In this thesis, technical and technological devices for a pig farm reconstruction in Dolní Radouň village are suggested. These devices are described in the text and also depicted in drawings which are attached. Introductory chapters describe the most commonly used options to design technical and technological devices on a pig farm. This general description is followed by a text which describes the most suitable solution for the pig farm in Dolní Radouň village. Drawings are in the annexes.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de inspeção capazes de detectar e localizar pequenos vazamentos em oleodutos e gasodutos. Hoje, diversos dutos brasileiros são equipados com eficientes sistemas de detecção de vazamentos, porém ainda não são capazes de detectar pequenos vazamentos causados por lentos processos de corrosão. A tecnologia de inspeção de dutos mais utilizada mundialmente é a de pigs instrumentados. O pig é lançado dentro do duto e percorre toda sua extensão identificando defeitos como amassamentos e corrosão. Duas tecnologias foram desenvolvidas, uma para oleodutos e outra para gasodutos. O princípio de funcionamento do pig para oleodutos se baseia no registro da variação de pressão gerada pelo vazamento. Quando o pig passa pelo vazamento, a pressão do volume central diminui em relação às pressões à montante e jusante do pig, gerando um sinal característico que permite a identificação. A tecnologia para gasodutos utiliza a energia acústica gerada pelo vazamento. A idéia básica é equipar o pig com microfones capazes de escutar o som provocado pelo vazamento propagado no próprio gás. Com uma boa interpretação da assinatura acústica deste fenômeno, é possível detectar o evento ao longo do duto. O desafio é discriminar a assinatura do vazamento dos ruídos normalmente emitidos em um gasoduto, como ruído de bombeio, ruído da turbulência da vazão, abertura e fechamento de válvulas, etc. Cada tecnologia teve seu protótipo montado e testado em campo onde vazamentos foram detectados com sucesso. São apresentadas as fundamentações teóricas de cada tecnologia e os resultados dos testes de laboratório e de campo assim como propostas futuras. / [en] This work s objective is the development of inspections tools capable to detect and locate small leaks in gas and oil pipelines. Nowadays, many brazilian pipelines are equipped with reliable leak detection systems, but these still can t detect small leaks caused by slow corrosion processes. The most used pipeline inspection technology is the instrumented pigs. The pig is launched inside the pipeline and goes through it detecting dents and corrosions. Two technologies were developed, one for oil pipelines and other for gas pipelines. The pig oil pipeline working principle is based on the register of the pressure variation caused by a leakage. When the pig pass by a leak, the pressure in the middle of the pig drops, generating a characteristic signal. The gas pipeline technology uses the acoustic energy caused by a gas leaks. The main idea is to equip the pig with specials microphones capable to listen the leak sound propagated in the gas. With a good acoustic interpretation of this phenomenon, is possible to detect this event. The biggest challenge is to discriminate the leak signature from the others pipe s noises. Which technology had it prototype manufactured and tested in real oil and gas pipelines with success. Will be shown the theory of which technology, the labs and fields tests results and future proposals.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoMS.pdf: 1515806 bytes, checksum: fd1b665e0003e03823a56f9ce0f2eaaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-11 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The modern technology of materials and structural integrity of pipelines requests the use of inspection tools named inspection pigs to detect, localize and measure the length, width and depth dimensions of the thickness losses of walls of buried and underwater pipelines in service. These tools run them internally, performing and recording measurements, with performance that varies according to the pig s technology. It has been developed recently an instrumented pig technology, called feller pig. This work aims to indicate factors that influence the feller pig technology performance in the detection and in the accuracy of measurement of the length, width and depth dimensions of the thickness losses on the internal surface of an oil pipeline wall under normal conditions of oil pipe inspection with pig. In this work, is made a collection of factors and an analyses of the technology based on the available literature, as well as an experiment to observe the technology and the factors operating. In the experiment, a feeler pig is used in a pipeline built in carbon steel and in operation that flows petroleum, in witch are observed areas with internal thickness losses occurred naturally. Some of these areas and their dimensions taken by automated ultra-sound scanner are compared with the ones indicated by the feller pig. Based on the data collection, on the analysis and on the experiment, the influence of factors object of this research is discussed. It is concluded that, among these, there are factors related to pipe fabrication tolerances, to wear of pig components, to internal adhesive wear of pipeline, to other pipeline damages and to technology characteristics. Finally, actions are suggested to know better, improve and define the applicability of this technology / A moderna tecnologia de materiais e de integridade estrutural de dutos pressup?e o uso de ferramentas de inspe??o denominadas pigs de inspe??o para detectar, localizar e medir comprimento, largura e profundidade das perdas de espessura de parede de dutos em servi?o enterrados ou submersos. Essas ferramentas os percorrem internamente, realizando e registrando medi??es, com desempenho que varia de acordo com a tecnologia do pig. Recentemente foi desenvolvida uma tecnologia de pig de inspe??o, chamada de pig de perfilagem. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? indicar fatores que influenciam o desempenho da tecnologia de pig de perfilagem na detec??o e na exatid?o de medi??o de comprimento, largura e profundidade de perdas de espessura na superf?cie interna da parede de um oleoduto, em condi??es normais de inspe??o de oleodutos com pig. Neste trabalho, faz-se um levantamento de tais fatores e uma an?lise desta tecnologia, baseados na literatura dispon?vel, bem como um experimento para observar a tecnologia e fatores operando. No experimento, utiliza-se um pig de perfilagem em um duto constru?do em a?o carbono e em opera??o escoando petr?leo, no qual se constata ?reas com perdas de espessura internas ocorridas naturalmente. Algumas destas ?reas e suas dimens?es, medidas por varredura de ultra-som automatizado, s?o comparadas com as indicadas pelo pig de perfilagem. Com base no levantamento, na an?lise e no experimento, discute-se a influ?ncia de fatores objetos desta pesquisa. Conclui-se que, entre estes, ocorrem fatores relacionados ? toler?ncia de fabrica??o dos tubos, ao desgaste de componentes do pig, ao desgaste adesivo interno ao duto, a outros danos no duto e a caracter?sticas da tecnologia. Por fim, s?o sugeridas a??es para conhecer melhor, aprimorar e delimitar a aplicabilidade desta tecnologia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ChristianoJMC_DISSERT.pdf: 5726380 bytes, checksum: 57b5c167cfa539dfe52a09cb70e8a00e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-14 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / To enhance the maintenance practices, Oil and Gas Pipelines are inspected from the inside by automated systems called PIG (Pipeline Inspection Gauge). The inspection and mapping of defects, as dents and holes, in the internal wall of these pipelines are increasingly put into service toward an overall Structural Integrity Policy. The residual life of these structures must be determined such that minimize its probability of failure. For this reason, the investigation on the detection limits of some basic topological features constituted by peaks or valleys disposed along a smooth surface is of great value for determining the sensitivity of the measurements of defects from some combinations of circumferential, axial and radial extent. In this investigation, it was analyzed an inductive profilometric sensor to scan three races, radius r1, r2, r3, in a circular surface of low carbon steel, equipped with eight consecutive defects simulated by bulges and holes by orbit, equally spaced at p/4 rad. A test rig and a methodology for testing in laboratory were developed to evaluate the sensor response and identify their dead zones and jumps due to fluctuations as a function of topological features and scanning velocity, four speeds different. The results are presented, analyzed and suggestions are made toward a new conception of sensor topologies, more sensible to detect these type of damage morphologies / Para melhorar as pr?ticas de manuten??o, oleodutos e gasodutos s?o inspecionados internamente por sistemas automatizados denominados PIG (Pipeline Inspection Gauge). Uma inspe??o e mapeamento de danos, como ressaltos e rebaixos, na parede interna desses dutos s?o cada vez mais inseridos em pr?tica para uma pol?tica de Integridade Estrutural. A vida residual dessas estruturas deve ser determinada a fim de minimizar as probabilidades de falha. Por esta raz?o, a investiga??o no limite de detec??o de algumas caracter?sticas topol?gicas b?sicas constitu?das por picos e vales dispostas ao longo de uma superf?cie lisa ? de grande valia para a determina??o da sensibilidade nas medi??es de defeitos de alguns n?veis de combina??es circunferencial, axial e radial. Nesta pesquisa, foi analisado um sensor perfilom?trico indutivo para inspecionar tr?s ?rbitas, de raios r1, r2 e r3 numa superf?cie circular de a?o baixo carbono, equipado com oito danos consecutivos simulados por rebaixos e ressaltos, por ?rbita, uniformemente espa?adas de p/4 rad. Uma bancada de ensaio e uma metodologia para teste em laborat?rio foram desenvolvidos para avaliar a resposta do sensor e identificar suas zonas cegas devido ? flutua??o dos saltos como uma fun??o das caracter?sticas topol?gicas e inspe??o de velocidades quatro velocidades distintas. Os resultados s?o apresentados, analisados e sugest?es s?o feitas na dire??o de uma nova concep??o de topologias de sensores, mais sens?veis para detectar esses tipos de morfologias de danos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JarbasSM_DISSERT.pdf: 2192547 bytes, checksum: 650bc570adcbb8b8a6b8e1427b27389d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-05 / Ensure the integrity of the pipeline network is an extremely important factor in the oil and gas industry. The engineering of pipelines uses sophisticated robotic inspection tools in-line known as instrumented pigs. Several relevant factors difficult the inspection of pipelines, especially in offshore field which uses pipelines with multi-diameters, radii of curvature accentuated, wall thickness of the pipe above the conventional, multi-phase flow and so on. Within this context, appeared a new instrumented Pig, called Feeler PIG, for detection and sizing of thickness loss in pipelines with internal damage. This tool was developed to overcome several limitations that other conventional instrumented pigs have during the inspection. Several factors influence the measurement errors of the pig affecting the reliability of the results. This work shows different operating conditions and provides a test rig for feeler sensors of an inspection pig under different dynamic loads. The results of measurements of the damage type of shoulder and holes in a cyclic flat surface are evaluated, as well as a mathematical model for the sensor response and their errors from the actual behavior / Garantir a integridade da rede de dutos ? um fator de extrema import?ncia na ind?stria de petr?leo e g?s. A engenharia de dutos utiliza sofisticadas ferramentas robotizadas de inspe??o in-line (durante opera??o) conhecidas como pigs instrumentados. V?rios fatores relevantes dificultam a inspe??o de dutos, especialmente em campos offshore onde se utiliza dutos com multi-di?metros, raios de curvatura acentuados, espessura de parede do duto acima do convencional, escoamento multif?sico e etc. Dentro deste contexto, surgiu um novo Pig instrumentado, chamado de Pig perfilom?trico, para detec??o e dimensionamento de perda de espessura em dutos com danos interno. Esta ferramenta foi desenvolvida para superar diversas limita??es que outros pigs instrumentados convencionais t?m durante a inspe??o. Diversos fatores influenciam nos erros de medi??o do pig afetando a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos. O presente trabalho aponta diferentes condi??es de opera??o e apresenta uma bancada para ensaiar sensores perfilometricos de pig de inspe??o sob diferentes solicita??es din?micas. Os resultados das medi??es dos danos do tipo ressaltos e rebaixos em uma superf?cie plana c?clica s?o avaliados, assim como, um modelo matem?tico para a resposta do sensor e seus erros em rela??o ao comportamento real

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael D. Tokach / A total of 5,212 nursery pigs were used in 11 experiments to evaluate amino acids in nursery pig diets. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted to determine whether the Lys level fed during one phase of the nursery influenced the response to Lys during subsequent phases. Experiment 1 tested a wide range of dietary Lys in 2 phases and reported that pigs fed high Lys during each period had increased growth performance; however, compensatory growth occurred for the pigs previously fed low Lys diets, resulting in no impact on overall ADG or final BW. Experiment 2 tested a narrow range of dietary Lys in 3 phases and found that marginally deficient diets can be fed in the early nursery phases without influencing final BW or the response to Lys levels in subsequent phases. Both experiments demonstrate that the low dietary Lys levels used in each can be fed in the early nursery phases with no negative impact on overall nursery growth rate provided that adequate levels are fed thereafter. Experiments 3 to 6 were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 7- to 14-kg. Data from all experiments were combined and break-point and quadratic broken-line analysis was used to determine the estimated SID Lys requirement. The SID Lys requirement for optimal growth was at least 1.30% for ADG and 1.37% for G:F, or at least 3.86 and 4.19 g SID Lys/Mcal ME, respectively. Experiments 7 to 11 were conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing specialty protein sources with crystalline AA and AA requirements for 7- to 12-kg pigs. Experiment 7 demonstrated that crystalline AA can be used to replace fish meal in diets with no negative effects on growth performance. Experiment 8 demonstrated that L-Trp, L-Val, and a source of non-essential AA were needed in low-CP, AA-fortified nursery diets to achieve maximum growth performance, whereas the addition of L-Ile was not required. Experiment 9 indicated that feeding greater than 7.35% total Lys:CP decreased growth performance and Exp. 10 indicated that a SID Val:Lys ratio of 65% was sufficient for optimal growth of early nursery pigs. Implementing the results from the previous experiments, Exp. 11 determined that crystalline AA in nursery pigs diets can replace high amounts of fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry meal when balanced for minimum AA ratios and maximum Lys:CP with no negative effect on growth performance.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Mike Tokach / In 11 experiments, 7,325 pigs were used to determine the effects of: 1) diet type and form on finishing pig growth performance and carcass fat iodine value (IV); 2) pellet quality and feeder adjustment on pig growth performance; 3) corn particle size and diet form on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics; and 4) dietary acidification, diet complexity, and feed-grade antibiotics on nursery pig growth performance. Feeding diets with wheat middlings and dried distillers grains with solubles all the way until marketing decreased G:F and carcass yield, and worsened carcass fat IV. Withdrawing these ingredients 17 d prior to market restored carcass yield, but resulted in small improvements in IV. Pelleting diets improved growth performance; however, a novel finding is that pelleting diets fed to finishing pigs increased belly fat IV. Feeding nursery pigs from a wide feeder gap may improve ADG and ADFI, with no negative effects on G:F. For finishing pigs, reducing feeder gap reduced feed disappearance and improved G:F. In all experiments, feeding pelleted diets improved G:F, but the greatest improvements occurred when the percentage of fines was minimized. Grinding corn finer than 650 microns decreased ADFI and improved G:F for finishing pigs fed meal diets, but not for pigs fed pelleted diets. Pelleting diets improved ADG and G:F, but the greatest magnitude of G:F improvement to pellets occurred when pigs were fed diets containing the largest particle size corn. Thus, grinding corn finer than 650 microns improved feed efficiency for finishing pigs fed meal diets, but provided no additional benefit for pigs fed pelleted diets. When dietary supplementation of benzoic acid was evaluated, added benzoic acid in nursery pig diets did not influence growth performance in university conditions, whereas feeding complex diets or antimicrobials improved growth. In the commercial setting, acidifiers improved growth in one experiment but not the other. The varying response to acidifiers is likely influenced by health status, age, or starting weight of pigs.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joe D. Hancock / Twelve experiments were completed to evaluate corn- and sorghum-distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for nursery and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, corn-DDGS had 223 kcal/kg greater DE than sorghum-DDGS (P<0.02). In Exp. 2, pigs fed a corn-soy control diet had greater ADG, nutrient digestibility, HCW, and dressing percentage (P<0.02) and lower iodine value (IV) of jowl fat (P<0.001) than pigs fed diets with 40% DDGS. High-energy DDGS supported lower ADG, ADFI, and digestibility of DM (P<0.06) than moderate-energy DDGS, and sorghum-DDGS resulted in lower IV than corn-DDGS (P<0.001). In Exp. 3 and 4, addition of sodium bicarbonate to adjust dietary pH and electrolyte balance did not improve growth performance in nursery or finishing pigs (P>0.16) and adding molasses to improve palatability decreased (P<0.05) G:F for finishing gilts. In Exp. 5 and 6, enzyme additions improved nutrient digestibility in nursery (P<0.04) and finishing (P<0.01) pigs fed diets with high inclusion of DDGS. In Exp. 7, expander processing improved (P<0.02) ADG, G:F, and digestibility of DM, N, GE, and cellulose compared with standard steam conditioning of diets for nursery pigs, with the greatest response in G:F for pigs fed sorghum-DDGS (DDGS source × conditioning; P<0.02). In Exp. 8 and 9, expander conditioning improved G:F and dressing percentage (P<0.007) and digestibility of DM, N, and GE compared with standard conditioning (P<0.02), with the greatest response in digestibility of DM for the DDGS diets (diet × conditioning, P<0.01). In Exp. 10, 11, and 12, increasing tallow from 0 to 5% in diets with 40% DDGS improved (P<0.05) G:F. Dressing percentage was improved with addition of tallow and palm oil (P<0.08), but IV become worse (linear, P<0.06) as tallow was increased in the diet. Adding coconut oil improved growth performance and carcass firmness in pigs fed diets with 40% DDGS (P<0.01). In conclusion, growth performance and nutrient digestibility decreased with addition of DDGS to diets for nursery and finishing pigs. However, adding enzymes partially restored nutrient digestibility; expander conditioning improved G:F, dressing percentage, and nutrient digestibility; and adding coconut oil to diets with 40% DDGS improved G:F and carcass firmness.

Historical events are framed by the actors of the time and then re-framed by subsequent historians and the public. This thesis examines the historiography of the San Juan Island Dispute, 1853-1871, known colloquially in the twentieth century as the “Pig War.” In 1859, after an American settler on San Juan shot a pig owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company, the American military and the British Royal Navy met in a tense stand-off resulting in a twelve year joint-military occupation of the island. This conflict was the last border dispute between the two nations. Following World War II, a message of peace became the dominant trope of histories written about the “Pig War.” The term itself has come to represent this overarching theme. With documents from the dispute, such as colonial despatches, official correspondence and newspaper editorials, this thesis considers how the event was framed at the time; and employing semiotics as a technique for discourse analysis, it examines how the “war” was re-framed in the twentieth century. The thesis follows Alfred Young’s research on antebellum America’s commemoration of the “Boston Tea Party,” with its message appropriated by politicians, merging history and myth. The “Pig War” occupies similar terrain as the reconceptualization of the event embodies its own message of a unique identity for the Pacific Northwest, associated with the 49th parallel as the world’s longest, most peaceful, “undefended” border. / Graduate / 0578 / 0334 / 0337 / lyallg@uvic.ca

Avec une consommation de 19600 milliers de tonnes équivalent carcasses en 2005, la viande de porc est la plus consommée en Europe. Elle montre, toutefois, une forte variabilité, en partie due à des variations dans le métabolisme énergétique musculaire post-mortem. Celui-ci est défini comme l'ensemble des réactions biochimiques et leurs interactions survenant dans le muscle au cours de la période allant de la mort de l'animal jusqu'à la préparation de la viande avant consommation. De nombreux facteurs, dépendant de l'animal (génétique, mode d'élevage, alimentation, réactivité au stress d'abattage...) ou de la technologie (mode d'étourdissement...), peuvent influencer le métabolisme post-mortem et par conséquent, les qualités de viande. Un plan expérimental 2x2x2 comparait le protéome et l'expression de certains gènes d'intérêt chez des porcs femelles ou mâles castrés, de 2 origines génétiques différentes (pères Large White ou Duroc, mères Large White x Landrace), élevés dans 2 conditions différentes (conventionnelle en intérieur ou alternative en extérieur). Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence l'important effet des facteurs de variation sur les quantités de protéines ainsi que sur les voies biochimiques impliquées dans le déterminisme des qualités des viandes. Ils ont également permis l'identification des marqueurs protéiques caractéristiques de l'origine génétique ou environnementale de l'animal. Les facteurs de variations n'influence pas l'expression des gènes étudiés. Le déterminisme des qualités des viandes n'est probablement pas une conséquence des modifications dans le niveau d'expression des gènes, mais plutôt dans la régulation des processus traductionnels.