• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 15
  • 7
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Etude des propriétés électro-thermo-mécaniques de nanofils en silicium pour leur intégration dans les microsystèmes / Study of electro-thermo-mechanical properties of silicon nanowires for MEMS applications

Allain, Pierre 16 October 2012 (has links)
Les propriétés électro-thermo-mécaniques remarquables qui peuvent apparaître dans les nanofils de silicium font l'objet d'un nombre croissant de travaux de recherche. Ces travaux de thèse de nature fortement expérimentale, visent à donner une meilleure connaissance de ces propriétés dans le cas de nanofils, en silicium monocristallin, fabriqués par approche descendante. Pour caractériser la piézorésistivité, deux méthodes de chargement mécaniques ont été développées : la flexion 4 points de puce et la traction/compression in situ avec un actionneur MEMS. La méthode 3ω a été choisie pour des mesures de conductivité thermiques. Ces propriétés ont été étudiées en fonction de la température et la contrainte dans une station sous pointes cryogénique.Les résultats montrent que les nanofils fabriqués à partir de substrats SOI amincis peuvent, de manière inattendue, être fortement contraints en compression après fabrication. Les nanofils de type p présentent, même en régime de mesure dynamique, des coefficients piézorésistifs élevés qui décroissent fortement avec la température et permettent une détection intégrée de mouvement de MEMS avec une limite de détection inférieure à l'Angström. Les mesures thermiques confirment l’effet d’échelle attendu de la conductivité thermique, la décroissance avec la température est compatible avec les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux précédemment publiés. / Remarkable nanoscale electro-thermo-mechanical properties of silicon nanowires are increasingly studies. This experimental thesis investigates such properties for top-down fabricated monocrystal silicon nanowires.A four points bending set-up and a MEMS actuator are developed to apply ex situ and in situ mechanical stress on nanowires. Those devices are characterised in a cryogenic environment within a microprobe station. Electrical properties and piezoresistivity are studied using those systems. Moreover, the 3ω method measures the thermal conductivity of these nanowires.From buckling of silicon nanowires, unexpected high compressive stress (>100 MPa) was identified in top silicon layers of SOI substrates. Drift-compensated measurements show that p type silicon nanowires present large piezoresistive coefficients which decrease with temperature. Additionally, the MEMS device demonstrates the possibility to detect ample MEMS movements with sub-ångström resolution using the nanowires as piezoresistive nanogauges. The thermal conductivity was found consistent with previously reported values for silicon nanowires, and expectedly decreases with temperature.
12

Mechanical stress and stress compensation in Hall sensors

Cesaretti, Juan Manuel 31 March 2008 (has links)
Silicon magnetic sensors based on the Hall effect have proven to be an excellent sensor choice for many applications, such as position sensing, gear-tooth sensing, contact-less switching and linear sensing. Although a sensor can be trimmed over temperature before it is shipped to the customer, little can be done about the sensitivity's stability once the sensor has been installed in its final application. The goal of this project is to propose and implement mechanisms to stabilize the Hall sensor's sensitivity through the use of mechanical stress feedback and magnetic feedback.
13

Optimization of piezoresistive cantilevers for static and dynamic sensing applications

Naeli, Kianoush 03 April 2009 (has links)
The presented work aims to optimize the performance of piezoresistive cantilevers in cases where the output signal originates either from a static deflection of the cantilever or from the dynamic (resonance) characteristic of the beam. Based on a new stress concentration technique, which utilizes silicon beams and wires embedded in the cantilever, the force sensitivity of the cantilever is increased up to 8 fold with only about a 15% decrease in the cantilever stiffness. Moreover, the developed stress-concentrating cantilevers show almost the same resonance characteristic as conventional cantilevers. The focus of the second part of the present work is to provide guidelines for designing rectangular silicon cantilever beams to achieve maximum quality factors for the fundamental and higher flexural resonance at atmospheric pressure. The applied methodology is based on experimental data acquisition of resonance characteristics of silicon cantilevers, combined with modification of analytical damping models to match the measurement data. To this end, rectangular silicon cantilever beams with thicknesses of 5, 7, 8, 11 and 17 um and lengths and widths ranging from 70 to 1050 um and 80 to 230 um, respectively, have been fabricated and tested. To better describe the experimental data, modified models for air damping have been developed. Moreover, to better understand the damping mechanisms in a resonant cantilever system, analytical models have been developed to describe the cantilever effective mass in any flexural resonance mode. To be able to extract reliable Q-factor data for low signal-to-noise ratios, a new iterative curve fitting technique is developed and implemented. To address the challenge of frequency drift in (mass-sensitive) resonant sensors, and especially cantilever-based devices, the last part of the research deals with a novel compensation technique to cancel the unwanted environmental effects (e.g., temperature and humidity). This technique is based on exploring the resonance frequency difference of two flexural modes. Experimental data show improvements in temperature and humidity coefficients of frequency from -19.5 to 0.2 ppm/˚C and from 0.7 to -0.03 ppm/%RH, respectively. The last part of the work also aims on techniques to enhance or suppress the flexural vibration amplitude in desired overtones.
14

Trap mediated piezoresponse of silicon in the space charge limit. / La piézo-réponse du silicium dans la limite de charge d'espace en présence des pièges électroniques.

Li, Heng 19 September 2019 (has links)
Cette thèse contribue à l’étude des effets géants et anormaux de piézo-résistance (PZR) observés dans le nano-silicium. La PZR du silicium massif est devenue la clé de voûte de nombreuses technologies dont l’industrie micro-électronique vise des dispositifs de dimensions nanométriques. Il est donc logique d’investiguer la PZR du silicium à ces échelles spatiales où ont été révélé l’existence d’une PZR géante et d’une PZR d’amplitude « normale » mais de signe anormale. Cependant l’origine de ces effets reste peu claire et dans certains cas, leur véracité a été remise en cause. L’ensemble de ces effets semble corrélé à un appauvrissement en porteurs libres où le courant devient limité par la charge d’espace (en anglais SCLC). Pour mettre en lumière la dépendance en contrainte mécanique des taux de capture et d’émission de porteurs libres sur des pièges liés aux défauts cristallins, nous utilisons la technique de spectroscopie d’impédance qui, alliée à la spectroscopie de photoémission, suggère que les pièges en question sont ceux liés aux défauts intrinsèques de surface. La PZR géante n’est observée qu’en dehors du régime stationnaire. Dans le régime stationnaire dans laquelle se situe l’ensemble des études précédentes, bien qu’une PZR géante ne soit pas observée, une PZR de signe anormale est mesurée dans le silicium où une densité de défauts bien choisis a été introduite. Nous démontrons que cette dernière est due à un changement de type de porteur majoritaire induit par la tension appliquée en régime SCLC. Le chapitre 1 aborde l’historique de la PZR jusqu’aux observations de la PZR géante et anomale dans le nano-silicium. Le chapitre 2 présente les modèles physiques de la PZR en régime ohmique. La théorie des SCLCs est ensuite introduite. Le chapitre 3 présente les dispositifs expérimentaux, les procédures de mesure ainsi que les échantillons étudiés. Le chapitre 4 contient les principaux résultats obtenus par la spectroscopie d’impédance. Une PZR géante et nouvel effet de piézo-capacitance sont observés. Une comparaison avec la théorie indique que les dispositifs opèrent dans une régime SCLC en présence de pièges électroniques rapides, et que la PZR géante résulte de la dépendance en contrainte des taux de capture et d’émission de ces pièges. Ceci donne lieu à des changements importants de densités de porteurs hors du régime stationnaire. Ce chapitre se termine sur une discussion, revisitée à la lumière de nos résultats, des effets controversés de PZR géante publiés dans la littérature. Le chapitre 5 traite la mesure de la dépendance en contrainte du « pinning » du niveau de Fermi de surface, réalisée en combinant cartographie Raman et photoémission sur des leviers en silicium statiquement fléchis dont les surfaces sont terminées par une oxyde native. L’observation d’un déplacement du niveau de Fermi de surface pair en contrainte tend à montrer que les défauts intrinsèques de surface (type Pb0) sont à l’origine des effets géants présentés dans le chapitre 4.Le chapitre 6 aborde les mesures en régime stationnaire de PZR du silicium n.i.d. de type n pour laquelle une densité de bi-lacunes de silicium a été introduite. La caractéristique courant-tension montre trois régimes : à basse tension une loi ohmique dominé par les électrons majoritaires ; à des tensions intermédiaires une loi de Mott-Gurney modifiée des trous injectés depuis les contacts p++ ; à haute tension un régime plasma électron-trou. La PZR est déterminée par le porteur majoritaire. A basse tension un comportement du silicium type n est observé (i.e. de signe négatif) tandis qu’aux tensions intermédiaires une PZR similaire à celle du silicium type p est observée (i.e. de signe positive). A haute tension la PZR correspond à la somme de ces, conséquence directe de la présence d’électrons et de trous dans le régime plasma. Le chapitre 7, tout en résumant les conclusions principales de cette thèse développe également les directions futures à explorer. / This thesis presents a study of giant, anomalous piezo-resistance (PZR) in depleted nano-silicon. PZR in bulk silicon is a technologically important phenomenon in which mechanical stress changes the electrical resistivity via a change in the charge carrier effective masses. With continued reductions in device dimensions, it is of interest to explore the PZR of silicon micro- and nano-objects in which giant PZR and PZR of anomalous sign have been reported in recent years. The physical origin of these effects remains unclear and in some cases, even the veracity of the claimed results has been questioned. Some basic elements of the claimed effects are agreed upon, for example they occur in surface depleted nanostructures where transport is described by space charge limited currents (SCLC). In this thesis the details of the stress-dependence of the charge trapping and emission rates at fast electronic traps during SCLC transport in fully depleted silicon-on-insulator is probed using impedance spectroscopy. This, combined with an X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy study of statically deflected silicon cantilevers, strongly suggests that giant, non-steady-state PZR is due to stress-induced changes to hole trapping dynamics at intrinsic interface states. In contrast, under steady-state conditions like those used in all previous studies, giant PZR is not observed even in the presence of interface traps. On the other hand, anomalous, steady-state PZR is observed in defect engineered SCLC devices, and is shown to be the result of a voltage bias induced type change of the majority carrier. In chapter 1 the history of PZR is introduced. Prior reports of giant and anomalous PZR are then discussed. Chapter 2 presents the physical description of the PZR in silicon when transport occurs in the Ohmic regime. Both large-signal and small-signal SCLC transport are then introduced. Chapter 3 introduces the experimental details and the samples used throughout this work. Chapter 4 contains the principal impedance spectroscopy results. Giant, anomalous PZR and a novel piezo-capacitance are observed under non-steady-state conditions in fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator. Comparison of theory and data indicate that the devices operate in the SCLC regime in the presence of fast traps, and that the giant, anomalous PZR results from the stress dependence of the charge capture and emission rates of these traps. This in turn yields large changes of the non-equilibrium charge carrier concentrations. The importance of these observations in clarifying the physical origin, and the veracity of previous reports of steady-state, giant PZR, is discussed. Chapter 5 reports a comparison of Raman and XPS maps on statically deflected silicon cantilevers, providing a spectroscopic measurement of the stress-dependence of the pinned surface Fermi level at natively oxidized (001) silicon surfaces. A simplified analysis of the observed even symmetry of the stress-induced Fermi level shifts suggests that intrinsic interface defects (Pb0) are likely responsible for the giant, anomalous PZR reported in Chapter 4. Chapter 6 reports the DC bias dependence of the PZR in n.i.d. n-type, defect engineered silicon devices. The device characteristic exhibits three regimes; an Ohmic regime at low biases dominated by equilibrium electrons, a modified Mott-Gurney regime at intermediate biases dominated by holes injected from p++ contacts, and an electron-hole plasma regime at high biases. In each case the PZR depends on the majority carrier type; at low biases the usual n-type PZR is observed (i.e. the sign is negative); at intermediate biases it switches to the bulk p-type (i.e. positive) PZR; in the plasma regime, the PZR is a combination of the bulk electron and hole values. The results help shed light on observations of anomalous (i.e. sign reversed) PZR in depleted nano-silicon. Finally, chapter 7 summarizes the conclusions and introduces possible future research directions.
15

Piezoresistive Models for Polysilicon with Bending or Torsional Loads

Larsen, Gerrit T. 12 August 2009 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis presents new models for determining piezoresistive response in long, thin polysilicon beams with either axial and bending moment inducing loads or torsional loads. Microelectromechanical (MEMS) test devices and calibration methods for finding the piezoresistive coefficients are also presented for both loading conditions. For axial and bending moment inducing loads, if the piezoresistive coefficients are known, the Improved Piezoresistive Flexure Model (IPFM) is used to find the new resistance of a beam under stress. The IPFM first discretizes the beam into small volumes represented by resistors. The stress that each of these volumes experiences is calculated, and the stress is used to change the resistance of the representative resistors according to a second-order piezoresistive equation. Once the resistance change in each resistor is calculated, they are combined in parallel and series to find the resistance change of the entire beam. If the piezoresitive coefficients are not initially known, data are first collected from a test device. Piezoresistive coefficients need to be estimated and the IPFM is run for the test device's different stress states giving resistance predictions. Optimization is done until changing the piezoresistive coefficients provides model predictions that accurately match experimental data. These piezoresistive coefficients can then be used to design and optimize other piezoresistive devices. A sensor is optimized using this method and is found to increase voltage response by an estimated 10 times. For torsional loads, the test device consists of a slider-crank connected to two torsional legs. The slider-crank creates torsional stress in the legs which causes a change in the electrical resistance through the legs. A model that predicts the effects of a scissor hinge on the slider-crank is presented. Torsional stresses in the legs are calculated delete{using the membrane analogy.} and the legs are discretized into long parallel resistors and the stresses delete{from the membrane analogy} applied to each resistor. Assuming a second-order piezoresistance, an optimization is then done to find the piezoresistive coefficients by changing them until the model prediction fits the test data. These coefficients can be used to predict angular displacement from resistance measurements in fully integrated torsional sensors. Potential applications are discussed, and a torsional accelerometer is presented.

Page generated in 0.0616 seconds