sleep descrese from the first trimester to the third trimester 8,1; 7,3; 7,4 respectivty, the pregnanty of third trimester had major minutes of naps 109,4 min each day in middle and 79 min to the first trimester , the chronotype "moderately morning" was frequently among 30 and 35 years old, the pregnants was worked in the morning shift had better quality of sleep. Wish results of this research help to the sleep of pregnants. / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem