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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Uppskattning kring spridning av Phytophthora-skador i Söderåsen Nationalpark, södra Sverige / Evaluation of spreading risk for Phytophthora- damage in Söderåsen National Park, Southern Sweden

Opitz, Sophia January 2023 (has links)
Det har skett en tydlig ökning av problem med introducerade och invsiva skogsskadegörare de senaste 30 åren. Bland trädskadegörarna som importerats återfinns Phytophthora, ett släkte av svampliknande arter som angriper framför allt lövträd som bok. Syftet med denna studie var att förbättra underlaget för hantering av Phytophthora-risken i bokdominerade skogar i Söderåsens Nationalpark där smittan har konstaterats. Med hjälp av data från tidigare skadeinventeringar utforskades om spridningsmönster kunde kopplas till närhet av rörligt markvatten samt de olika stigar och leder som besökare i parken rör sig på. Analysen visade att flera områden i parken med konstaterad smitta låg i anslutning till både vandringsleder, stigar och/eller vägar i kombination med hög markfuktighet, Områden med konstaterad smitta hade spatial nätverk-struktur. Möjliga åtgärder för att minska smittspridningen i nationalparken är begränsning av användning av leder vid översvämning och hög markfuktighet samt försiktighet vid utförande av arbete i parken.
162

Functional Analysis and Characterization of Transporter of Putrescine and Spermidine (TOPAS1) in Phytophthora parasitica

Chakrabarti, Nilanjana 02 August 2017 (has links)
No description available.
163

Terminal Bias Patterns in Protein Coding Sequences of Phytophthora Sojae

Sarkar, Chandra, SARKAR 26 July 2017 (has links)
No description available.
164

Management of seedling diseases caused by Oomycetes, <i>Phytophthora</i> spp., <i>Phytopythium</i> spp. and <i>Pythium</i> spp. using seed treatment in Ohio.

Vargas, Amilcar 15 August 2018 (has links)
No description available.
165

Screening for Resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot in Lupin

Beligala, Gayathri 18 July 2016 (has links)
No description available.
166

Determinants of nonhost resistance to phytophthora infestans

Huitema, Edgar 13 July 2005 (has links)
No description available.
167

Metabolic profiling of potato cultivars varying in horizontal resistance to late blight, Phytophthora infestans

Abu-Nada, Yousef January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
168

Nuclear Localization of Proteins and Genome Editing in the Oomycete Phytophthora sojae

Fang, Yufeng 15 November 2016 (has links)
Oomycetes are fungi-like eukaryotic microorganisms, which are actually phylogenetic relatives of diatoms and brown algae, within the kingdom Stramenopila. Many oomycete species, mainly in the genera Phytophthora, Pythium and downy mildews, are devastating plant pathogens that cause multibillion-dollar losses to agriculture annually in the world. Some oomycetes are also animal pathogens, causing severe losses in aquaculture and fisheries, and occasionally causing dangerous infections of humans. Phytophthora species, represented by the Irish Potato Famine pathogen P. infestans and the soybean pathogen P. sojae, are arguably the most destructive pathogens of dicotyledonous plants among the oomycete species and thus have been extensively studied. This dissertation focuses on the model oomycete pathogen P. sojae to investigate specific aspects of its molecular biology and establish an efficient genetic manipulation tool. Specifically, in Chapter 1, I briefly introduce the basic concepts of oomycete biology and pathology, and summarize the experimental techniques used for studies of oomycete genetics over the past two decades. Because the approach to studying fungi and oomycetes are similar (indeed they were incorrectly placed in the same taxonomic group until recently), a special section reviews the emerging genome editing technology CRISPR/Cas system in these organisms together. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 focus on one of the most important intracellular activities, nuclear localization of proteins, and describe the characterization of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in P. sojae. This focus stemmed from my early work on genome editing in P. sojae, when I discovered that conventional NLS signals from SV40 used to target the TAL effector nuclease (TALEN) to the nucleus worked poorly in P. sojae. In the first part of this work (Chapter 2), I used confocal microscopy to identify features of nuclear localization in oomycetes that differ from animals, plants and fungi, based on characterization of two classes of nuclear localization signals, cNLS and PY-NLS, and on characterization of several conserved nuclear proteins. In the second part (Chapter 3), I determined that the nuclear localization of the P. sojae bZIP1 transcription factor is mediated by multiple weak nuclear targeting motifs acting together. In Chapter 4 and Chapter 5, I describe my implementation of nuclease-based technology for genetic modification and control of P. sojae. In Chapter 4, I describe the first use of the CRISPR system in an oomycete, including its use to validate the function of a host specificity gene. This is of particular importance because molecular techniques such as gene knockouts and gene replacements, widely used in other organisms, were not previously possible in oomycetes. The successful implementation of CRISPR provides a major new research capability to the oomycete community. Following up on the studies described in Chapter 4, in Chapter 5, I describe the generalization and simplification of the CRISPR/Cas9 expression strategy in P. sojae as well as methods for mutant screening. I also describe several optimized methodologies for P. sojae manipulation based on my 5 years of experience with P. sojae. / Ph. D.
169

New Species and Phylogeny of the Genus Phytophthora

Yang, Xiao 13 January 2015 (has links)
The genus Phytophthora includes many agriculturally and ecologically important plant pathogens. Characterization of new Phytophthora species is the first and a most critical step to understanding their biology, ecology and economic importance. Six novel Phytophthora species recovered from irrigation systems at ornamental plant nurseries in Mississippi and Virginia were described based on morphological, physiological and molecular characters: 1. Phytophthora mississippiae sp. nov. produces a mix of non-papillate and semi-papillate sporangia, and catenulate hyphal swellings. It is a heterothallic species. All examined isolates of P. mississippiae are A1. When paired with A2 mating type testers, P. mississippiae produces ornamented oogonia and amphigynous antheridia. It is phylogenetically grouped in Phytophthora subclade 6b based on sequences of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox 1) gene. 2. Phytophthora hydrogena sp. nov. is heterothallic. It produces non-caducous and non-papillate sporangia. It is characterized by frequently producing widening at the pedicel tip of sporangiophores or tapered sporangial based toward the point of attachment. This species is phylogenetically placed in a high-temperature tolerant cluster in Phytophthora clade 9. All members in this cluster grow well at 35 C. 3. Phytophthora virginiana sp. nov. is a self-sterile species. All examined isolates are silent A1. It produces non-caducous and non-papillate sporangia and is also placed in the high-temperature tolerant cluster in clade 9. Morphologically, it is characterized by producing abundant thin-walled, lateral chlamydospores in carrot agar and clarified V8 juice agar. 4. Phytophthora macilentosa sp. nov. is a heterothallic species. Only A1 isolates have been found. It produces characteristic elongated, non-papillate sporangia. It is also a member of the high-temperature cluster in clade 9. 5. Phytophthora stricta sp. nov. is a heterothallic species. It produces unique non-papillate and slightly caducous sporangia with one to three constrictions on its sporangiophore. Phylogenetically, P. stricta represents a new ITS clade within the genus. 6. Phytophthora Xstagnum nothosp. nov. is a novel hybrid species with P. taxon PgChlamydo as its paternal parent and a P. mississippiae-like species as its maternal parent. This new hybrid produces intercalary chlamydospores and catenulate hyphal swellings, which are morphological characters of P. taxon. PgChlamydo and P. mississippiae, respectively. It also produces both smooth-walled and ornamented oogonia, which may be indicative of oogonial characters of its paternal and maternal parents, respectively. By incorporating new Phytophthora species, clusters and clades, phylogenies including approximately 128 Phytophthora taxa were constructed based on sequences of five genetic markers. Among the selected genetic markers, the beta-tubulin (B-tub) gene provided the highest phylogenetic resolution. General phylogenetic structure of the B-tub phylogeny was similar to that in previous multi-locus phylogenies, except that P. cinnamomi, P. parvispora, P. quercina, P. stricta, and a provisional species, P. sp. e1, were not clustered in any of the 10 known Phytophthora clades and represented new clades. The B-tub phylogeny was also used to study the correlations between phylogeny and morphological characteristics including sporangial papillation, caducity, homothallism, and antheridial configuration, as well as maximum growth temperature. The results indicated that the character of sporangial papillation was mostly consistent among species within individual subclades. Maximum growth temperature was also generally correlated with phylogenetic positions. Consistency in caducity, homothallism or antheridial configuration was not found. A new multi-locus phylogeny based on sequences of 11 genetic markers of more than 146 Phytophthora species was proposed to validate new clades and clusters, as well as investigate detailed phylogenetic relations among species in this quickly expanding, taxonomically complex group of plant pathogens. / Ph. D.
170

Development of DNA massive sequencing techniques and Real-Time PCR for the detection, identification and quantitation of Phytophthora spp. in environmental samples

Catalá García, Santiago 07 November 2017 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / In recent years the increase of global plant trade and human movement has promoted the risk of introduction of invasive plants and exotic pathogens. Biological invasions operate globally and are considered to be the second cause of biodiversity loss after direct habitat alteration and destruction. In this context, Phytophthora is one of the most important and aggressive plant pathogen in agriculture and forestry. Early detection and identification of its pathways are of high importance to minimize the threat that they pose to natural ecosystems. Different molecular-based methods, including real-time PCR and Next Generation Sequencing, have been developed and applied for the detection of plant pathogens in environmental samples. These methods allow fast and accurate pathogen detection and identification even when the inoculum amount is low. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was the development of a new method for Phytophthora detection in environmental samples starting from extraction of environmental DNA (eDNA) from different sources (soil, roots and water) and different ecosystems. Different studies have applied High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) for the detection of Phytophthora species in soil samples, but not, to date, for water. In the Chapter 3, genus-specific primers were adapted to assess Phytophthora species diversity in natural ecosystems using high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing of eDNA from soil and water environments, based in the polymorphic and widely accepted barcoding target Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1). The assay was validated with a control reaction with DNA of pure cultures. The objectives raised and developed of this study were: a) as main objective, development and application of HTS (High Throughput Sequencing) of Phytophthora-specific PCR amplicons to investigate the presence of Phytophthora in soil samples from different plant communities in natural forests, plantations and aquatic environments in the north of Spain; b) optimization of the conditions for emPCR amplification in order to obtain the best results in the pyrosequencing run; c) development of a bioinformatics pipeline for NGS data, focusing in the optimization of a barcoding threshold value to separate Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). Different score coverage threshold values were tested for optimal Phytophthora species separation in the bioinformatics analyses. Clustering at 99 % was the best criteria to separate most of the Phytophthora species. Multiple Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) corresponding to 36 distinct Phytophthora species were amplified in the environmental samples. Pyrosequencing of amplicons from soil samples revealed low Phytophthora diversity (13 species) in comparison with the 35 species detected in water samples. Thirteen of the MOTUs detected in rivers and streams did not show significant matches to sequences in international sequence databases, revealing that eDNA pyrosequencing is a useful strategy to assess Phytophthora species diversity in natural ecosystems. Once the technique was developed and validated, another objective was proposed in Chapter 2, focused on the oak decline. The evergreen holm oak (Quercus ilex) is the most representative tree species in the Iberian Peninsula and the main tree in oak-rangeland ecosystems (dehesas). Oak decline in non-calcareous soils in south-western Spain has been associated with Phytophthora cinnamomi for decades. However, other Phytophthora species such as P. quercina and P. psychrophila have been associated with Quercus decline in the eastern part of Spain where calcareous soils are predominant. With the aim of investigating the involvement of Phytophthora spp. in oak decline in eastern Spain, two forests in different geographical areas (Alcoi and Vallivana) were selected as sampling sites. Soil and root samples were analysed in parallel by amplicon pyrosequencing and real-time PCR. Metabarcoding analyses showed Phytophthora / En los últimos años, el aumento del comercio mundial de plantas y el movimiento humano ha promovido el riesgo de introducción de plantas invasoras y patógenos exóticos. Las invasiones biológicas operan a nivel mundial y se consideran como la segunda causa de pérdida de biodiversidad después de la alteración y destrucción directas del hábitat. En este contexto, Phytophthora es uno de los patógenos vegetales más importantes y agresivos en la agricultura y la silvicultura. La detección temprana y la identificación de sus vías son de gran importancia para minimizar la amenaza que representan para los ecosistemas naturales. Se han desarrollado y aplicado diferentes métodos moleculares para la detección de patógenos de plantas en muestras ambientales. Estos métodos permiten una detección e identificación de patógenos rápida y precisa incluso cuando la cantidad de inóculo es baja. Por lo tanto, se propone un nuevo método mejorado para su detección en muestras ambientales a partir de la extracción de ADN ambiental (eDNA) de diferentes fuentes (suelo, raíces y agua) y diferentes ecosistemas. El objetivo del primer capítulo fue aplicar HTS (High Throughput Sequencing) para investigar la presencia de Phytophthora en diferentes comunidades de plantas en bosques naturales, plantaciones y ambientes acuáticos en el norte de España. El eDNA se extrajo del suelo y del agua de los ríos y arroyos de los bosques de Fagus sylvatica y Abies alba y de plantaciones de Chamaecyparis lawsoniana y Pseudotsuga menziesii en el norte de España (bosque de Irati y Villanúa). Se diseñó y aplicó un ensayo específico para la detección de Phytophthora mediante la secuenciación masiva de amplicones basado en la región ITS1. Diferentes valores de threshold se analizaron para la separación óptima de especies de Phytophthora en los análisis bioinformáticos. El agrupamiento al 99% fue el mejor criterio para separar la mayor parte de las especies de Phytophthora. Múltiples Unidades Operacionales Taxonómicas Moleculares (MOTU) correspondientes a 36 especies distintas de Phytophthora se amplificaron en las muestras ambientales. La pirosequenciación de amplicones de muestras de suelo reveló una diversidad baja de Phytophthora (13 especies) en comparación con las 35 especies detectadas en muestras de agua. Trece de los MOTU detectados en los ríos y arroyos no mostraron homología con secuencias depositadas en las bases de datos, lo que revela que la pirosequenciación del ADN ambiental es una estrategia útil para evaluar la diversidad de especies Phytophthora en los ecosistemas naturales. Una vez que la técnica fue desarrollada y validada, se propuso otro objetivo enfocado en el decaimiento de la carrasca. La carrasca (Quercus ilex) es la especie arbórea más representativa de la Península Ibérica y el árbol principal de las dehesas. El decaimiento de la carrasca en suelos no calcáreos en el suroeste de España se ha asociado con Phytophthora cinnamomi durante décadas. Sin embargo, otras especies de Phytophthora como P. quercina y P. psychrophila se han asociado con el declive de Quercus en la parte oriental de España donde predominan los suelos calcáreos. Con el objetivo de investigar la implicación de Phytophthora spp. en el declive de la carrasca en el este de España, se seleccionaron dos bosques en diferentes zonas geográficas (Alcoi y Vallivana) como lugares de muestreo. Las muestras de suelo y raíz se analizaron por pirosequenciación de amplicones. Los resultados de la secuenciación masiva mostraron la diversidad de especies de Phytophthora, y reveló que un taxón nunca aislado de Phytophthora, llamado provisional Phytophthora taxon ballota, fue la especie predominante en ambas áreas. Además, se desarrolló un ensayo de PCR a tiempo real, basado en los resultados de la pirosequenciación, para la detección de este taxón de Phytophthora nunca aislado, y también para la detección de P. quercina / En els últims anys, l'augment del comerç mundial de plantes i el moviment humà ha promogut el risc d'introducció de plantes invasores i patògens exòtics. Les invasions biològiques operen a nivell mundial i es consideren de com la segona causa de pèrdua de biodiversitat després de l'alteració i destrucció directa de l'hàbitat. En aquest context, Phytophthora és un dels mes importants patògens vegetals i agressius en l'agricultura i la silvicultura. La detecció primerenca i la identificació de les seves vies resulten de gran importància per a minimitzar l'amenaça que representen per als ecosistemes naturals. S'han desenvolupat i aplicat diferents mètodes moleculars per a la detecció de patògens de plantes en mostres ambientals. Aquests mètodes permeten una detecció i identificació de patògens ràpida i precisa fins i tot quan la quantitat d'inòcul és baixa. Per tant, es proposa un nou mètode millorat per a la seva detecció en mostres ambientals a partir de l'extracció d'ADN ambiental (eDNA) de diferents fonts (sòl, arrels i aigua) i diferents ecosistemes. L'objectiu del primer capítol va ser aplicar HTS (High Throughput Sequencing) per investigar la presència de Phytophthora en diferents comunitats de plantes en boscos naturals, plantacions i ambients aquàtics al nord d'Espanya. L'eDNA es va extraure del sòl i de l'aigua dels rius i rierols dels boscos de Fagus sylvatica i Abies alba i de plantacions de Chamaecyparis lawsoniana i Pseudotsuga menziesii al nord d'Espanya (bosc d'Irati i Villanúa). Es va dissenyar i va aplicar un assaig específic per a la detecció de Phytophthora mitjançant la seqüenciació massiva de amplicons basat en la regió ITS1. Diferents valors de threshold es van analitzar per a la separació òptima d'espècies de Phytophthora en les anàlisis bioinformàtics. L'agrupament al 99% va ser el millor criteri per separar la major part de les espècies de Phytophthora. Múltiples Unitats Operacionals Taxonòmiques Moleculars (MOTU) corresponents a 36 espècies diferents de Phytophthora es van amplificar en les mostres ambientals. La piroseqüenciació d'amplicons de mostres de sòl va revelar una diversitat baixa de Phytophthora (13 espècies) en comparació amb les 35 espècies detectades en mostres d'aigua. Tretze dels MOTU detectats en els rius i rierols no van mostrar homologia amb seqüències dipositades en les bases de dades, el que revela que la pirosequenciació de l'ADN ambiental és una estratègia útil per avaluar la diversitat d'espècies de Phytophthora en els ecosistemes naturals. Una vegada que la tècnica va ser desenvolupada i validada, es va proposar un altre objectiu enfocat en el decaïment de la carrasca. La carrasca (Quercus ilex) és l'espècie arbòria més representativa de la Península Ibèrica i l'arbre principal de les deveses. El decaïment de la carrasca en sòls no calcaris al sud-oest d'Espanya s'ha associat amb Phytophthora cinnamomi durant dècades. No obstant això, altres espècies de Phytophthora com P. quercina i P. psychrophila s'han associat amb el declivi de Quercus a la part oriental d'Espanya on predominen els sòls calcaris. Amb l'objectiu d'investigar la implicació de Phytophthora spp. en el declivi de la carrasca a l'est d'Espanya, es van seleccionar dos boscos en diferents zones geogràfiques (Alcoi i Vallivana) com a llocs de mostreig. Les mostres de sòl i arrel es van analitzar per piroseqüenciació d'amplicons. Els resultats de la seqüenciació massiva van mostrar la diversitat d'espècies de Phytophthora, i va revelar que un taxó mai aïllat de Phytophthora, anomenat de forma provisional Phytophthora taxon ballota, va ser l'espècie predominant en les dues àrees. A més, es va desenvolupar un assaig de PCR a temps real, basat en els resultats de la piroseqüenciació, per a la detecció d'aquest taxó de Phytophthora mai aïllat, i també per a la detecció de P. quercina. Els assajos de qPCR es van aplicar en mo / Catalá García, S. (2017). Development of DNA massive sequencing techniques and Real-Time PCR for the detection, identification and quantitation of Phytophthora spp. in environmental samples [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90644 / Compendio

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