Odours caused by intensive piggery operations have become a major environmental issue in the piggery industry in Australia. Effluent ponds are the major source of odours in typical piggeries. It is assumed that the odour emissions from ponds are mainly driven by pond loading rate. However, there are few data to corroborate this concept. Allied to this is the need for a convenient and low cost method of odour measurement, which can be used as an alternative method for current olfactometry. The present odour measurement methods using olfactometry is time-consuming, expensive and often impractical because of its fundamental problem of using subjective human panels. In addition, one of the major problems in odour measurement lies in the air sampling method. Wind tunnels have been accepted as a preferred method for the sampling of odour from area sources. However, current wind tunnels do not consider meteorological factors, which directly affect the odour emission rates. A machine-based odour quantification method and a novel wind tunnel were developed and evaluated in this Ph D study. These methods were then used in a demonstration trial to investigate the effects of pond loading rate on odour emissions. The AromaScan A32S electronic nose, and an artificial neural network were used to develop the machine based odour quantification method. The sensor data analysed by the AromaScan were used to train an ANN, to correlate the responses to the actual odour concentration provided by a human olfactometry panel. Preprocessing techniques and different network architectures were evaluated through network simulation to find an optimal artificial neural network model. The simulation results showed that the two-layer back-propagation neural network can be trained to predict piggery odour concentrations correctly with a low mean squared error. The trained ANN was able to predict the odour concentration of nine unknown air samples with a value for the coefficient of correlation, r2 of 0.59. A novel wind tunnel was developed for odour sampling. The USQ wind tunnel was designed to have a capability to control wind speed and airflow rate. The tunnel was evaluated in terms of the aerodynamics of the airflow inside the tunnel, nd the gas recovery efficiency rate, in order to further improve the performance of the wind tunnel. The USQ wind tunnel showed that sample recovery efficiencies ranging from 61.7 to 106.8%, while the average result from the entire trial was 81.1%. The optimal sample recovery efficiency of the tunnel was observed to be 88.9% from statistical analysis. Consequently, it can be suggested that the tunnel will give estimates of the odour emission rate with significant level of precision. However, the tunnel needs to be calibrated to compensate for the error caused by different airflow rates and odour emission rates. In addition, the installation of a perforated baffle upstream of the sampling section was suggested to improve its performance. To investigate the relationship between the pond loading rate and odour emission rate, replicable experimental studies were conducted using a novel experimental facility and the machine based odour quantification method. The experimental facility consisted of reactor vessels to simulate the operation of effluent ponds and the USQ wind tunnel for odour sampling. A strong relationship between organic loading rate (OLR) and physical and chemical parameters was observed except pH and NH3-N. The pH was not affected by OLR due to the buffering capacity of piggery effluent. EC and COD were suggested as indicators to estimate the operating condition of the piggery effluent ponds because the regression results show that these two parameters can be predicted accurately by OLR. The time averaged odour emission rates from the reactor vessels showed a strong relationship with OLR. Consequently, it can be concluded that heavily loaded effluent ponds would produce more odours. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was examined. The HRT was increased from 30 days to 60 days, resulting in a significant decrease in odour emission rates from the reactor vessels. This decrease ranged from 59.1% to 54.9%, with an average of 57.1%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the increasing HRT will decrease the odour emission rate. This trial confirmed the value of the project methodology in obtaining unambiguous data on odour emission processes. However, more data are required for a wider range of OLR, HRT and other pertained variables before a usable model can be formulated.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 miranda_ap_dr_jabo.pdf: 553828 bytes, checksum: d736c8d07571b50750a6e56f01d50fae (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Avaliaram-se dietas formuladas com milho ou sorgo para suínos nas fases inicial, crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho dos animais, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e características de fezes e urina e biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos. No ensaio de desempenho não foram verificadas diferenças quanto ao consumo médio diário de ração, ganho médio diário de peso e conversão alimentar. Foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade em cada fase de crescimento dos animais utilizando o método de coleta total de fezes, não se observando diferenças para coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e da energia bruta, coeficiente de metabolizabilidade, energia digestível e metabolizável. Os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína bruta e proteína digestível foram verificados nos animais alimentados com dietas à base de milho na fase terminação. Para animais alimentados com dietas formuladas com sorgo foram verificados maiores valores de matéria seca digestível nas fases crescimento e terminação. Verificou-se maior produção média de fezes para animais alimentados com dietas formuladas com sorgo, gerando maiores coeficientes de resíduo. Os maiores teores de sólidos totais e voláteis foram verificados nas fezes de animais alimentados com dieta à base de milho, em todas as fases de crescimento. As concentrações médias dos nutrientes nas fezes e na urina variaram entre os tratamentos e fases. O abastecimento de 20 biodigestores indicou maiores reduções nos teores de sólidos voláteis e maiores produções de biogás quando se utilizaram fezes de suínos alimentados com dietas formuladas à base de milho. As concentrações médias dos nutrientes no afluente e efluente dos biodigestores variaram entre os tratamentos e fases. / There were evaluated diets formulated with corn or sorghum for pigs in the initial stages, growing and finishing on the growth performance of animals, digestibility of nutrients, production and characteristics of feces and urine and anaerobic digestion of pigs manure. In the test of growth performance were not found differences in the average daily consumption of feed, average daily weight gain and feed conversion. There was performed a test of digestibility at each stage of growth of animals using the total collection of feces, no difference was observed for digestibility coefficients of dry matter and gross energy, coefficient to metabolize, digestible and metabolizable energy. The highest rates of digestibility of crude protein and digestible protein were observed in animals fed with diets based on corn in the finishing stage. For animals fed diets formulated with sorghum there were observed higher values of digestible dry matter in growing and finishing phases. There was a greater average production of feces by animals fed with diets based on sorghum, generating higher coefficient of waste. The highest levels of total and volatile solids were found in the feces of animals fed with diets containing corn, in all the stages of growth. The average concentrations of minerals in feces and urine varied among treatments and stages. The supply of 20 anaerobic digesters indicated greater reductions in the volatile solids levels and greater production of biogas when using waste from pigs fed with diets based with corn. The average concentrations of minerals in the affluent and effluent in the anaerobic digesters varied among treatments and stages.

Resumo: Avaliaram-se dietas formuladas com milho ou sorgo para suínos nas fases inicial, crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho dos animais, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e características de fezes e urina e biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos. No ensaio de desempenho não foram verificadas diferenças quanto ao consumo médio diário de ração, ganho médio diário de peso e conversão alimentar. Foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade em cada fase de crescimento dos animais utilizando o método de coleta total de fezes, não se observando diferenças para coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e da energia bruta, coeficiente de metabolizabilidade, energia digestível e metabolizável. Os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína bruta e proteína digestível foram verificados nos animais alimentados com dietas à base de milho na fase terminação. Para animais alimentados com dietas formuladas com sorgo foram verificados maiores valores de matéria seca digestível nas fases crescimento e terminação. Verificou-se maior produção média de fezes para animais alimentados com dietas formuladas com sorgo, gerando maiores coeficientes de resíduo. Os maiores teores de sólidos totais e voláteis foram verificados nas fezes de animais alimentados com dieta à base de milho, em todas as fases de crescimento. As concentrações médias dos nutrientes nas fezes e na urina variaram entre os tratamentos e fases. O abastecimento de 20 biodigestores indicou maiores reduções nos teores de sólidos voláteis e maiores produções de biogás quando se utilizaram fezes de suínos alimentados com dietas formuladas à base de milho. As concentrações médias dos nutrientes no afluente e efluente dos biodigestores variaram entre os tratamentos e fases. / Abstract: There were evaluated diets formulated with corn or sorghum for pigs in the initial stages, growing and finishing on the growth performance of animals, digestibility of nutrients, production and characteristics of feces and urine and anaerobic digestion of pigs manure. In the test of growth performance were not found differences in the average daily consumption of feed, average daily weight gain and feed conversion. There was performed a test of digestibility at each stage of growth of animals using the total collection of feces, no difference was observed for digestibility coefficients of dry matter and gross energy, coefficient to metabolize, digestible and metabolizable energy. The highest rates of digestibility of crude protein and digestible protein were observed in animals fed with diets based on corn in the finishing stage. For animals fed diets formulated with sorghum there were observed higher values of digestible dry matter in growing and finishing phases. There was a greater average production of feces by animals fed with diets based on sorghum, generating higher coefficient of waste. The highest levels of total and volatile solids were found in the feces of animals fed with diets containing corn, in all the stages of growth. The average concentrations of minerals in feces and urine varied among treatments and stages. The supply of 20 anaerobic digesters indicated greater reductions in the volatile solids levels and greater production of biogas when using waste from pigs fed with diets based with corn. The average concentrations of minerals in the affluent and effluent in the anaerobic digesters varied among treatments and stages. / Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Coorientadora: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa / Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Antônio Carlos de Larentiz / Banca: Maria Benincasa Vidotti / Doutor

Despite a positive contribution to economic – social development, the growth of piggeries has caused heavily environmental pollution. Currently, treated wastewater of pig farms unfortunately does not meet the national discharge standards yet. This paper presents some research results on the removing COD, nitrogen and phosphorus in piggery wastewater after anaerobic (biogas) process at pilot scale by the combined system using Phragmites australis, Cyperus alternifolius, Vetiveria zizanioides and Eichhornia crassipes. The experimental results showed that the wastewater loading rate of 47.35 l/m2.day with initial concentrations of 203.24 mg COD/l, 111.94 mgTN/l and 13.61 mgTP/l gave removal efficiency of 71.66 %, 79.26 % and 69.65 %, respectively. Thus, the removed quantity of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) was of 4201.35 mg TN/m2.day và 448.76mg TP/m2.day. The obtained results indicated that the flow wetland system, using Phragmites australis, Cyperus alternifolius, Vetiveria zizanioides and Eichhornia crassipes has a rather high COD, TN and TP removal efficiency with simple operation so that it could be feasible if applied for treating pig wastewater. However, the system should be functioned longer for taking data and for evaluating its stability. / Mặc dù có những đóng góp tích cực cho sự phát triển kinh tế - xã hội, việc phát triển chăn nuôi lợn đã gây ô nhiễm môi trường nghiêm trọng. Hiện nay, nước thải chăn nuôi lợn từ các cơ sở chăn nuôi sau xử lý vẫn chưa đáp ứng được các tiêu chuẩn thải của quốc gia và tiêu chuẩn ngành. Bài báo này trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu về khả năng loại bỏ COD, nitơ (N) và phôtpho (P) trong nước thải chăn nuôi lợn đã qua xử lý bằng hầm biogas của hệ thống phối hợp cây Sậy, Thủy Trúc, cỏ Vetiver và Bèo Tây ở qui mô pilot. Kết quả thực nghiệm ở tải lượng 47,35 l/m2.ngày, với COD, tổng nitơ (TN) và tổng phôtpho (TP) đầu vào trung bình là 203,24 mg/l, 111,94 mg/l và 13,61 mg/l, tương ứng, thì hiệu suất xử lý lần lượt là 71,66 %; 79,26 % và 69,65 %. Như vậy lượng TN và TP loại bỏ là 4201,35 mgN/m2.ngày và 448,76 mgP/m2.ngày. Kết quả nhận được cho thấy hệ thống sử dụng cây Sậy, Thủy Trúc, cỏ Vetiver và Bèo Tây có hiệu quả loại bỏ COD, TN và TP khá cao trong khi vận hành đơn giản nên có triển vọng áp dụng trong điều kiện thực tế để xử lý nước thải chăn nuôi lợn. Tuy nhiên để đánh giá tính ổn định, hệ thống cần được hoạt động với thời gian lâu dài hơn.

The first part of the thesis focuses on describing the potential and most commonly utilized technical solutions, including technological equipment, for the specified type of building. This is supplemented with detailed information regarding the appropriate legislative conditions for such buildings. The second part focuses on the design solution itself and includes technical schemes and drawings.