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No description available.

The main objective of this study is to show how "the Stylistic Phenomenon" has entered Arabic literary critical life. It aims to examine "Practical Criticism" in Arabic, which adopts a "stylistic approach". In order to achieve this, however, it is essential to have examined a complete picture of this approach in Arabic literary life in all its aspects, most of which are concerned with issues, of stylistic theory rather than practical stylistics. Efforts have been devoted to establishing it as a separate recognised approach: in the theory of translation, in matters of terminology, in traditional Arabic literary criticism, etc. The "Stylistic Approach" in Arabic literary life, as examined here, also illustrates the whole situation of the real relationship of Arabic literary criticism with modern literary criticism in The West. There are various channels of connection with modern Western literary criticism, such as the translation of the most important works relating to this topic into Arabic, either as monographs or as articles in literary journals. There are also Arab writers who have been educated in The West and who are applying the stylistic approach to Arabic literature. This study shows the connection of Arab scholarship with the modern linguistic revolution in the West, from which the stylistic approach is the fruit. It is clear that the most important figures in modern linguistics, particularly those whose works are influenced by modern Western linguistics or have been affected by modern Western literary criticism, are well-known, and the Arab reader is familiar with Althusser, Bakhtin, Bally, Barthes, Brooks, Chatman, Chomsky, Cohen, Derrida, Foucault, Genette, Jakobson, Levi-Strauss, Saussure and many others.

The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) defines personality disorders as categorical entities that are distinct from themselves and from normal personality traits. However, many scientists now believe that personality disorders can best be conceptualized using a dimensional model of traits that span normal and abnormal personality, such as the Five-Factor Model (FFM). Many research studies have indicated that the current personality disorder system can be adequately conceptualized using the FFM. However, if the FFM or any dimensional model is to be considered as a credible alternative to the current model, it must first demonstrate an increment in the validity of the assessment offered within a clinical setting. Thus, the current study extended previous research by comparing the convergent and discriminant validity of the current DSM-IV-TR model to the FFM across four assessment methodologies. Eighty-eight individuals that were currently receiving ongoing psychotherapy were assessed for the FFM and the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders using self-report, informant report, structured interview, and therapist ratings. The results indicated that the FFM had an appreciable advantage over the DSM-IV-TR in terms of discriminant validity and, at the domain level, convergent validity. Implications of the findings for future research are discussed.

Cette thèse vise à démontrer l’importance de la PI 3-kinase dans la régulation hormonale de la réabsorption rénale du sodium. Ce contrôle extrêmement précis, notamment par l’aldostérone, s’effectue au niveau du néphron distal. Nous avons utilisé comme modèle l’épithélium de cellules A6, dérivées du tubule distal de Xenopus Laevis. Le transport unidirectionnel de sodium s’effectue en deux étapes: depuis, l’entrée à partir du milieu luminal par des canaux sodiques épithéliaux (ENaCs) insérés dans la membrane apicale, jusqu’à la sortie vers le liquide extracellulaire par des pompes Na+/K+-ATPases, situées dans la membrane basolatérale. L’insuline augmente ce transport de sodium et la PI 3-kinase semble assurer un rôle-clef. Nous avons étudié l’importance de chacun des 3-phosphoinositides produits par la PI 3-kinase, sur le transport du sodium en ajoutant au milieu cellulaire des formes «perméantes» de ces phospholipides. Parmi ceux-ci, le PIP3 et dans une moindre intensité le PI(3,4)P2 augmentent ce transport. En revanche, le PI3P, le PI(3,5)P2, ainsi que le PI(4,5)P2 n’ont pas d’effet sur lui. Nous avons démontré par la technique du Western blot que la 3-phosphatase PTEN est exprimée dans les cellules A6. Cette phosphatase déphosphoryle le PIP3 en PI(4,5)P2. Nous avons surexprimé PTEN dans les cellules A6. Ceci réduit l’augmentation du transport du sodium induite par l’insuline, ainsi que celle induite par addition de la forme «perméante» de PIP3. Nous avons ensuite vérifié si d’autres agents qui activent la PI 3-kinase, stimulent également le transport de sodium à travers cet épithélium. A cette fin, nous avons d’abord vérifié que l’EGF et le peroxyde d’hydrogène, connus pour stimuler la PI 3-kinase dans d’autres systèmes, activent également cette enzyme dans les cellules A6. Tous deux augmentent ce transport. L’importance de l’augmentation induite par H2O2 est comparable à celle de l’insuline, tandis que l’effet de l’EGF est plus transitoire. Un dosage d’activité de la PI 3-kinase, nous a permis de démontrer que l’intensité de l’activation de la PI 3-kinase est corrélée avec l’amplitude de l’augmentation du transport du sodium. Par comparaison avec l’effet de l’insuline et de l’H2O2, l’EGF augmente faiblement l’activité de la PI 3-kinase et induit une faible augmentation du transport. Nous avons également examiné si la voie des MAPK influence la stimulation du transport du sodium par ces différents agents. Cette voie ne semble pas impliquée dans l’effet de l’insuline ou du peroxyde d’hydrogène. Par contre, elle diminue la stimulation du transport de sodium par l’EGF. L’effet de l’EGF sur le transport semble résulter d’un compromis entre l’activation de la voie de la PI 3-kinase qui l’augmente et l’activation de la voie des MAPK qui le diminue. En conclusion, une augmentation de PIP3, soit par addition de PIP3 exogène, soit par augmentation endogène sous l’effet de l’insuline ou d’autres agents stimulant la PI 3-kinase, augmente le transport du sodium tandis qu’une diminution de PIP3 endogène (par surexpression de PTEN) le diminue. L’importance de l’activation de la PI 3-kinase est quantitativement corrélée avec l’importance de l’augmentation du transport du sodium. La PI 3-kinase est donc un médiateur-clef de la régulation rénale de ce transport.

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This thesis consists of a critical edition of the Kit=ab al-istikhr=aj li-ad hk=am al-khar=aj, which is basically a review of the system by which land is taxed in an Islamic society. It covers the legal intricacies concerning this issue, ranging through the period of the early days of Islam to the eighth century Hijrah. The analysis is predominantly based on three manuscripts, obtained from the Uppsala, Paris and Cairo libraries. It is divided into two parts, the former containing the introduction and the latter the text. The introduction again is sub-divided into three chapters: the first giving a general outline of the work and the text, the second dealing with the author, and finally the third being a brief discussion of the khar=aj system. A bibliography of the introduction is included. Also included is a list of the verses of the Qur'=an and narrations from had{=i}th quoted, as well as a list of the books referred to, in the text.

To our best knowledge this is the first attempt to investigate translation of the stylistic features involved in an interesting masterpiece of American literature, The Old Man and the Sea, written by Ernest Hemingway. This story has been translated into Arabic twice, first by Munir Ba'labaki and second by Dr Ziad Zakariyya. This thesis attempts to explore problems of literary translation from English into Arabic. It seeks to investigate some aspects of culture and style in The Old Man and the Sea and the two Arabic translations. The aim is to assess how much of the style and culture of the original has been preserved. It is also concerned with the problem of equivalence and translation units, since equivalence is considered the tool for detailed comparison. Chapter One deals with various approaches to evaluation of translation. This is done by reviewing a number of notions which have dominated the field of translation for a long time. One school believes that the act of translation is an art and that evaluation is limited to the aesthetic values of a literary work and depends largely on the critic's subjective decisions. Its objective is to provide a list of rules for the translator to follow in order to arrive at a translation of optimal value. The other school approaches translation as a linguistic operation and considers that a translation should be judged objectively, according to a linguistic analysis based on equivalence of the ST and the TT. Proponents of this view have developed models for evaluating. These models are addressed. Chapter Two is concerned with a review of certain concepts which are fundamental to literary translation. It attempts to highlight the theoretical approaches to the notion of 'equivalence', such as formal vs. dynamic and semantic vs. communicative equivalence, and different approaches to the question of translation units.

This thesis consists of a critical study and edition of seven chapters from Kitab Jumal al-ghara'ib by Mamud b. 'Al Abu al-Hasan b. al-Husayn al-Naysabur al-Ghaznaw al-Qazwn Abu al-Qasim Najm al-Dn, known as Bayan al-Haqq, an important book on the subject of Gharib al-Hadith. The thesis is divided into two parts, an introduction and critical edition of the text. The introductory part is further divided into three chapters: the first chapter deals with a brief life of the author and his works. The second chapter provides information about the science of Gharib al-Hadith, methods and detailed works on the subject. The third chapter deals with the authenticity, originality, sources of the work, description of the Manuscripts, method of edition and explanatory notes on the Arabic text. Part two is the critical edition of the Arabic text, based on three MSS with their variant readings. Indices and bibliography are also provided.

Kitab al-Wajiz fi Dhikr al-Mujaz: wa al-Mujiz: by Abu Tahir al-Silafi (d.576/ 1181) is an important treatise on ijazah [one of the eight methods of the transmission of hadith], which also includes the biographies of those transmitters [in the 5th-6th centuries H.] of hadith who gave an ijazah to al-Silafi. K. al-Wajiz is the single important source of some biographies for many later bibliographers. This thesis is based on the edition of a unique MS [of K. al-Wajiz] in the Chester Beatty Library. The work is divided into two main sections, the introductory part and the critical edition of the Text. The introductory part is further divided into two chapters. The first chapter consists of a brief account of the author's life and a detailed study of his works. The second chapter contains a general outline of the eight methods of the taking up of hadith [turuk tahammul al- hadith] and a basic account of the subject of ijazah, followed by a discussion of al-Silafi's attitude towards ijazah. Part two consists of the critical edition of the Arabic Text together with an introduction, English translation and the necessary explanatory notes. The method adopted in the edition, annotation and translation is also indicated here. Indices of the Quranic verses and ahadith, names of books, places and persons occurring in the Arabic Text are also provided.