The basic principle for limited companies is that the owners are not liable for the debts of the company. To protect the creditors of the company, however, a theory of personal liability for the owners has evolved, the so called piercing the corporate veil theory. For decades there have been disagreements wether or not it would be motivated to legislate the theory of piercing the corporate veil, and what this legislation might look like. The basic problems in my essay are: Is there a need to legislate the theory of piercing the corporate veil in Sweden? What would such a legislation look like in Sweden? To answer these questions I analyzed cases regarding the piercing the corporate veil theory, examined the theory in the USA and Germany and described how authors would like to answer these questions. My results are that there is a need to increase the liability that a parent company has for the debts of its subsidiary companies. This should be done by changing the rule in 15:3 ABL.

The subject for this composition is the instute"ansvarsgenombrott"which in english is called"lifting the corporate veil"or"piercing the corporate veil". This institute has given rise to several very controversial questions. The most important questions are: Which principles must be fulfilled if the institute shall come in to question and is there a need for a regulation of the institute in swedish law?

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Introduction: Blood and blood products are still essential for the treatment of several medical conditions for which they have no substitutes. Blood for transfusion is obtained from volunteers who go through several steps during the process of donation Association between tattoos and seropositivity to transfusion-transmissible diseases (TTDs); and it has been proposed that in certain settings having a tattoo can be an exclusion criterion for blood donation. By analogy it could be though that seropositivity to TTDs was also associated with the use of earring and body piercing. Objective: To assess whether the use of earring and/or body piercing can be indicators of seropositivity to the following TTDs: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Chagas disease, and syphilis. Material and methods: Secondary analysis of a data set from a cross-sectional study conducted at the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, and that resulted in a doctoral thesis (Nishioka,S.A.-Tattoos as indicators of transfusion-transmitted disease in Brazil: a matched hospital-based cross-sectional study.Montreal:McGill University,2000.166p). The exposure of main interest were having earring or body piercing, whereas the outcomes of interest were presence of any serologic marker of infections by hepatitis B(HBV), hepatitis C(HCV) HIV, Treponema pallidum or Trypanosoma cruzi, determined by the following tests: HBsAG, anti-HBc, anti- HCV,anti-HIV, VDRL and anti- Trypanosoma cruzi Results: No association between earring and TTDs was observed when the odds ratios were adjusted by confounders, even when the analyses were restricted to males. Body piercing was observed in only two women in the study population, and therefore could not be analyzed.Conclusion: Earring is not associated with seropositivity to TTDs, and should not be used as an exclusion criterion for blood donation. / Introdução: Sangue e derivados são ainda essenciais para tratamento de diversas condições médicas, para os quais ainda não têm substitutos. Sangue para transfusão se obtém de voluntários que passam por diversas etapas durante o processo de doação. Associação entre tatuagens e soropositividade para doenças transmissíveis por transfusão (DTT) já foi demonstrada, e proposta que em determinados locais ter uma tatuagem possa ser critério de exclusão de doação de sangue. Por analogia pode-se pensar que soropositividade para DTTs possa também estar associada com o uso de brincos e body piercing. Objetivo: avaliar se o de uso de brincos e/ou body piercing podem ser indicadores de soropositividade para as seguintes DTTs: hepatite B, hepatite C, infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), sífilis e doença de Chagas. Material e método: Análise secundária de um banco de dados de um estudo transversal, conduzido na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, e que resultou em uma tese de doutorado. (Nishioka, S.A. - Tattoos as indicators of transfusion-transmitted diseases in Brazil: a matched hospital based cross-sectional study. Montreal: McGill University, 2000,166p) As exposições de principal interesse foram usar brincos ou body piercing; enquanto que os desfechos de interesse foram: a presença de qualquer marcador sorológico de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) vírus da hepatite C (HCV), HIV, Trypanossoma cruzi ou Treponema pallidum determinada pelos seguintes testes HBsAG, anti-HBc; anti HCV; anti HIV; anti-Trypanosoma cruzi e VDRL. Resultados: Não foi observada associação entre brincos e DTTs quando os odds ratios foram ajustados pelas variáveis de confundimento, mesmo quando a análise foi restrita a indivíduos do sexo masculino. Body piercing só foi observado em duas mulheres na população estudada e, portanto não pode ser estudado. Conclusão: O uso de brincos não está associado com soropositividade para DTTs, e não deve ser um critério de exclusão para doadores de sangue. / Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

Orientador: Carmen Lucia Soares / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T22:43:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_BeatrizHelenaFonsecaFerreira_D.pdf: 20561331 bytes, checksum: 2f6dfce3ae1d6b4d728a9dfe27746586 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Doutorado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Doutor em Educação

Master of Arts / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Robert K. Schaeffer / In recent years body modification practices such as the arts of tattooing and body piercing have experienced an increase in popularity. A close examination of previous research conducted on the topic revealed a dichotomous categorization of these practices as either acts of deviance or self-expression. In an effort to add to the research that strives to portray 'body art' as a means of identity formation, the current study took a qualitative approach to the examination of body modification practices and the individuals who participate in them. Throughout 2007, fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with college-age individuals who had at least one visible piece of 'body art,' and were currently living in or around Manhattan, Kansas. An emphasis was placed on what motivated the individuals to participate in the arts of tattooing and/or body piercing and how they felt the physical alteration of their body had affected their subsequent social interactions and identity. A careful review of the interview transcripts revealed that the respondents had chosen to participate in body modification practices for a variety of reasons. Nine analytical categories were then created in an attempt to explain the key motivations for their participation in these practices and ultimately call into question whether these practices should continue to be viewed as "deviant." The findings also demonstrated that there is still a certain amount of stigma associated with the arts of tattooing and body piercing, especially within the workplace. Although some businesses and organizations require their employees to keep their artwork concealed during business hours, others simply refuse to hire any individual who has a visible piece of 'body art.' Thus, the knowledge gained from the respondents and their experiences provided insight into the thought processes involved in the decision to participate in body modification practices as well as shed light on discriminatory, appearance-based hiring practices.

LLM / Department of Mercantile Law / Once a company is incorporated it becomes a juristic entity, distinct and separate from its incorporators. Thus, the company bears its own liabilities. However, section 20(9) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 grants the courts the discretion to disregard the separate legal personality of a company where there is unconscionable abuse of the juristic personality of the company. However, the challenge is that the section fails to define what constitutes ‘‘unconscionable abuse’’. This research thus investigated what constitutes unconscionable abuse of the juristic personality of the company as the ground for piercing the corporate veil. Simply put, this research identified the circumstances under which the corporate veil may be pierced, given the confounding provisions of section 20(9). In unravelling the problems posed by the said section, the researcher employed a combination of doctrinal legal research methodology and comparative research methodology which involve the scrutiny of ‘black letter of the law’ and the laws of other jurisdictions. The result from this extensive inquiry is that the term ‘unconscionable abuse’ is a legislative derivate from the various terms used by the courts at common law to justify the disregarding of the separate legal personality of the corporate entity. Therefore, the inescapable conclusion reached is that just as those terms used at common law are confounding, so shall this legislative innovation. Therefore, in order to resolve this problem each matter should be dealt with based on its peculiar facts.

See the attached abstract below

in English This diploma thesis deals with the field of commercial law concerning corporate groups. It focuses mainly on the influential person and its position and the emphasis is on the influence exercised and the consequences that the performance may cause. A substantial part of the thesis is devoted to the tools available to a person influenced and creditors in cases where the consequences foreseen by law are caused. The second part of the thesis deals with the same issue, but in terms of the legal order of the Great Britain. There is no regulation of this area of corporate law conceived as comprehensively as it is in the legal framework of the Czech Republic. The diploma thesis therefore focuses on the individual provisions of various legal regulations, which in this context protect the influenced/ subsidiary companies and their creditors. The final part is devoted to the comparison of both legal systems with the emphasis on comparing similar legal provisions as well as issues that are not regulated in the Czech legal framework. By comparison, I conclude that the Czech legislation provides a more suitable environment for the status of an influential person, the functioning of corporate groups, the protection of persons influenced and their creditors.