Orientadores: Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita, Denise Pinheiro da Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T22:58:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_NiveaDiasdos_D.pdf: 9038224 bytes, checksum: 196daeb0bc2f74260e8561af7f7697f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A fim de compreendermos a influência da altitude sobre as comunidades briófitas, realizamos o estudo da brioflora de seis cinturões altitudinais (10 m, 50 m, 400 m, 800 m, 950 m e 1170 m) no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. Nossos objetivos foram descrever e analisar os padrões de distribuição espacial das espécies em diferentes escalas ao longo do gradiente altitudinal da Floresta Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil e entender a influência de processos determinísticos e estocásticos na configuração desses padrões. Num contexto global, confirmamos a hipótese de que briófitas de áreas de baixada apresentam padrões fitogeográficos mais amplos do que aquelas de áreas montanas e que a razão de endemismo apresenta correlação positiva com a altitude. Em termos regionais, encontramos uma distribuição determinística da flora de hepáticas no sudeste do Brasil, onde variáveis geoclimáticas explicam mais de 50% da distribuição das espécies. Dentre os principais filtros abióticos estão altitude, temperatura e precipitação. Verificamos ainda que filtros abióticos locais (abertura do dossel e rochosidade) atuam sobre a distribuição das briófitas das fitofisionomias de Floresta de Restinga e Terras Baixas de Ubatuba e que atributos da comunidade permitem uma diferenciação dessas áreas em termos de paisagem. Apesar disso, do ponto de vista regional, essas áreas apresentam mais afinidades florísticas entre si do que com outras áreas de Floresta Atlântica costeira do Brasil. Finalmente, constatamos que mesmo a pequena variação altitudinal da Serra do Mar na área estudada (0-1170 m de altitude) é capaz de gerar efeitos sobre atributos das comunidades e espécies de briófitas. Encontramos um gradiente florístico ao longo do gradiente de altitude, onde os cinturões altitudinais agruparam-se pelas fitofisionomias da Floresta Atlântica, confirmando a classificação de vegetação do IBGE. Atributos como razão de endemismo, padrão fitogeográfico e sistema sexual das espécies apresentaram variações significativas com o aumento da altitude. As briófitas apresentaram uma distribuição determinística em todas as escalas estudadas, o que reforça a idéia de que o nicho é um importante processo de montagem de suas comunidades / Abstract: In order to understand the influence of altitude on bryophyte communities, we studied the bryoflora from six altitudinal belts (10 m, 50 m, 400 m, 800 m, 950 I 1,170 m) in Serra do Mar State Park in the north coast of the state of São Paulo. Our aims were to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of species at different scales along the altitudinal gradient across the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil and to understand the influence of deterministic and stochastic processes in shaping these patterns. In a global context, we confirm the hypothesis that bryophytes from lowland forests have phytogeographic patterns wider than those of montane areas and that the endemism ratio have positive correlation with altitude. In regional scale, we found a deterministic distribution of the liverwort's flora in Southeastern Brazil, where geoclimatic variables explain more than 50% of the species distribution. The main abiotic filters are altitude, temperature and precipitation. We still found that local abiotic filters (canopy openness and the presence of rocks) act on the bryophyte distribution from the Restinga Forest and Lowlands of Ubatuba and that community traits allow a differentiation of these areas in terms of landscape. Nevertheless, at the regional point of view, these areas have more floristic affinities among themselves than with other coastal areas of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Finally, we noted that even a small altitudinal range of the Serra do Mar in the study area (0-1170 m altitude) is able to generate effects on the traits of communities and species of bryophytes. We found a floristic gradient along the altitudinal gradient, where the altitudinal belts were grouped by Atlantic Forest vegetation types, confirming the classification of vegetation of the IBGE. Traits such as endemism rate, phytogeographical patterns and sexual system of the species showed significant variations with increasing altitude. The bryophytes showed a deterministic distribution at all scales studied, which reinforces the idea that the niche is an important process of assembly for their communities / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Despite its reputation in southern Brazilian culture, the region of Jarau stills few known on the scientific point of view, raving contradictory opinions also about its geomorphology. Regarding to the regional flora, there is a remarkable diversity compared to the rest of the Campanha‟s Plateau, a fact that can be explained by different environments due to relief variations, the rock substratum, and differences on soils and water availability, in favor of habitat differentiation and a correspondent high number of endemic, rare or endangered plant species. The study was conducted in a polygon of 135,16 km2, bordered on the north by Garupá stream, on the south by Quaraí-Mirim stream, and to east and west by imaginary lines corresponding to the longitudes of 56º 28' 39" E and 56º 35' 26" W. Two hundred and seventy six plant species were found in this area, from 62 botanical families, including 64 endemic, rare and/or endangered species. Six types of natural vegetation were recognized in the region, based on physiognomic, floristic and phytoecological parameters: volcanic hill fields, sandstone hill fields, rupestrian fields, riparian forests, isolated group of trees in the midst of open fields, and Inhanduvá Park. Phytogeograpic maps and photos of distinct plants were provided to each recognized type of vegetation. The regional phytogeography recommends include all the studied area in the Uruguayense district of the Pampean Province (sensu Cabrera & Willink), despite the large floristic contribution from the adjoining Chaco, Espinal and Paranense provinces. At last, it is recommended the adoption of decisions toward the protection of the valuable natural patrimony of Jarau region. / Apesar de seu renome na cultura sulina, a região do Jarau ainda é pouco conhecida sob o ponto de vista científico, não faltando, inclusive, opiniões contraditórias a respeito de sua geomorfologia. No tocante à flora regional, ali se encontra uma notável diversidade, comparada ao restante do Planalto da Campanha, fato que se explica pelos distintos ambientes gerados pela variação do relevo, do substrato rochoso, dos solos e da disponibilidade hídrica, em favor da diferenciação de habitats e de uma correspondente riqueza de espécies vegetais endêmicas, raras e/ou ameaçadas de extinção. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um polígono de 135,16 km2, limitado ao norte pelo arroio Garupá, ao sul pelo arroio Quaraí-Mirim, e a leste e oeste por linhas imaginárias correspondentes às longitudes de 56º 28' 39" L e 56º 35' 26" W. Nesta área foram encontradas 276 espécies de plantas superiores, pertencentes a 62 famílias botânicas, incluindo 64 espécies endêmicas, raras e/ou ameaçadas de extinção. Foram reconhecidas seis tipologias de vegetação natural, com base em parâmetros fisionômicos, florísticos e fitoecológicos: campos de colinas vulcânicas, campos em colinas de arenito, campos rupestres, matas ciliares, capões-de-mato e parque de inhanduvá. Para as distintas tipologias foram elaborados mapas fitogeográficos e pranchas ilustrativas, com fotos. A fitogeografia recomenda incluir a região em estudo no distrito Uruguayense e Província Pampeana (sensu Cabrera & Willink), apesar do numeroso aporte florístico de elementos chaquenhos, do Espinal e da Floresta Estacional (Província Paranense) em sua estrutura. Por fim, recomenda-se a adoção de medidas com vistas à proteção do valioso patrimônio natural existente na região do Jarau.

Analysis of the flora of the Pondoland Centre of Endemism (PCE) recorded 2253 species in the combined checklist of four sites (Port St. Johns, Mkambati, Umtamvuna and Oribi Gorge). Of these 1 % species are endemic to Pondoland, representing 8.7% of the Species, 15% of the genera and 26% of the families of the combined flora. Forty-four percent ofthe combined flora was only recorded from one locality (between 17% and 26% of each flora) and only 12% of the flora was present in all four localities. Of the endemics only sixteen (8%) occurred in all four sites thus each site had its own complement of unique endemics and 21 % endemics were not recorded from any of the four sites. At species level the floras of Mkambati and Umtamvuna were the most similar, followed by that of Umtamvuna and Oribi Gorge. Port St Johns had the least in common with any of the othersites, but more in common with non-neighbours Umtamvuna and Oribi Gorge than with its nearest neighbour Mkambati. Mkambati and Umtamvuna had the largest proportion of PCE endemics and Port St Johns had the lowest. The four sites are quite similar at family level, sharing thirteen families in the top ten family list between them, but much less similar at generic level.

Botanical exploration in northern British Columbia has lagged behind that of adjacent Alaska and the Yukon Territories. This is particularly true of alpine and sub-alpine areas. For the most part, limited accessibility has restricted plant collecting to within a short distance of the few available roadways. During the course of the present study, botanical field work was conducted in an alpine, sub-alpine area in the Three Sisters Range of the Cassiar Mountains (northwestern British Columbia). Over 1000 vascular plant collections were idenified from the study area. A total of 239 Taxa were recognized representing 116 genera and 44 families. Taxonomic keys to the local flora and an annotated species list are provided. The annotated species list includes : habitat information for each taxon, a list of associated species and, where applicable, a discussion of noteworthy features of the taxon in question. Approximately 13% of the flora examined is listed as rare in British Columbia in Straley et al. (1985). Virtually all of northern British Columbia was overridden by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the last major Wisconsin advance (approximately 22,000-15,000 yrs. b.p.). Potential Refugia from which taxa now present in the study area may have migrated post-glacially are discussed. Worldwide distributions of each taxon were examined and seven phytogeographic elements are recognized in the flora. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Callitriche (water-starwort) belongs among difficult and insufficiently known genera of the Czech flora. The presented work provides the first critical taxonomic revision of the genus in the Czech Republic, with information relevant also to the broader region of Central Europe. Morphological and cytometric investigation resulted in identification of six Callitriche species in the Czech Republic. The genome size of all six Czech representatives of the genus was estimated using flow cytometry. The hybrid C. × vigens Martinsson (C. cophocarpa × C. platycarpa) was found for the first time in the Czech Republic. An individual related to C. hamulata was found in the Tichá Orlice river, which has aberrant genome size and aborted flowers; further study of this taxon is necessary. Multivariate morphometric analyses of fruits and cultivation were used to check and define reliable distinctive features and an impact of phenotypic plasticity. Key to the identification of species (including the first key for sterile plants), its detailed descriptions and ecological demands were provided. Each species differ significantly from the others in genome size, morphological features as well as in ecology. The reproductive strategy has the main importance for ecology and morphology of the studied species. The distribution of...

No description available.

L’Afrique centrale atlantique (ACA) englobe l’ensemble du domaine bas-guinéen, les îles du Golfe de Guinée et une partie de l’archipel afromontagnard. Plusieurs centres d’endémisme ont été identifiés en son sein et sont généralement considérés comme liés à la présence de refuges forestiers durant les périodes glaciaires. Cependant, l’origine de cet endémisme, sa localisation et les méthodes permettant d’identifier ces centres restent controversées. La localisation de ces zones d’endémisme et des plantes rares qu’elles abritent, est pourtant un prérequis indispensable pour la mise en place de politiques cohérentes de conservation et demeure une priorité pour les organisations privées, institutionnelles ou gouvernementales actives dans la gestion et le maintien durable de la biodiversité.<p><p>Cette étude phytogéographique porte sur la famille des Orchidaceae et est basée sur l’analyse de la distribution des taxons endémiques de l’ACA. Elle s’appuie sur un jeu de données original résultant d’un effort d’échantillonnage important au Cameroun et d’un travail d’identification et de localisation de spécimens dans les principaux herbaria européens abritant des collections d’ACA. Durant cette étude, (i) nous avons tout d’abord identifié ces taxons endémiques et documenté leur distribution au travers de plusieurs contributions taxonomiques et floristiques, (ii) nous nous sommes ensuite intéressé aux nouvelles méthodes permettant d’analyser ces données d’herbier de plantes rares et donc pauvrement documentées, testant aussi l’intérêt des Orchidaceae comme marqueurs chorologiques, et finalement, appliquant ces méthodes à notre jeu de données, (iii) nous avons délimité des centres d’endémisme et identifié les territoires phytogéographiques des Orchidaceae en ACA.<p><p>(i) Une révision taxonomique des genres Chamaeangis Schltr. et Stolzia Schltr. a été réalisée respectivement. Sept nouveaux taxons ont été décrits: Angraecum atlanticum Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis spiralis Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis lecomtei (Finet) Schltr. var. tenuicalcar Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya engogensis Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya reticulata Stévart & Droissart, Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo et Stolzia grandiflora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana Stévart, Droissart & Simo. Plusieurs notes taxonomiques, phytogéographiques et écologiques supplémentaires ont également été redigées. Au total, nous avons identifié 203 taxons d’Orchidaceae endémiques d’ACA parmi lesquels 193 sont pris en compte pour l’étude des patrons d’endémisme.<p><p>(ii) Au Cameroun, les patrons de distribution des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae endémiques d’ACA ont été étudiés conjointement. Des méthodes de rééchantillonnage des données (raréfaction) ont été appliquées pour calculer des indices de diversité et de similarité. Elles ont permis de corriger les biais liés à la variation de l’effort d’échantillonnage. Un gradient de continentalité a été observé, les parties côtières étant les plus riches en taxons endémiques d’ACA. Contrairement à la région du Mont Cameroun et aux massifs de Kupe/Bakossi qui ont connu une attention particulière des politiques et des scientifiques, la partie côtière du sud Cameroun, presque aussi riche, reste mal inventoriée pour plusieurs familles végétales.<p><p>Cette analyse à l’échelle du Cameroun a également permis de comparer les patrons d’endémisme des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae. Les différences observées seraient principalement dues à la présence d’Orchidaceae terrestres dans les végétations basses et les prairies montagnardes de la dorsale camerounaise alors que les Rubiaceae sont généralement peu représentées dans ces habitats. Au sein des habitats forestiers, la concordance entre les patrons d’endémisme des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae remet en question l’utilisation des capacités de dispersion des espèces comme critère pour choisir les familles permettant l’identification des refuges forestiers et semble ainsi confirmer la pertinence de l’utilisation des Orchidaceae comme marqueur chorologique.<p><p>La distribution potentielle a été utilisée pour étudier en détail l’écologie, la distribution et le statut de conservation de Diceratostele gabonensis Summerh. une Orchidaceae endémique de la région guinéo-congolaise uniquement connue d’un faible nombre d’échantillons. Cette méthodologie semble appropriée pour compléter nos connaissances sur la distribution des espèces rares et guider les futurs inventaires en Afrique tropicale.<p><p>(iii) En ACA, les Orchidaceae permettent d’identifier plusieurs centres d’endémisme qui coïncident généralement avec ceux identifiés précédemment pour d’autres familles végétales. Ces constats supportent aussi l’utilisation des Orchidaceae comme marqueur chorologique. La délimitation des aires d’endémisme des Orchidaceae a ainsi permis de proposer une nouvelle carte phytogéographique de l’ACA. Les éléments phytogéographiques propres à chacune des dix phytochories décrites ont été identifiés et leurs affinités floristiques discutées. Les résultats phytogéographiques obtenus (a) soutiennent l’existence d’une barrière phytogéographique matérialisée par la rivière Sanaga entre les deux principaux centres et aires d’endémisme de l’ACA, (b) étendent l’archipel afromontagnard situé principalement au Cameroun au plateau de Jos (Nigeria) et (c) montrent l’importance de la chaîne montagneuse morcelée Ngovayang-Mayombe pour la distribution de l’endémisme en ACA. Cette chaîne de montagne, qui s’étend le long des côtes de l’océan du sud Cameroun au Congo-Brazzaville et qui correspond à plusieurs refuges forestiers identifiés par de nombreux auteurs, est ici considérée comme une seule aire d’endémisme morcelée./<p>Atlantic central Africa (ACA) covers the Lower Guinean Domain, the four islands of the Gulf of Guinea and a part of the afromontane archipelago. Different centres of endemism have been identified into this area and are usually considered as related to glacial forest refuges. However, the origin of this endemism, the localization of the centres and the methods employed to identify these centres are subject to debate. Yet, the localization of these centres of endemism and the identification of the rare plants they harbor is an essential prerequisite to setting up rational conservation policies, and remains a priority for private, institutional and governmental organizations which are dealing with the sustainable management of biodiversity.<p><p>This phytogeographical study focuses on Orchidaceae and analyses the distribution of the taxa endemic to ACA. We use an original dataset resulting from an important sampling efforts and the identification of specimens coming from all the principal herbaria where collections from ACA are housed. During this study, (i) we first identified the taxa endemic to ACA and documented their distribution through several taxonomic and floristic contributions, (ii) we used and developed new methods allowing to correct for sampling bias associated with the use of rare and poorly documented taxa, testing at the same time the use of Orchidaceae as chorological markers, and finally, applying these methods to our dataset, (iii) we delimited the centres of endemism and identified the phytogeographical territories of Orchidaceae in ACA.<p><p>(i) A taxonomic revision of Chamaeangis Schltr. and Stolzia Schltr. respectively was carried out. Seven new taxa were described: Angraecum atlanticum Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis spiralis Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis lecomtei (Finet) Schltr. var. tenuicalcar Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya engogensis Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya reticulata Stévart & Droissart, Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo and Stolzia grandiflora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana Stévart, Droissart & Simo. Several additional taxonomic, phytogeographical and ecological notes were also published. We finally identified 203 Orchidaceae taxa endemic to ACA, among which 193 were used to study the patterns of endemism.<p><p>(ii) In Cameroon, the distribution patterns of both Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae endemic to ACA were studied. Subsampling methods (rarefaction) were applied to calculate diversity and similarity indices and to correct potential bias associated with heterogeneous sampling intensity. A gradient of continentality was confirmed in Cameroon, the coastal part being the richest in taxa endemic to ACA. The Cameroon Mountain and the Kupe/Bakossi mountain massifs have received a great consideration of politics and scientists. On the contrary, the Southern coastal part of Cameroon, though almost as rich as the Northern part, remains poorly known for several plant families.<p>This analysis also allowed us to compare patterns of endemism of Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. The differences observed could be mainly due to the terrestrial habit of some Orchidaceae, which are only found in the grasslands of the highest part of the Cameroonian volcanic line where endemic Rubiaceae are rare. Within forest habitats, the concordance between the patterns of endemism of Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae question the widespread use of dispersal ability as a selection criterion for the families used to identify forest refuges. This also confirms the relevance of Orchidaceae as chorological marker.<p><p>Species distribution modelling was used of an in depth study of the ecology, the distribution and the conservation status of Diceratostele gabonensis Summerh. an Orchidaceae endemic to the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism which is only known from very few collections. This method is proved to be appropriate to complete our knowledge on the distribution of rare plant species and to guide the future inventories in tropical Africa.<p><p>(iii) In ACA, an analysis of the distribution of endemic Orchidaceae confirmed the presence and location of several centres of endemism previously identified on the basis of other plant families. This result again supports the use of Orchidaceae as a chorological marker. The chorological study of the endemic Orchidaceae allowed us to propose a new phytogeographical map for ACA. Phytogeographical elements for each of the ten phytochoria described were identified and their floristic affinities were also discussed. Our results (a) support the existence of a phytogeographical barrier, materialized by the Sanaga River, between the two main centres and area of endemism of the ACA, (b) extend the limits of the afromontane archipelago to the Jos Plateau in Nigeria and (c) show the importance of the Ngovayang-Mayombe line to explain the distribution of endemism in ACA. This mountainous line, stretching along the ocean coast from Southern Cameroon to Congo-Brazzaville, corresponds to several forest refuges identified by many authors, and is here considered as an unique but discontinuous area of endemism.<p><p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les données phytogéographiques reflètent la variabilité spatiale de la diversité des espèces et constituent donc un outil important dans le développement des politiques de conservation. Afin de stimuler et de valoriser le concept des systèmes phytogéographiques, cette étude dont le thème est «Analyse des structures spatiales des données de distribution phytogéographique des Acanthaceae en Afrique centrale» s’est donnée pour but (1) d’analyser la distribution spatiale de la famille des Acanthaceae en Afrique Centrale (R.D. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) ;(2) de comparer cette distribution avec les théories phytogéographiques de Robyns (1948), White (1979, 1986) et Ndjele (1988); (3) d’utiliser les modèles de distribution spatiale comme support (outil) pour évaluer l'impact humain sur le paysage et la diversité; (4) d’identifier les espèces indicatrices potentielles des territoires phytogéographiques; (5) de mettre en évidence le phénomène de vicariance; et (6) de quantifier l’impact de la fragmentation du paysage forestier en Afrique centrale. Dans cette étude, deux niveaux de résolution spatiale ont été considérés: les systèmes phytogéographiques et les systèmes de maillage. Un système d’information géographique a été utilisé pour réaliser des cartes de distribution spatiale de chaque espèce. Le choix des Acanthaceae de l’herbier du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique (BR), a été dicté par le faite qu’elle a subit une révision systématique et par le nombre important de ses échantillons. L’aspect floristique a révélé 9181 échantillons, récoltés de 1888 à 2001 par environ 427 collecteurs en R.D. Congo, au Rwanda et au Burundi représentant 48 genres, 310 espèces et 6362 localités. La carte de distribution spatiale de l’ensemble des échantillons a mis en évidence les niveaux de prospection. Certains territoires phytogéographiques ont été plus explorés que d’autres. Les entités phytogéographiques les plus explorées et donc les plus diversifiées sont le centre régional d’endémisme Afromontagnard, incluant la Mosaïque régional du lac Victoria, et le centre régional d’endémisme Zambézien. Les cartes de distribution de chaque espèce mettent en évidence les patrons de distribution spatiale. Certaines espèces ont une large distribution alors que d’autres sont inféodées à certaines zones spécifiques. Ces dernières, qualifiées « d’espèces uniques » ou « espèces caractéristiques » peuvent être utilisées comme des bio-indicateurs pour stimuler et valoriser le concept de systèmes phytogéographiques dans la politique de la conservation. En utilisant uniquement la famille des Acanthaceae, il a été montré que l’impact de la fragmentation du paysage forestier est très important. Les espèces inféodées à une région phytogéographique sont des espèces vulnérables. Elles peuvent disparaître si leur biotope est détruit. La distribution potentielle, basées sur les localités de récolte et les variables environnementales, ont été réalisées afin de mieux déterminer les niches écologiques des espèces et les cas de vicariance. Deux types de vicariance ont été mis en évidence à travers les systèmes phytogéographiques de Robyns (1948) et de White (1979, 1986), au niveau générique et spécifique: la vicariance écologique et la vicariance géographique. La vicariance écologique s’applique aux espèces ou sous-espèces récoltées dans les mêmes territoires phytogéographiques tandis que la vicariance géographique concerne les espèces ou sous-espèces récoltées dans des territoires phytogéographiques séparés. L’analyse des cas de vicariance a mis en relief les zones de spéciation. L'analyse de classification hiérarchique a montré que les Acanthaceae suivent mieux le système phytogéographique de White (1979, 1986) que ceux proposés par Robyns (1948) et Ndjele (1988). Pour mieux valoriser cette approche, cette méthodologie doit être appliquée à d’autres familles largement récoltée en R.D. Congo, au Rwanda et au Burundi comme la famille des Rubiaceae, des Mimosoideae, afin de (1) synchroniser toutes les bases de données pour mieux mettre en évidence le degré d’exploration, les espèces à amplitude écologique restreinte (espèces uniques) et (2) de permettre d’identifier des zones prioritaires pour la conservation. <p><p><p>Phytogeographic data reflect the spatial variability of plant diversity and constitute consequently a potential tool for conservation policy development. In order to stimulate and valorise the concept of phytogeographic systems, this dissertation entitled “Analysis of the spatial pattern of phytogeographic data of Acanthaceae in Central Africa” aims (1) to analyse the spatial distribution of the Acanthaceae family in Central Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi); (2) to compare this distribution with the known phytogeographic theories of Robyns (1948), White (1979, 1986) and Ndjele (1988); (3) to use the spatial distribution models as a tool for evaluating the human impact on landscapes and diversity; (4) to identify potential indicator species of the phytogeographic territories; (5) to evidence the phenomenon of vicariance; and (6) to quantify the impact of the fragmentation of forested landscapes in central Africa. In this study, two levels of spatial resolution have been considered: the phytogeographic systems themselves and a system of grid cells. A geographic information system has been used to draw maps of the spatial distribution of every species. The choice to analyse the Acanthaceae family of the herbarium of the National Botanical Garden of Belgium (BR) has been justified by the systematic revision of this collection and by its huge number of samples. The data set contained 9181 samples, collected between 1888 and 2001 by about 427 collectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi ;the samples represented 48 genera, 310 species and 6362 geographic positions. The maps showing the spatial distribution of all samples pooled evidenced the different levels of exploration of the study area. Certain phytogeographic territories have been explored more intensely than others. The mostly explored zones, consequently also denoted as the most diverse ones, were the Afromontane regional centre of endemism, including the regional mosaic of Lake Victoria, and the Zambezian regional center of endemism. Species distribution maps evidenced the spatial patterns of species presence. Certain species showed an overall distribution while others were clearly bound to particular territories. The latter species, denoted as “unique species” or “characteristic species” could be used as bio-indicators to stimulate and valorise the concept of the phytogeographic systems in the framework of conservation policy development. By means of the Acanthaceae family, it has been shown that the impact of forest fragmentation will be considerable; species bound to a specific phytogeographic zone are assumed vulnerable; they will disappear when their biotopes are destroyed. The potential distribution of the species, based on the geographic position of the samples and on environmental data, have been generated in order to describe more precisely the ecological niches of the species involved and to detect cases of vicariance. Two types of vicariance have been found using the phytogeographic territories of Robyns (1948) and White (1979, 1986) at the genus and the species levels: ecological vicariance and geographic vicariance; the former type involves species or subspecies observed in the same phytogeographic region while the latter type involves species and subspecies not found in the same territory. This analysis enabled us to identify zones of speciation. A cluster analyses showed that the spatial distribution of the Acanthaceae data corresponded more closely to the phytogeographic system of White (1979, 1986), than to those proposed by Robyns (1948) or Ndjele (1988). In order to valorise our approach, the current methodology should also be applied to other families widely collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi, such as the Rubiaceae or Mimosoideae families, this (1) to synchronise all data bases for a more profound understanding of the degree of exploration and of the existence of species with a limited ecological amplitude (unique species), and (2) to enable the identification of zones that should be prioritised for conservation. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Bibliography: p. [i.e. leaves] 267-277 / 277 p. [i.e. leaves], [4] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1986

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salim Calil Salim Neto.pdf: 1388839 bytes, checksum: c02bf0bf1eb5e6e4e7c4a4c123c4f3c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-08 / This study aimed to analyze the distribution of 40 tree species with the highest absolute density within an environmental gradient edge-inside a semideciduous forest fragment. The fragment studied has 119 ha and is situated in the Pacotuba National Forest, located in the municipality of Itapemirim-ES, southeastern Brazil. The environmental variables used were: Al saturation, base saturation, soil moisture, leaf area index (LAI) and average slope. Data were collected in 39 permanent plots, and 27 (10x30m) along the edge of the fragment and 12 plots (40x50m) inside the fragment. These plots are the same used in the evaluation of phytosociology of this fragment, whose absolute density data were used in this study. The characterization of soil fertility was held at a depth of 0-20 cm, where the sample was removed for analysis and acquisition of base saturation and Al saturation. Soil moisture was obtained by the gravimetric method, and the soil was collected in the dry season(Setembro/10). The Leaf Area Index was measured by non-destructive method, using two LAI-2050 sensors, connected to dataloggers LAI-2000, LI-COR brand. As this is semideciduous forest, the IAF was obtained in two different periods, one in the dry season (September/2010) and another in the rainy season (March/2011). The average slope was determined by inclinometer. To evaluate the difference between the inside and edge of the fragment, the results of the environmental variables were analyzed by Students t test for the significance level of 5%. To analyze the species-environment interaction on the edge and inside the fragment was applied canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) using CANOCO program, and used the permutation test Monte Carlo to assess the significance of the results. For the variables related to soil, it was found by Students t test, there is no statistically significant difference between the inner and edge of the fragment at the 5% probability, while for the IAF and the average slope at the same level of probability, difference was statistically significant, indicating that the fragment has studied a greater heterogeneity between edge and interior in relation to relief and the availability of solar radiation. The first two ordination axes obtained by the CCA for 40 species of higher mass density explained 64.5% of the variance and significance was observed by Monte Carlo test (P <0.01). The first axis, explaining 36.4% of the variance observed, most correlated with soil variables, while the 2nd ordination axis correlated most significantly with LAI and average slope. However, this study found that of 40 species of higher mass density, eleven were found in greater proportion on the edge, the other eleven in the interior of the fragment and 18 species were observed in a proportionally similar in both environments. Thus, to get a better understanding of the species-environment interaction on the edge and inside the fragment, were applied two more canonical correspondence analysis. The first considering the 22 species that were observed preferentially in one of the environments, and the second involving the CCA 18 species considered in this study as generalists. According to the results, it was found that the 18 generalist species were higher under the influence of base saturation and Al saturation, while the group of species showing a preference for the environment had a strong correlation with LAI and soil moisture indicating, that for these species, the restricted or availability of solar radiation in the environment provides suitable conditions for the proper establishment of the species / O presente estudo objetivou analisar a distribuição de 40 espécies arbóreas que apresentaram maior densidade absoluta dentro de um gradiente ambiental borda-interior de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. O fragmento estudado possui 119 ha e está situado na FLONA de Pacotuba, localizada no município de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim-ES, sudeste do Brasil. As variáveis ambientais utilizadas foram: saturação por Al, saturação por base, umidade do solo, índice de área foliar (IAF) e declividade média. Os dados foram coletados em 39 parcelas permanentes, sendo 27 (10x30m) ao longo da borda do fragmento e 12 parcelas (40x50m) no interior do fragmento. Estas parcelas são as mesmas utilizadas na avaliação da fitossociologia deste fragmento, cujos dados de densidade absoluta foram aproveitados neste estudo. A caracterização da fertilidade do solo foi realizada na profundidade de 0-20 cm, de onde foi retirada a amostra para análise e obtenção da saturação de base e da saturação por Al. A umidade do solo foi obtida pelo método gravimétrico, sendo o solo coletado no período seco (Setembro/10). O Índice de Área Foliar foi medido por método não destrutivo, por meio de dois sensores LAI-2050, conectados a dataloggers LAI-2000, da marca LI-COR. Como se trata de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, o IAF foi obtido em duas épocas distintas, uma no período seco (Setembro/2010) e outra no período chuvoso (Março/2011). A declividade média foi determinada por meio de inclinômetro. Para avaliar a diferença entre o ambiente de borda e o interior do fragmento, os resultados obtidos das variáveis ambientais foram analisados pelo teste t de Student, para o nível de significância de 5%. Para analisar a interação ambiente-espécies na borda e no interior do fragmento, foi aplicada análise de correspondência canônica (CCA), por meio do programa CANOCO, e utilizado o teste de permutação de Monte Carlo para verificar a significância dos resultados. Para as variáveis edáficas, verificou-se pelo teste t de Student, que não há diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o ambiente de borda e interior do fragmento ao nível de 5% probabilidade, enquanto para o IAF e a declividade média, ao mesmo nível de probabilidade, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa, o que indica que o fragmento estudado possui uma heterogeneidade maior entre borda e interior em relação ao relevo e à disponibilidade de radiação solar. Os dois primeiros eixos de ordenação obtidos pela CCA para as 40 espécies de maior densidade absoluta explicaram 64,5% da variância observada e houve significância pelo teste de Monte Carlo (P<0,01). O primeiro eixo, que explica 36,4% da variância observada, apresentou maior correlação com as variáveis edáficas, enquanto o 2º eixo de ordenação se correlacionou de forma mais significativa com o IAF e declividade média. No entanto, no presente estudo verificou-se que das 40 espécies de maior densidade absoluta, onze foram observadas em maior proporção na borda, outras onze no interior do fragmento e 18 espécies foram observadas de forma proporcionalmente semelhante nos dois ambientes. Com isso, para se ter uma melhor compreensão a respeito da interação ambiente-espécies na borda e no interior do fragmento, aplicou-se mais duas análises de correspondência canônica. A primeira considerando as 22 espécies que foram observadas preferencialmente em um dos ambientes, e a segunda CCA envolvendo as 18 espécies consideradas neste estudo como generalistas. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que as 18 espécies generalistas estiveram sob influência maior da saturação por base e saturação por Al, enquanto o grupo de espécies que apresentaram preferência por um dos ambientes teve uma forte correlação com o IAF e umidade do solo, indicando que para estas espécies a disponibilidade ou restrição de radiação solar no ambiente fornece condições adequadas para o devido estabelecimento da espécie