Depuis maintenant plusieurs années, il a été démontré que le silicium (Si) protège les plantes dans moult interactions hôte-agent pathogène. Cependant, les mécanismes par lesquels le Siexerce son rôle prophylactique restent flous. Dans les interactions plante-agent pathogène, en particulier dans le cas des agents biotrophes qui reposent fortement sur la formation d’haustoria et la libération d’effecteurs pour leur virulence, l’expression et la localisation des effecteurs dictent souvent le résultat de cette interaction. Il est maintenant connu que le Si s’accumule dans l’apoplaste des tissus végétaux. Étant donné que l'apoplaste est un site clé pour l’interaction entre les effecteurs des agents pathogènes biotrophes et les récepteurs membranaires des cellules végétales, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que le Si interfèrerait avec la reconnaissance effecteur / récepteur, ce qui conduirait à une résistance accrue des végétaux. Lors de mes travaux de doctorat, nous avons préconisé une approche holistique pour l’étude de l’impact du Si dans l’interaction soya-Phytophthora sojae. Brièvement, nous avons analysé les réponses phénotypiques de l’interaction en présence de Si, nous avons effectué une étude histologique poussée sur les racines de soya infecté par P. sojae, nous avons effectué une analyse transcriptomique complète de la plante et de l’agent pathogène au fil du temps, et nous avons tenté de localiser la présence d’effecteurs au niveau subcellulaire grâce à l’immunocytochimie et le marquage à fluorescence. Lors de ces travaux, nous avons pu observer une reconnaissance rapide de l'hôte par P. sojae grâce au développement de corps ressemblant à des haustoria, suivie de l'expression et de la libération d'effecteurs dans la région apoplastique et d'une expression élevée des gènes liés àla défense et ce, à un stade précoce. Chez les plantes préalablement traitées au Si, une pathogenèse limitée a été observée, tandis que l’expression des gènes de défense de la plante était limitée et que la présence d’effecteurs tels le Avr6 était à la baisse dans la région apoplastique. Ces résultats indiquent que le Si interfère avec la reconnaissance de l'hôte par l'agent pathogène, ce qui entraîne une interaction incompatible. / Silicon (Si) has been shown to protect plants in a number of host-pathogen interactions, however, the mechanisms by which it exerts its prophylactic role remain elusive. In plantpathogen interactions, especially a biotroph that relies heavily on the formation of haustorium and release of effectors for its virulence, the expression, and localization of effectors will often dictate the outcome of that interaction. Given that the apoplast is a key site of interaction between effectors and plant defenses receptors, as well as the site of amorphous-Si accumulation, it is not unlikely that Si interferes with effector/receptor recognition, which would lead to an incompatible interaction. We have conducted a holistic approach by studying the impact of Si in the interaction soybean-Phytophthora sojae through analysis of the phenotypic responses, the histology of P.sojae-infected soybean roots, gene expression analyses for the plant and the pathogen over time, and sub-cellular localization of target effectors through immunolocalization and fluorescence-labeling. In control plants, we observed a rapid host recognition by P. sojae through the development of the haustorium-like bodies, followed by expression and release of effectors into the apoplastic region and high expression of defense-related genes at early-stage (2-4 dpi). A Si treatment resulted in limited pathogen development, and significantly lower expression and presence of Avr6 in the apoplastic region, as well as a significant reduction in expression of plant defense genes. These results indicate that the Si interferes with host recognition by the pathogen which translated into an incompatible interaction.

The bacterial mechanosensitive channels MscS and MscL have been shown to protect cells from hypo-osmotic shock-induced lysis. Bacterial strains deficient for MscS and MscL are severely compromised and fail to survive a hypo-osmotic shock. Both channels exhibit redundant function such that re-introduction of either of these proteins is sufficient to restore cell survival. Several proteins paralogous to MscS have been identified in E. coli, but their function remains unknown. Mechanosensitive channel homologues are also being discovered in a variety of organisms including Archaea, plants and fungi and their function is starting to emerge.

Photocopy of typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Bibliography: leaves 169-185.

This study focuses on the soil- and water-borne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands and the phenomenon of P. cinnamomi suppressive soil. In particular, this thesis reports on the outcome of field surveys and glasshouse assays undertaken to locate P. cinnamomi suppressive soils and to confirm the involvement of biological processes in suppression. The potential role of cellulase and laminarinase in suppression was investigated and a molecular technique known as length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) was used to analyse the structure and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in avocado orchard soils that were suppressive and conducive to P. cinnamomi. Four avocado orchards with P. cinnamomi suppressive soils were identified and soils were ã-irradiated to destroy their suppressive capacity, thus confirming biological suppression. Suppression was also partially transferred to ã-irradiated and conducive soils by mixing with 10% suppressive avocado soils. Cellulase and laminarinase activities measured in avocado orchard soils inoculated with P. cinnamomi were not associated with disease severity in lupin seedlings during glasshouse assays involving the same soil samples. Minor shifts in bacterial and fungal community structure were observed in response to mixing conducive and irradiated soils with suppressive soils. This was associated with decreased disease severity in avocado seedlings in these treatments. The shift in bacterial community structure was partially determined by the appearance and increased abundance of several bacterial 16S rDNA sequences, which were unique to the suppressive soils, in the mixed soil treatments. It is suggested that the bacteria and fungi from which these sequences originated may be involved in suppression and further work should be undertaken to determine their identity and confirm their potential role in the development and maintenance of P. cinnamomi suppressive soils. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Diseases in natural ecosystems are often assumed to be less severe than those observed in domestic cropping systems due to the extensive biodiversity exhibited in wild vegetation communities. In Australia, it is this natural biodiversity that is now under threat from Phytophthora cinnamomi. The soilborne Oomycete causes severe decline of native vegetation communities in south-western Victoria, Australia, disrupting the ecological balance of native forest and heathland communities. While the effect of disease caused by P. cinnamomi on native vegetation communities in Victoria has been extensively investigated, little work has focused on the Anglesea healthlands in south-western Victoria. Nothing is known about the population structure of P. cinnamomi at Anglesea. This project was divided into two main components to investigate fundamental issues affecting the management of P. cinnamomi in the Anglesea heathlands. The first component examined the phenotypic characteristics of P. cinnamomi isolates sampled from the population at Anglesea, and compared these with isolates from other regions in Victoria, and also from Western Australia. The second component of the project investigated the effect of the fungicide phosphonate on the host response following infection by P. cinnamomi. Following soil sampling in the Anglesea heathlands, a collection of P, cinnamomi isolates was established. Morphological and physiological traits of each isolate were examined. All isolates were found to be of the A2 mating type. Variation was demonstrated among isolates in the following characteristics: radial growth rate on various nutrient media, sporangial production, and sporangial dimensions. Oogonial dimensions did not differ significantly between isolates. Morphological and physiological variation was rarely dependant on isolate origin. To examine the genetic diversity among isolates and to determine whether phenotypic variation observed was genetically based, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were conducted. No significant variation was observed among isolates based on an analysis of molecular variance (AMQVA). The results are discussed in relation to population biology, and the effect of genetic variation on population structure and population dynamics. X australis, an arborescent monocotyledon indigenous to Australia, is highly susceptible to infection by P. cinnamomi. It forms an important component of the heathland vegetation community, providing habitat for native flora and fauna, A cell suspension culture system was developed to investigate the effect of the fungicide phosphonate on the host-pathogen interaction between X. australis and P. cinnamomi. This allowed the interaction between the host and the pathogen to be examined at a cellular level. Subsequently, histological studies using X. australis seedlings were undertaken to support the cellular study. Observations in the cell culture system correlated well with those in the plant. The anatomical structure of X australis roots was examined to assist in the interpretation of results of histopathological studies. The infection of single cells and roots of X. australis, and the effect of phosphonate on the interaction are described. Phosphonate application prior to inoculation with P. cinnamomi reduced the infection of cells in culture and of cells in planta. In particular, phosphonate was found to stimulate the production of phenolic material in roots of X australis seedlings and in cells in suspension cultures. In phosphonate-treated roots of X australis seedlings, the deposition of electron dense material, possibly lignin or cellulose, was observed following infection with P. cinnamomi. It is proposed that this is a significant consequence of the stimulation of plant defence pathways by the fungicide. Results of the study are discussed in terms of the implications of the findings on management of the Anglesea heathlands in Victoria, taking into account variation in pathogen morphology, pathogenicity and genotype. The mode of action of phosphonate in the plant is discussed in relation to plant physiology and biochemistry.

The genus Phytophthora comprises numerous plant pathogens in both natural and managed ecosystems. For Phytophthora spp. that infect roots, dispersal occurs in soil water through a combination of advection and swimming of specialized motile propagules (zoospores). Specific biological and physico-chemical processes, however, remain poorly understood, due to difficulties in studying phenomena in opaque media and lack of a theoretical framework for analyzing transport of motile microorganisms. The goal of this research was to elucidate the impacts of advection and swimming on zoospore movement in a saturated, ideal soil. The work was accomplished in two stages, (i) conceptualization of 3-dimensional topography and flow field heterogeneity at the subpore-scale, and (ii) observation of behavior of zoospore suspensions infiltrated into saturated media. Chapter 2 introduces a 3-dimensional particle tracking method and presents two studies investigating particle transport in simplified 'ideal pores'. The first study describes 'avoidance' by latex microspheres of a volume surrounding orthogonal grain contacts and the second describes 'capture', translation, and retention of microspheres under conditions unfavorable to deposition. Chapter 3 expands on the first study and demonstrates, with the aid of computational fluid dynamics, that low flow zones associated with orthogonal grain contacts are minimally connected to the main flow. Thus, probability of entry into these regions for large, non-Brownian particles by advection alone is low. In zoospore infiltration experiments, zoospore plumes 'converged' rather than dispersing as expected. To assess the possibility of zoospore auto-aggregation driving this 'convergence', Chapter 4 delves into the 'pattern swimming' observed in free-swimming zoospore suspensions, concluding that the concentrating is an example of bioconvection. Chapter 5 introduces a conceptual model to explain the anomalous zoospore plume behavior. Random walk simulations replicated plume convergence but were less successful at modeling anisotropic dispersion. At low infiltration rates (<100 μm s⁻¹), simulations predict that zoospores will remain at or near the soil surface, resulting in greater opportunity to find host tissues or to be transported with surface water. Further investigation is necessary to develop a robust theoretical framework with appropriate conceptualization of the subpore hydrodynamic environment for predicting transport of zoospores and other motile microorganisms in porous media. / Graduation date: 2011

The sudden oak death pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, is present in southwestern Oregon, and while an eradication effort is underway, the potential impact of the polyphagous pathogen on surrounding vegetation is unknown. Plant communities in the area are substantially different from those affected in California, although tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) and Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) are hosts found in both areas. Other species are likely to be susceptible to the pathogen. Detached leaf and whole plant assays were used to test species commonly associated with tanoak, as well as three rare or endemic ericaceous species of the western Siskiyou Mountains and their associated taxa. Leaves and plants were challenged with zoospore suspensions that were capable of generating symptoms in the known hosts tanoak and evergreen huckleberry. Most (78%) of the previously unchallenged species developed necrotic lesions in detached leaf assays although severity (% leaf area necrotic) was variable. All three of the ericaceous species of conservation concern: Arctostaphylos hispidula, Kalmiopsis leachiana, and Leucothoe davisiae were susceptible in detached leaf assays. Factors important in determining whether or not these species will become infected in their native habitat are discussed. / Graduation date: 2004

Thèse doctorat : Biologie Végétale et Forestière : Nancy 1 : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-92). Also available on the World Wide Web.