<p>In the Late Iron Age, the Mälaren region contained a clearly stratified society and many sites in the landscape indicate the presence of an upper stratum, an elite. This concept – elite – may perhaps be seen as problematic, but in this case it is decidedly more neutral, and considerably less limiting and excluding than many other concepts.</p><p>The elite was a group that we know possessed larger farm buildings, more monumental and richly equipped graves as well as control over a large part of the specialised handicraft. The people in this elite group of society clearly advertised that they belonged to a special social unit. There are indications that these people had clear similarities with the nobility of the Middle Ages, but they were active in a society without any towns, Christianity or church administration. This dissertation discusses a number of issues concerning the elite of the Late Iron Age. Two studies are central. The first concerns six sites in the Mälaren region: Old Uppsala, Helgö, Vendel, Valsgärde, Husby in Glanshammar parish, and Ancient Sigtuna. The sites are compared to study the similarities and differences of elite settings. I investigate the evidence of different sources for the presence of great landownership, and of their importance for the rulers compared to other resources such as plunder, trade and taxation. The results indicate that the sites had many structural and economic similarities. At the same time, the resource use varied, and each site had its own unique character. The study is concluded with a discussion on the economic structure of the sites.</p><p>The second study deals with the elite in the vicinity of Uppsala, an area that mainly through Old Uppsala and the presence of boat graves are usually connected with ancient rulers. The investigation is mainly based on a number of excavated as well as non-excavated graves, some of which have never been published. In addition, a number of placenames and three unique ritual deposits are discussed. The study indicates that the people usually included in the concept of elite were quite common. This provides a new perspective for our view of two long renowned sites: Old Uppsala and Valsgärde.</p>

In the Late Iron Age, the Mälaren region contained a clearly stratified society and many sites in the landscape indicate the presence of an upper stratum, an elite. This concept – elite – may perhaps be seen as problematic, but in this case it is decidedly more neutral, and considerably less limiting and excluding than many other concepts. The elite was a group that we know possessed larger farm buildings, more monumental and richly equipped graves as well as control over a large part of the specialised handicraft. The people in this elite group of society clearly advertised that they belonged to a special social unit. There are indications that these people had clear similarities with the nobility of the Middle Ages, but they were active in a society without any towns, Christianity or church administration. This dissertation discusses a number of issues concerning the elite of the Late Iron Age. Two studies are central. The first concerns six sites in the Mälaren region: Old Uppsala, Helgö, Vendel, Valsgärde, Husby in Glanshammar parish, and Ancient Sigtuna. The sites are compared to study the similarities and differences of elite settings. I investigate the evidence of different sources for the presence of great landownership, and of their importance for the rulers compared to other resources such as plunder, trade and taxation. The results indicate that the sites had many structural and economic similarities. At the same time, the resource use varied, and each site had its own unique character. The study is concluded with a discussion on the economic structure of the sites. The second study deals with the elite in the vicinity of Uppsala, an area that mainly through Old Uppsala and the presence of boat graves are usually connected with ancient rulers. The investigation is mainly based on a number of excavated as well as non-excavated graves, some of which have never been published. In addition, a number of placenames and three unique ritual deposits are discussed. The study indicates that the people usually included in the concept of elite were quite common. This provides a new perspective for our view of two long renowned sites: Old Uppsala and Valsgärde.

Archaeology in Bolivia has two strong tendencies: nationalism and regionalism. The proposal aims for an academic reconstruction and expansion of this science in order to develop new scientific criteria, that can be institutionalized and become normative to the whole country to cover the expectations of different regions with regard to its past. A fundamental aspect of providing Bolivian archaeological research with new perspectives is the study of formation and development of Andean central places of historic, infrastructural and ritual importance, such Huari, Quillacas, Sevaruyo, Pampa Aullagas and San Miguel de Uruquilla. Research conducted in the south basin of the Lake Poopo identifies evidence of early settlement in Huari towards the Late Archaic period (approximately 4000 to 2000 BC) and the Formative (2000 BC to AD 300), when the first villages were established. This indicates that the formation of agricultural towns was produced by consolidation of multiethnic central places that first consisted of ayllus, socio-dynamic units that gathered together settlers from different regions that simultaneously formed an ample network of centres interconnecting the Andean complex geography, interweaving their cultural diversity owing to the common ideology of Tiwanaku. Routes and llama caravans (llama trekking) integrated this network of central places. As indicated by surveys and excavations, convergence of groups from different regions has been recognized in rests of material culture as shown in the ceramic distribution: Local Tiwanaku, Tiwanaku from Cochabamba, Yura, Huruquilla, Puqui, Mojocoya and remains of festivities at the centres during redistribution ceremonies, as well as ritual offers during the Early Regional Development period (300 to AD 900). This dynamic and preponderant ideology was completely transformed during Late Regional Developments (900 to AD 1460) when a series of regional conflicts determined the formation of the regional confederation known as Quillacas- Azanaques. At the time of the Inka Conquest (1460– AD 1530), the Lake Poopo basin was integrated into the Tawantinsuyo region through the implementation of the Royal Road and construction of Paria, Quillacas, San Miguel de Uruquilla and the Sevaruyo lodgings. During the Colonial (1530 - 1825) and Republican periods (1825 - ), the Spaniards made changes that imply a deterioration of the socio-political structures of the ayllus, its territorial fragmentation and creation of new reductions for mining operations. Recent archaeological research supports the proposition that populated centres in the Andean region of Bolivia were adapted to take advantage of the ecological variability through the social construction of the ayllu and the markas, centres that maintain dynamics, fluctuants and confluence in productive and ritual places.

Oral history is an important component of Palauan heritage and living culture. Interaction of oral history and archaeology is regarded as a policy when conducting research in Palau, both within the Bureau of Arts and Culture, responsible for protection and preservation of cultural remains in Palau, and among researchers not representing BAC. Legally, a material remain is proven significance if it is connected with intangible resources, such as "lyrics, folklore and traditions associated with Palauan culture". This paper examines and discusses the connection of oral history and archaeology, which will be presented through three case studies: the earthworks on Babeldaob, the traditional stonework village of Edangel in Ngardmau state, and the process of nominating a cultural remain for inclusion in the National Register for Historic Places. The nomination is a good reflection of the interaction between archaeology and oral history, where association with intangible resources is virtually necessary. The two specified types of archaeological remains are compared to one another regarding presence in oral traditions and significance for Palauans. Based on the information obtained from personal experience, interviews and literature, it can be concluded that an archaeological or historical site is valued more by its connection to oral history than to its archaeological qualities, which in turn effects how protection and preservation is administrated, financed, and carried out.

In this essay I have chosen to write about graves, settlements and historical, important central places during the late Iron Age and the introduction of Christianity in the east of Blekinge. The reason why I have chosen to write about this is because the area has many ancient monuments and not much have been written about the area. The main question is who where the people who lived there and why did they choose to settle there.

Rökning och passiv rökning är ett folkhälsoproblem som orsakar mycket ohälsa. På senare år har attityderna kring rökning ändrats från att ha varit rökarens rätt att röka till icke-rökarens rätt att slippa bli exponerad. Det här kan leda till konflikt mellan icke-rökare och rökare då många icke-rökarna vill slippa exponeras för tobaksrök samtidigt som rökarna enligt lag har rätt att röka i utomhusmiljö. Syftet med att göra den här studien är att undersöka rökares och icke-rökares upplevelser kring rökning med förhoppningen om att komma fram till en lösning där båda gruppernas upplevelser kan mötas. Icke-rökare vill slippa exponeras och rökare vill få röka i fred. Det finns ett problem med detta och det är att mycket av det tobakspreventiva arbetet som gjorts i Sverige syftat till att gör det besvärligt att vara rökare. Det finns därför ett motstånd mot att finna en lösning som rökarna kan uppfatta som positivt. Studien genomfördes genom att 20 intervjuer gjordes med 20 personer. Dessa valdes ut genom ett så kallat strategiskt urval som bestod utav 10 icke-rökare och 10 rökare, hälften män och hälften kvinnor, vilka analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. De fick svara på åtta frågor utifrån ett förutbestämd frågemall samt eventuella följdfrågor. Jag fann 12 huvudkategorier, sex från vardera grupp. I studien kom jag fram till att det handlar om de platser där grupperna mötts. Få icke-rökare störs utav rökning om de inte exponeras för den. De platser och situationer där icke-rökarna upplever att de exponeras för rökning är vid entréer till byggnader och i väntan på kollektivtrafiken. Det finns enligt resultatet stöd hos båda grupperna för införande av särskilda rökplatser. Motiven till dessa kan skilja sig åt något mellan grupperna, rökarna vill röka i fred och icke-rökarna vill slippa exponeras. Det finns önskan om ett avstånd om minst 15 meter från offentlig byggnad eller kollektiv trafik men det får enligt rökarna inte vara allt för långt bort. Det får inte bli för besvärligt för då ratas den särskilda platsen för rökning. Rökarna menar att det finns gränser för hur långt de ska behöva gå för att få röka. De vill inte heller behöva springa när tåget/bussen kommer. Vad som kanske är mest intressant när det gäller att icke-rökarna säger sig störas framförallt vid just entréer och platser där de väntar på kollektivtrafiken är att de platserna erbjuder exakt det som rökarna önskar vad gäller utformning av särskilda platser för rökning.  Det finns tak, askkoppar och sittplatser vilket gör att svaret på varför de röker just där kanske inte är så konstigt. Det finns inte något som hindrar dem från att röka där och platsen erbjuder exakt det som rökarna anser att en god rökmiljö ska erbjuda. / Smoking and passive smoking is a public health problem. It is derived from the smokers right to smoke and the non-smokers right not to be exposed. This can lead to conflict between non-smokers and smokers when non-smokers want to avoid exposure to tobacco smoke, while smokers are entitled by law to smoke in an outdoor environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate smokers and non-smokers experiences of smoking with the hope of finding a solution where both groups experiences can be met. Non-smokers do not want to be exposed to smoke and smokers want to smoke undisturbed. There is a problem with the tobacco prevention work carried out in Sweden due to the preventions are aimed to make it inconvenient for the smoker to smoke. Therefore, there is reluctance to find a solution that smokers may perceive as positive. The study was conducted through 20 interviews  with 10 non-smokers and 10 smokers, half of both gender, and qualitative content analysis ,and qualitative content analysis. I found 12 main categories, six from each group. In this study, I concluded that it is about the places where the groups met. Few non-smokers are disturbed of smoking if they are not exposed to it. Places and situations where non-smokers feel that they are exposed to smoking are at entrances and while waiting for public transport. According to the results the two groups supports introduction of special smoking places. The reasons for this may differ slightly between the groups, smokers want to smoke undisturbed and non-smokers do not want to be exposed to smoke. There is desire for a distance of at least 15 meters from the public building or public transport but it may as smokers express not be too far away. Smokers have limits on how far they should have to walk to smoke. They do not want to run from the special smoking place to catch the train / bus. The most interesting is that when it comes to non-smokers, is that they say they are exposed especially at large entrances and places where they are waiting for public transport, while this sites offer exactly what smokers want in terms of the design of special places for smoking. There are roofs, ashtrays and seating and there is nothing to prevent them from smoking there. The sites offer exactly what smokers believe well arranged smoking places are. / Pelle sellgren

Preface Public policies are a result of governmental responses in persuit of the best interests for the majority of the people. Policy analysis, on the other hand , emphasizes customer-orientation in making public decesion. It seems that it is the government¡¦s responsibility to make good policies to serve its people. Therefore, Taiwan began to develop itself into a state of e-government in 1998. The government has improved country¡¦s electronic service infrastructures and has the information and communication technology effectively integrated. As a result, government red tape has been significantly reduced. Traditional labor-intense computer operation has been digitalized and has given its way to internet. Government efficiency is improved as well as the quality of service. Using internet to file individual income tax has become a trend. It is not necessary any more to go to the taxing authority to file tax. Internet provides taxpayers much faster and more convenient electronic accesses. Since March 1999, revenue service authorities all over the country have been activily advocating using on-line internet processing to file individual income tax. In May 2003, without going to the tax authority, taxpayers started to use Citizen Digital Certificate or Financial Institution Certificate to file individual income tax. Thereafter, the way in filing individual income tax has become diversified. According to the statistics, in the year of 2006 there were applications using internet to file individual income. This record-high figure represents 47 percent of total applications. Filing individual income tax through internet truly symbolizes an electronic government. This study is based on the theory of public policy and places of marketing to discuss how internet and certificate work in filing individual income tax. Many of my colleagues asked to answer the questionaires on the designed questions. The questionaires were quantitively analyzed. The result shows that using internet to file individual income tax enables the public to enjoy an e-government that works more efficiently and costs much less. This study is summarized as the following : 1.Tax filing applications that claim for standard deduction accounted for nearly 70 percent of all applications from year 1999 to 2006. 2.Internet has become a main public access in filing individual income tax. 3.Internet is not widely used yet in filing individual income tax, but it has the advantages over the other means. By govrrnment¡¦s advocating, internet may become more accessible to the public. 4.The government needs to find a way to systematize the process in filing individual income tax to fit public interests better.

Thesis (Honors)--College of William and Mary, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-37). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe analizuojama prilydomos stogo dangos susiklijavimo kokybė atsižvelgiant į tai, kiek laiko buvo kaitinama danga. Bandymams atlikti buvo naudojama UAB „Gargždų Mida“ danga. Iš dangos rulono buvo išpjauti bandiniai kurių ilgis ir plotis 15 ir 10 cm. Buvo numatyta, kad eksperimento metu bandiniai bus kaitinami nuo 1 sekundės iki 15, tačiau pasiekus 9 sekundžių kaitinimo ribą bandinys vos nesuirdavo, todėl daugiau laiko kaitinti buvo atsisakyta. Darbe išanalizuotos sutapdintų stogų rūšys, įvertinti kiekvienos rūšies privalumai ir trūkumai. Išnagrinėtos jų technologijos bei išryškinti veiksniai, labiausiai darantys įtaką būsimojo stogo sandarumui. Išanalizuoti sutapdintų stogų defektai, jų atsiradimo priežastys. Išnagrinėjus sutapdintų stogų technologijas ir pratekėjimo vietų nustatymo metodus, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados. Darbą sudaro 8 dalys: įvadas, darbo tikslas, terminai ir apibrėžimai, stogų būklės analizė, sutapdintų stogų plokštumos sandarumo būklės analizė, ritininių stogo dangų įrengimas, ypatumai bei reikalavimai, prilydomosios stogo dangos klijavimo ypatumai, dangos prijungimo prie parapetų ir skardos paviršių ilgalaikis tyrimas, dangos prisiklijavimo ploto tyrimas atsižvelgiant į kaitinimo laiką, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 60 p. teksto, 39 pav., 10 lent., 55 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. / This job contains an analysis of welded roof covering joints and joints between wooden, metal, and cemented surfaces. All tested samples was made from roof covering material of “Gargždu Mida“ and „Ico Pal“. During experiments was investigated glued intersection among two roof coverings and among cover-base surface. It was showed that the quality of welded intersection depend on the time of heating the roof cover bottom layer. Optimal heating time is about 9 seconds, because in this time period we can reach maximum welded intersection without damaging the covering material inner structure. There is done the analysis of technology for flat roofs, the main factors are selected, which influence tightness of roofs. The analysis of shortcomings of roofs and its reasons is presented. The conclusions are presented, after analysis of technologies of flat roofs and method to determine the glued section of coverings. Structure: introduction, the objective, main concepts, flat roofs, , analysis of state of flat roofs, analysis of flat of roofs, ,created new method to determine the glued section, conclusions, references. Thesis consists of: 56p. text, 40 pictures, 10 tables, 55 bibliographical entries. Keywords: flat roof, effusion places, method analysis, flat tightness, roofing defects.

Darbo tikslas: Išsiaiškinti pirmą kartą ir pakartotinai atliekančių bausmę nuteistųjų adaptacijos ypatumų ir asmenybės bruožų sąsajas. Tiriamieji: tyrimas buvo atliekamas nuo šių metų sausio mėnesio 8 dienos iki rugsėjo mėnesio 1 dienos ir vyko dviem etapais. Tyrime dalyvavo 316 bausmę atliekančių nuteistųjų (vyrų). Pirmajame etape tyrimo anketos buvo išdalintos pakartotinai bausmę atliekantiems nuteistiesiems, kuriems buvo pasibaigęs 3 mėnesių adaptacijos laikotarpis. Šią grupę sudarė 134 asmenys. Antrame etape tiriamųjų grupę sudarė 182 pirmą kartą atliekantys bausmę nuteistieji, kuriems buvo pasibaigęs adaptacijos programos taikymas. Tiriami asmenys buvo atrinkti pagal tai, ar jų adaptacijos laikotarpis jau buvo pasibaigęs. Tyrimui buvo naudotos Adaptacijos klausimynas, Eyesenck H. Ir S. klausimynas (asmenybės bruožų klausimynas), BDI (Beck Depression Inventary) metodikos. Išvados: tyrimo metu įvertinta, kokios įtakos nuteistųjų adaptacijai pataisos namuose gali turėti tokie veiksniai kaip išsilavinimas, darbas/ mokymasis, priklausomybės, nuteistųjų subkultūros tradicijų laikymasis, fizinė bei psichologinė sveikata, žalojimasis, santykiai su kitais nuteistaisiais, laisvalaikio prasmingumas, drausminės nuobaudos, bei kaip nuteistųjų adaptacija pataisos namuose susijusi su asmenybės bruožais. Nustatyta, jog pirmą kartą atliekantys bausmės nuteistieji adaptuojasi geriau nei pakartotinai atliekantys bausmę nuteistieji. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad nuteistųjų amžius neturėjo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the research: To investigate first time and repeatedly serving time convicts adaptation peculiarities and personal traits connection. The object of the research: research was performed from 8th of January till 1st of October of this year and took place in two stages. In this research participated 316 (three hundred and sixteen) convicts, who serve the punishment (males). In first stage of research forms were given out to convicts, who served punishment repeatedly, and whose three month adaptation period was expired. This group was formed out of 134 (one hundred and thirty- four) individuals. In second stage of research group was formed out of 182 (one hundred and eighty-two) convicts who serve punishment for the first time, and whose adaptation program application were expired. Individuals were selected based on their expired adaptation period. In this research was used Adaptation questioner, Eyesenck H. ir S. questioner (personal traits questioner), BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) methodic. Conclusions: at the time of research was evaluated, which influence to convicts adaptation in penitentiary can effect factors like education, job/ study, dependency, convicts subculture tradition observance, physical and mental health, relations with other convicts, free time meaning, discipline penalty, and how convicts adaptation in penitentiary were connected with personal traits. Established, that convicts serving time for the first time adapting better than convicts... [to full text]